USA > Michigan > Lenawee County > Atlas and plat book of Lenawee County Michigan and history of the World War > Part 22
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"Preventing of War-Upon any war, or threat of war, the council will meet to consider what common action shall be taken. Members are pledged to submit mat- ters of dispute to arbitration or inquiry and not to resort to war until three months after the award. Members agree to carry out an arbitral award, and not to go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with it; if a member fails to carry out the award the council will propose the necessary measures.
The council will formulate plans for the establishment of a permanent court of international justice to determine international disputes or to give advisory opinions. Members who do not submit their cases to arbitration must accept the jurisdiction of the assembly. If the council, less the parties to the dispute, is unanimously agreed upon the rights of it, the members agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with its recommendations.
In this case if the necessary agreement cannot be secured the members reserve the right to take such action as may be necessary for the maintenance of right and justice. Members resorting to war in disregard of the covenant will immediately be debarred from all intercourse with other members. The council will in such cases consider what military or naval action, can be taken by the league collectively for the protection of the covenants and will afford facilities to members co-operating in this enterprise.
Validity of Treaties-All treaties or international engagements concluded after the institution of the league will be registered with the secretariat and published. The assembly may from time to time advise members to reconsider treaties which have become inapplicable or involve danger of peace. The covenant abrogates all obligations between members inconsistent with its terms, but nothing in it shall affect the validity of international engagement such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine for securing the maintenance of peace.
The Mandatory System-The tutelage of nations not yet able to stand by them- selves will be entrusted to advanced nations who are best fitted to undertake it. The covenant recognizes three different stages of development requiring different kinds of mandatories. Communities like those belonging to the Turkish empire which can be provisionally recognized as independent, subject to advice and assistance from a mandatory in whose selection they would be allowed a voice. Communities like those of Central Africa, to be administered by the mandatory under conditions gen- erally approved by the members of the league where equal opportunities for trade will be allowed to all members; certain abuses, such as trade in slaves, arms and liquor, will be prohibited, and the construction of military and naval bases and the introduction of compulsory military training will be disallowed. Other communities, such as Southwest Africa, and the south Pacific islands, will be administered under the laws of the mandatory as integral portions of its territory. In every case the mandatory will render an annual report and the degree of its authority will be defined.
The Monroe Doctrine-is fully safeguarded by the League, which provides that no intervention in American affairs is to be allowed.
General International Provisions-Subject to and in accordance with the pro- visions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the members of the league will in general endeavor, through the international organiza- tion established by the labor convention, to secure and maintain fair conditions of labor for men, women and children in their own countries and other countries, and undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; they will entrust the league with the general supervision over the execution of agreements for the suppression of traffic in women and children, etc .; and the control of the trade in arms and ammunition with countries in which control is necessary; they will make provision for freedom of communications and transit and equitable treatment for commerce of all members of the league, with special reference to the necessities of regions devastated during the war; and they will en- deavor to take steps for international prevention and control of disease, Internation- al bureaus and commissions already established will be placed under the league, as well as those to be established in the future.
Amendments to the Covenant-Amendments to the covenant will take effect when ratified by the council and by a majority of the assembly.
Regarding Germany-The covenant of the league of nations constitutes section 1 of the peace treaty, which places upon the league many specific duties in addition to its general duties. It may penalize Germany at any time for a violation of the neu- tralized zone east of the Rhine as a threat against the world's peace. It will appoint three of the five members of the Saar commission, to oversee its regime and carry out the plebiscite. It will appoint the high commissioner of Danzig, guarantee the independence of the free city and arrange for treaties between Danzig and Germany and Poland. It will work out the mandatory system to be applied to the former German colonies, and act as a final court in part of the plebiscites of the Belgian- German frontier, and in disputes as to the Kiel canal and decide certain of the economic and financial problems. An international conference on labor is to be held in October under its direction, and another on the international control of ports, waterways and railways is foreshadowed.
SUMMARY OF THE GERMAN PEACE TERMS
Signed by the German Peace Delegates on June 28, and Ratified by the German Assembly on July 9, 1919.
The treaty of peace between the twenty-seven allied powers on the one hand and Germany on the other is the longest treaty ever drawn. It totals about 80,000 words, divided into fifteen main sections, and represents the combined product of more than a thousand experts work- ing continually through a series of commissions for the five and a half months since Jan. 18.
The treaty is printed in parallel pages of English and French, which are recognized as having equal validity. It does not deal with questions affecting Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey except in so far as binding Germany to accept any agreement reached with those former allies.
) Following the preamble and deposition of powers comes the cove- nant of the league of nations as the first section of the treaty. The frontiers of Germany in Europe are defined in the second section; Euro- pean political clauses are given in the third.
Next are the military, naval and air terms as the fifth section, fol- lowed by a section on prisoners of war and military graves and a seventh on responsibilities. Reparations, financial terms and economic terms are covered in sections eight to ten. Then comes the aeronauticsection, ports, waterways and railways section, the labor covenant, the section on guarantees and the final clauses.
Germany by the terms of the treaty restores Alsace-Lorraine to France, accepts the internationalization of the Saar basin temporarily and of Danzig permanently, agrees to territorial changes toward Bel- gium and Denmark and in East Prussia, cedes most of upper Silesia to Poland, and renounces all territorial and political rights outside Europe as to her own or her allies' territories, and especially to Morocco, Egypt, Siam, Liberia and Shantung. She also recognizes the total independence of German-Austria, Czecho-Slovakia and Poland.
