USA > Michigan > Genesee County > Genesee County, Michigan, rural directory, 1919 > Part 4
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CROP-BOUND .- The crop becomes much distended and hard from obstruction of the passage from the crop to the giz- zard by something swallowed; generally, it is long, dried grass, a bit of rag or rope. Relief may sometimes be af- forded by giving a tablespoonful of sweet oil and then gently kneading the crop with the hand. Give no food, ex- cept a little milk, until the crop is emptied. Wet a tablespoonful or more of pulverized charcoal with the milk and force it down the throat. Should the crop not empty itself naturally pluck a few feathers from the upper right side of it and with a sharp knife make a cut about an inch long in the outer skin. Draw this skin a little to one side and cut open the crop. Remove its con- tents, being careful not to miss the ob- struction. Have a needle threaded with white silk ready, and take a stitch or two in the crop skin first, then sew up the outer skin separately. Put the pa- tient in a comfortable coop, and feed sparingly for a week on bran and meal in a moist state, and give but little water.
SOFT OR SWELLED-CROP arises from lack of grit, or from eating soggy and unwholesome food. The distended crop contains water and gas, the bird is fever- ish and drinks a great deal. By holding it up with its head down the crop will usually empty itself. When this is done give teaspoon doses of charcoal slightly moistened twice at intervals of six hours. Restrict the supply of water and feed chopped onions and soft feed in moder- ation.
EGG-BOUND, DISEASES OF THE OVIDUCT. Overfat hens are often troubled in this way. Forcing hens for egg production will sometimes break down the laying machinery Give green food, oats, little corn, and no stimulating condiments. Let the diet be plain and cooling in its
45
GENESEE COUNTY
PHONE 2179
Harry Arnold
THE AUTO ACCESSORY
-AND-
SUPPLYMAN
Next to Central Fire Station
-
809 So. SAGINAW STREET Flint, Mich.
46
RURAL DIRECTORY
nature. To relieve hens of eggs broken in the oviduct, anoint the forefinger with sweet oil and deftly insert and draw out the broken parts. When the hen is very fat and the egg is so large it cannot be expelled, the only way to save the hen is to break the egg and remove it as above directed.
WHITE-COMB OR SCURVY, caused by crowded and filthy quarters and lack of green food. The comb is covered with a white scurf. This condition some- times extends over the head and down the neck, causing the feathers to fall off. Change the quarters and diet, give a dose of castor oil and follow this with a half a teaspoonful of sulphur in the soft food daily.
RHEUMATISM AND CRAMP caused by cold and dampness. Chicks reared on bottom-heat brooders are particularly subject to these troubles. Damp earth floors and cement floors in poultry houses produce it in older birds.
Give dry and comfortable quarters, feed little meat, plenty of green food, and soft feed seasoned with red pepper.
DIARRHEA of chicks with clogging of the vent. Remove the hardened excre-
tion and anoint the parts. Chamomilla is useful in this complaint, a few drops in drinking water.
FROSTED COMB AND WATTLES .- As soon as discovered bathe with compound tinc- ture of benzoin.
FOR LICE on perches, walls and coops, use kerosene or lime wash. To make the lime-wash more effective, pour a little crude carbolic acid on the lime before slaking or mix with plenty of salt.
For use in nests, pour crude carbolic acid on lime and allow it to air-slake. Put one or two handfuls of the car- bolized lime dust in the nest box.
Pyrethrum powder kills by contact and is effective for dusting in nests, and through the feathers of birds. Its judi- cious use in the plumage and nests of sitting hens will insure immunity from lice for the hen and her young brood.
Chicks and poults are often killed by large lice that congregate about the head, throat, vent and wings. To de- stroy them, soak fish berries in alcohol, take the birds from under the mothers at night and slightly moisten the down of the infested parts with the poison.
How to Preserve Eggs
Now that eggs are dearer as a rule than they have been for years, many people are inquiring about the methods of preserving them. The old way was to pack them in salt or lime. This served the purpose, but it gave the eggs a very strong taste.
The approved method now is the one which calls for the use of "water glass," or silicate of soda. This is a thick, syrupy liquid which can be had at most drug stores for about 10 cents a pound, and a pound is enough to treat five dozen eggs, so that the cost of preserving is about two cents a dozen.
