USA > Michigan > Lenawee County > Atlas and plat book of Lenawee County Michigan and history of the World War > Part 17
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
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AN AMERICAN MADE THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT IN AN AIRSHIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
THE NAVAL SEAPLANE N. C. 4, READY TO START ON ITS TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
VICK ER'S VIMY AIRPLANE, USED BY CAPTAIN ALCOCK IN HIS NON-STOP FLIGHT ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
AN AMERICAN MADE FIRST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT IN AN AIR-SHIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
Commander A. C. Read of the American Navy, with five companions, started May 8th from Rockaway Beach, New York, landed at Plymouth, England, May 31st, 1919, in the sea-plane N. C. 4. His course as shown on the map was:
1. Rockaway Beach.
2. Halifax 1st stopping place.
Trepassy Bay 2nd stopping place.
4. Ponta Delgado 3rd stopping place.
5. Lisbon 4th stopping place.
6.
Half way between Lisbon and Plymouth.
Plymouth.
May 18th, 1919. Harry Hawker, an Australian, accom- panied by Lt. Com. Grieve of the British Air Service, started from St. John, Newfoundland, for The Coast of Ireland. They flew over 800 miles when engine trouble compelled them to descend. They were picked up on May 19th and landed in Scotland on May 26th.
A. St. John, Newfoundland.
B. Spot where Hawker descended. C. Thurso, where Hawker was landed.
England's successful attempt was made by Captain John Alcock and Lt. A. W. Brown of the English Air Service, who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic, June 14 and 15, 1919, in sixteen hours and twelve minutes. They started from St. John, Newfoundland, and landed at Clifden, Ireland 1,600 miles as shown by E on the map.
The second successful attempt was made by the English dirigible R-34, which completed the longest voyage of its kind in history. The distance covered was 3,200 miles in 108 hours. She carried 31 persons. The air craft started from Edinburgh, Scotland on July 2, 1919, and landed at Roosevelt Field, Mineola, N. Y., July 6th. She left on her re- turn journey July 9th and reached England July 13th. Route shown on map by letter F.
COMMANDER A. C. REED Of the American Airship NC-4. The first man to cross the Atlantic in the race between the Americans and English.
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
Page Nine
Continued From Page Eight
ean and Red Seas. In the first week of February, 1916, a Turkish force of about 15,000 attempted to attack the canal. The British troops were helped by the gun- fire of British and French war ships in the canal and the Turks were soon in full retreat.
In December, 1916, after a period of preparation, the British began a new ad- vance along the Tigris. Lieut .- General F. S. Maude, with 120,000 men and a large flotilla of river war craft, did not meet with any serious resistance until January 9, 1917, when there was two days' sharp fighting with the Turks intrenched northeast of Kut-el-Amara. During the next seven weeks a series of engagements took place for the possession of the different positions on the two sides of the Tigris river and in the bends, where the Turks had many excellent vantage points. But one by one the British succeeded in driving the Turks out, and on February 26 they had the satisfaction of again occupying Kut-el-Amara.
They continued to make rapid headway, and on March 11, 1917, occupied the historic city of Bagdad. An important result of their success was that Turkish resistance to the Russians collapsed, and with small opposition the Russians ad- vanced into Mesopotamia and effected a junction with the British. In the process a considerable portion of the Turkish army was cut off.
That Palestine should once more be the scene of great events was another surprise produced by the war, but since the dismemberment of the Turkish Em- pire was one of the aims of the Allies, it seemed a matter of course that a British army from Egypt, under the command of General Sir Archibald Murray, should march into ancient Judea. Having laid down a military railway from Suez across the Sinai Desert to Rafa, on the Turkish border, the British began the invasion of Palestine, where heavy but indecisive fighting occurred during the summer of 1917. In June, 1917, Gen'l Sir E. H. H. Allenby took command of the expeditionary force.
After a long postponement, their advance was resumed in October, 1917. Under cover of heavy artillery fire the British took Beersheba on October 6. An advance on Jerusalem now followed. On the 11th of December, Jerusalem itself fell, the Holy City passing from the domination of the Mohammendan Turks to the Christian British. The Turks fled with the British in close pursuit, and the year ended with the important places of the Holy Land wrested from "the unspeak- able Turk."
THE ITALIAN REVERSE-In the middle of May the Italians initiated an ex- ceedingly fierce offensive. It lasted eighteen days, despite the fact that the Aus- trians, against whom it was directed, had been able to strengthen their lines with troops drawn from the Russian front. The Italian drive was made on a front ex- tending from Tolmino, just across the frontier in Austria, to the Adriatic sea. A foothold had been gained on the Carso Plateau, in 1916, after the capture of Gorizia. By attacking unexpectedly the Italians succeeded in gaining considerable ground in May, 1917. They were handicapped, however, by lack of shells, and the advance was soon halted by the reinforced Austrians.