Her army is reduced to 200,000 men, including officers; conscrip- tion within her territories is abolished; all forts fifty kilometers east of the Rhine razed; and all importation, exportation and nearly all produc- tion of war and material stopped.
Allied occupation of parts of Germany will continue till reparation is made, but will be reduced at the end of each of three five-year periods if Germany is fulfilling her obligations.
Any violation by Germany of the condition's as to the zone fifty kilo- meters east of the Rhine will be regarded as an act of war.
The German navy is reduced to six battleships, six light cruisers and twelve torpedo boats, without submarines, and a personnel of not over 15,000 troops. All other vessels must be surrendered or destroyed.
Germany is forbidden to build forts controlling the Baltic, must demolish Helgoland, open the Kiel canal to all nations and surrender her fourteen submarine cables. She may have no military or naval air forces except 100 unarmed seaplanes until Oct. 1 to detect mines, and may manufacture aviation material for six months.
$
Germany accepts full responsibility for all damages caused to allied and associated governments and nationals, agrees specifically to reim- burse all civilian damages beginning with an initial payment of 20,000,- 000,000 marks (about $5,000,000,000), subsequent payments to be se- cured by bonds to be issued at the discretion of the reparation commis- sion. Germany is to pay shipping damage on a ton-for-ton basis by cession of a large part of her merchant coasting and river fleets and by new construction; and to devote her economic resources to the rebuild- ing of the devastated regions.
She agrees to return to the 1914 most-favored nation tariffs without discrimination of any sort; to allow allied and associated rationals freedom of transit through her territories, and to accept highly detailed provisions as to pre-war debts, unfair competition, internationalization of roads and rivers and other economic and financial clauses.
She also agrees to the trial of the former kaiser by an international high court for a supreme offense against international morality and of other nationals for violation of the laws and customs of war, Holland to be asked to extradite the former emperor, and Germany being respon- sible for delivering the latter.
The league of nations is accepted by the allied and associated powers as operative and by Germany in principle, but without membership; but membership is to be given her a little later after complying with the first of the Peace Term requirements.
Similarly an international labor body is brought into being with a permanent office and an annual convention.
A great number of international bodies of different kinds and for different purposes are created, under the league of nations, some to execute the peace treaty.
Among the former is the commission to govern the Saar basin till a plebiscite is held fifteen years hence; the high commissioner of Danzig, which is created into a free city under the league, and various commis- sions for plebiscites in Malmody, Schleswig and East Prussia.
Among those to carry out the peace treaty are the reparations, mil- itary, naval, air, financial and economic commissions; the international high court and military tribunals to fix the responsibilities, and a series of bodies for the control of international rivers.
Certain problems are left for solution between the allied and associ- ated powers, notably details of the disposition of the German colonies and the values paid in reparation. Certain other problems, such as the laws of the air, and the opium, arms and liquor traffic, are either agreed to in detail or set for early international action.
The preamble names as parties of the one part the United States, the British empire, France, Italy and Japan, described as the five allied and associated powers, and Belgium, Bolivia, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, the Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Siam, Czecho-Slo- vakia and Uruguay, who with the five above are described as the allied and associated powers. and on the other part, Germany.
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12.72
THE FORMER EMPIRE OF TURKEY IN ASIA
Since the end of the War Armenia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine have been taken from Turkey and placed under International control.
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Contest head in
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Dove way levey
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Rodney month with
Fab. grotertanoum
Weather
Wind
Wind
of the
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Lowlands orange & lemon der linden vid
Fruits of cluster and white mulberry
Hiper Barley harvest. Wheat harvest
Principal Harvest month, aspecially of wheat.
vegetation withered and burntup ).
Grupes begins to ripete Almende ripe
Beyroul harry of the Jordan Valley
collected in May, June and July ; - ....
Furious frulle : applar, pears, phares,
Burvest of corn in the higher Moun!
Principal Fruit month, Groupes. figs ku ; Bythe Flavor Wolowhand
Commonpart of vintage Rarenet.
of the Drums and Maite, follow
and Pomegranate spent
Month of vintage. Gathering of
witten. Ploughing and swing
Month of ploughing and sowing.
fruit. Orange & fire free suhlcom-
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Progress of the Seasons
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PALESTINE
WITHIN EVERY MONTH OF THE YEAR
Railroads thus: +++++-
PALESTINE
and Adjacent Countries showing the route of
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to Jerusalem
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THE KENYON COMPANY
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DIAGRAM SHOWING THE
60 65
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-
Conservator's Report Bentley Historical Library
Title: Atlas and Plat Book of Lenawee County, 1921
Received: Maps mounted to guards, stapled into paper covers with a cloth spine, Paper was acidic.
Treatment: Picked book to pieces. Removed staples. Washed pages in water. removing guards. Dried and pressed in blotter stack. Deacidified. Guarded pages stubbed for thickness. Laminated. Rebound in new scrapbook-style binding with laminated boards and internal canvas hinge.
Materials: Filtered water. Jade #834-403N PVA adhesive. Wei T'o deacidification solution. PROMATCO heavy duty endsheet paper. Ademco Cerex spun nylon heats tissue. Canvas cloth. Davey "Red Label" binder's board. Pyroxylin-impregnated library buckram. Aluminum screw-type binder posts.
Date work completed: Oct: 2001 Signed: James Craven and Biana Borel
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