There are several grades of water glass, and it is wise to get the best. To prepare the solution, stir one part of the silicate of soda into sixteen parts of water which has been boiled, cooled and carefully measured.
It is essential to have the eggs fresh, or the experiment will not be a great success. Those over three days old should not be used, as the air has already had a chance to penetrate them. The very best way is to keep the solution made up ready and put the eggs into it just as soon as they are brought in from the nests, if you have your own chickens.
It is worse than useless to try to pre- serve eggs that are not fresh or that have been cracked or washed.
Incubation and Gestation Tables
Chickens 20-22 days
Geese 28-34 days
Ducks
.28 days
Turkeys
27-29 days
Guinea fowls.
28 days
Pheasants .25 days
Ostriches 40-42 days
The period of gestation in animals varies considerably, but the following is an average period based on a long series of observations :
Elephant 2 years
Camel 11-12 months
Ass .12 months
Mare
11 months
Cow
9 months
Sheep
5 months
Goat
5 months
Pig 31/2 months
Bitch
9 weeks
Cat
8 weeks
Rabbit
30 days
Guinea pig 65 days
47
GENESEE COUNTY
Ford THE UNIVERSAL CAR
Ford Cars
Ford Parts
Ford Service
FORD SALES CO.
Phone 2817-2818
2510-18 N. Saginaw Street FLINT MICHIGAN
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1
RURAL DIRECTORY
Lime on the Farm
The use of lime on the farm is to four tons per acre will not hurt. growing every year. The farmer Lime not only adds to the abundance and quality of the grass, but also is of value from a sanitary point, helping destroy germs of infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, hog cholera, etc. who uses it finds it pays and uses more; then his neighbor tries it with the same experience. Agri- cultural Experiment Stations have proven its value in records of results over periods of years. All reports agree that the necessity of its presence in the soil is second only to drainage.
Where lime is lacking in the soil, it is a waste to supply other ferti- lizers or even manure, because the full benefit of their application is only attained when the soil is sweet-has a plentiful lime supply. The more green or stable manure put on, the more fertilizer applied, the greater the need of lime, for the decay of any of these in their change to plant food forms acid and tends to soil acidity.
All legumes thrive in soils well supplied with lime. Legumes such as alfalfa, red clover, soy beans, etc., are plants having power to take nitrogen from the air; and since the bacteria necessary to their growth will not thrive where lime is lacking, lime becomes the indirect means of supplying nitrogen neces- sary to all plants.
Not only legume crops are bene- fited by the application of lime, but corn, oats, wheat, fruit trees, etc. Experiments at Wooster show a net increase for lime of more than $20 per acre in a five-year rotation.
Old pastures should be top- dressed with carbonate of lime, two
Lime may be had in Ohio in several forms: Lump caustic, ground caustic, hydrated, and ground raw limestone. Lump caus- tic should be air-slaked before applying to the soil. Hydrated lime is the caustic lims sufficiently slaked with water to take away much of the undesirable qualities in handling, and in the process it is reduced to a fineness which makes it quickly available to do its work in the soil.
Ground limestone, or carbonate of lime, is the raw rock ground or pulverized. In it, fineness is especi- ally desirable.
Limestone quarried or mined in some sections differs in analysis from that of other sections, but the basis of all is calcium carbonate.
All cultivated soil sooner or later needs an application of lime in one or the other of its forms, and the farmer who recognizes this fact and supplies the need will find it profitable. But it is important to remember that lime should never be applied so that it will come into direct contact with manure or nitrogenous fertilizers. Use it at a different time, or in such a way that the two will not mix.
49
GENESEE COUNTY
Capital and Surplus $500,000.00
Assets Over $5,500,000.00
As a Banking Institution
this big. strong bank is serving the United States Government, the State of Michigan, the County of Genesee. City of Flint, hundreds of corporations and thousands of business men and individuals,
Immense resources, sound management and personal service make this bank a good place to do business. We cordially invite you to make use of our facilities. A single dollar bill will open a savings account which draws 4% interest.