On August 19 the Italians launched another great offensive, along a thirty- seven-mile front, from the region of Tolmino to near the head of the Adriatic sea. On August 24 they gained a great success by occupying Monte Santo, one of the great mountain defenses. A week later they had pushed ahead seven and one- half miles on a front of eleven miles, occupying more than forty Austrian towns and villages.
Here their advance was held and the Austrians, strongly reinforced by Ger- man veterans from the western front, made a fierce attack on October 24 upon the Italian lines along the Isonzo river. The Italian line broke. On October 28 the Huns entered Gorizia. The Italians fell back in disorderly retreat to northern Italy.
Their first attempt to hold the onrushing invaders was made behind lines along the Tagliamento river in Venetia. On November 4 this river was reached by the Austrians and Germans, who swept over the new defenses. The Italians were pushed back to the Piave river by November 9. Here a real stand was made. The Teutons effected several crossings and bade fair to sweep down upon the famous city of Venice, which was especially fortified for the anticipated attack. On November 19 the Central Powers reached the line on Monte Tamba and Monte Monfenera, the last defensive positions before the Venetian plain, only eight miles distant. The Italians made one final, desperate stand and held the invaders there for the balance of the year. Venice was imperiled, but it had not fallen, and win- ter mercifully settled down to save the Italians from what appeared to be a com- plete defeat. German propaganda and money undoubtedly played a large part in this sudden and surprising reverse of a strong and apparently successful army.
RUSSIA DROPS OUT OF THE WAR-Important and far-reaching events oc- curred in Russia in 1917, eliminating that country from the fighting ranks of the Allies. The greatest political and social change since the French Revolution, in 1789, was brought to pass in Russia in March, 1917, when the greatest autocracy in the world was overthrown and the people took the reins of government into their own hands.
The Russian revolution began in the industrial field, with a strike paralyzing the life of Petrograd, the capital. On March 2, the revolutionary note was struck in the Duma, the Russian Congress, when one of the members boldly asserted that the government was irresponsible. The first act of the revolution seemed to be little more than a bread strike. But the disaffection grew, spreading among the army as well as the hungry civilians. The government resorted to its usual meth- ods of brutal repression, but they failed. The soldiers made it clear that they did not longer propose to support the old despotism. The workingmen and the sol- diers united against the Czar. On March 15 the Duma and the Workmen's Council appointed a provisional government, selecting two of their number to demand of the Czar that he abdicate, along with his son and heir. The Czar signed the de- cree of abdication and autocracy was at an end in Russia. Anarchy supplanted . The first great issue which divided the Russian nation was the question of peace. The split came when the new foreign minister, in a note to the Allies on May 1, tried to commit the provisional Russian government to a continuance of the
war policy of the Czar. His resignation was demanded. The socialists were in the saddle. They secured the adoption of their "peace at any price" ideas. Alex- ander Kerensky became the man of the hour, as minister of war. The United States recognized the provisional government; other allies followed. Kerensky was magnetic; he became the military leader of his country as well as the political. He rallied the remnants of the Russian armies to him and proposed an offensive against the Central Empires. It was a great effort, but not destined to last more than a couple of weeks. Soon there was a complete reversal of fortune and the advancing Russian troops mutinied, retreated and finally fled in a rout. From that time on the Russian army was no longer a fighting force.
The object of the Russian offensive, which was launched on July 1, with Kerensky leading, was Lemberg, the capital of Galicia. By July 11, Halioz, the strategic key to Lemberg, was occupied by the Russians, and a week later the drive reached its farthest point, forty miles east of Lemberg. On July 21 the Russian army was in a mutinous condition and the retreat in Galicia was in full swing, extending in a couple of days to the whole 150-mile front. The pursuing Austro-German armies swept everything before them. But this was not the last of Russia's misfortunes. Toward the end of August the Germans began to make a thrust at Riga, in western Russia. The Russians abandoned Riga and fled in a rout. Thereafter they were to make no serious stand against any of the Teu- tonic forces, but either fled, surrendered or fraternized with the enemy. Russia was definitely out of the war. German diplomatic intrigue and German force of arms had broken down the great Russian monarchy and army. Russia sued for peace, and a humiliating treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918. Ger- many had won the greatest victory of the war by removing Russia from the ranks of the Allies.
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