OFFICERS
C. S. MOTT -
President
W. P. CHRYSLER . Vice President JOHN S. DeCAMP - Assistant Cashier
GRANT J. BROWN - - Cashier F. M. BUFFUM . - Assistant Cashier
H. C. MOORE - Assistant Cashier P. H. CALLAHAN - Assistant Cashier
DIRECTORS
D. D. Aitken
W. E. Fellows Harvey J. Mallery
Dr. F. D. Baker Leonard Freeman H. C. Moore
E. D. Black Dr. J. C. McGregor C. W. Nash
Grant J. Brown
G. R. Jackson S. S. Stewart
F. M. Buffum
R. Kleinpell J. G. Warrick
W. P. Chrysler
C. S. Mott Fred J. Weiss
ALLEN T. SMITH, Manager Special Service Dept.
Industrial Savings Bank
"THE BANK OF PERSONAL SERVICE"
Three Banks
Flint :
:
Mich.
MEMBER of the FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
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RURAL DIRECTORY
The Babcock Milk Test
When a man begins to think of testing his cows and keeping a record of them, he is getting on higher ground. With- out recording the length of time a cow is in milk, her total milk production and its fat contents, no man is able to build up a great and paying herd. The use of the Babcock milk-testing machine may be learned by anybody. It is a centrifugal machine which holds an- nealed glass bottles that are carefully gauged and with measurements marked on their necks. The process was in- vented by Prof. S. M. Babcock, who gave it to the world without patenting it to make money for himself, and it has made millions of dollars for dairy- men.
To test milk, first carefully stir it from the bottom up, or pour it from pail to pail, but do not churn it. This is to mix it well and so get a true sample. As soon as it is quiet, suck up into the milk pipette more than enough to cover the mark, 17.5 cubic centimeters (c.c.), cap the end with the finger and slowly let the milk drip out until its upper level agrees with the mark. Then pipe it into one of the bottles of the ma- chine, where it will be safe from change, if needful, for a week.
If the test is to be made at once, pipe in a similar amount of sulphuric acid, taking care not to get it on the hands or clothes, as it is a powerful acid. When putting it into the milk, let it flow down the inside of the bottle and not run directly into the milk, as this will blacken or burn the curd and prevent a clear reading. Acid and milk should be at 60 degrees temperature to produce clear readings. Buy acid with a specific gravity of about 1.82. As soon as the acid is added, take the bottle by the neck and gently swirl the contents until they are thoroughly mixed. The curd must
be fully dissolved. Then close the ma- chine and whirl the samples for five minutes at a speed of 700 to 1,200 revolu- tions per minute. Next, fill each bottle to the base of the neck with hot water and whirl for two minutes more. Then fill to about the seven per cent. mark and repeat the whirling for two minutes. The measuring of the fat must be made while the sample is hot. Measure from the top of the curved upper level. If the fat extends from 0 to 4 in the neck there is just four per cent. fat, or four pounds of fat in 100 pounds of the milk. If it should run from 2 to 7, the amount is five per cent. The scale is graduated so that tenths of pounds are as easily read as full pounds. A little practice with the machine will readily make any boy an expert in its use.
When testing milk it must not be forgotten that the fat contents do not measure the exact butter production. For instance, if milk is four per cent. fats it should make about four and one- half pounds of butter, because in all but- ter there is some water, salt and minute parts of other things like ash. If there was no loss in churning and the over- run were just sixteen per cent. (the law forbids it to be more), the amount would be four and sixty-four one-hundreths pounds. The buttermaker who is getting but 109 or 110 pounds of butter from 100 pounds of fats is not doing as well as he should. The loss of fats in the churning should never exceed one and one-half per cent. in the buttermilk, and may be less.
Any dairyman who does not own and operate a good Babcock milk tester and keep records of all of his individual cows, should not complain if his purse tells him that "farming doesn't pay," for in all untested herds are cows that eat up the profits which should go to the owner.
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GENESEE COUNTY
SPRAYING FORMULAS
FUNGICIDES .- Bordeaux mixture is made by taking three pounds of sulphate of copper, four pounds of quicklime, fifty gallons of water. To dissolve the copper sulphate, put it into a coarse cloth bag and suspend the bag in a re- ceptacle partly filled with water. Next, slake the lime in a tub, and strain the milk of lime thus obtained into another receptacle. Now get some one to help you, and with buckets, simultaneously pour the two liquids into the spraying barrel or tank. Lastly, add sufficient water to make fifty gallons. It is safe to use this full-strength Bordeaux on almost all foliage-except, perhaps, on extra tender things, such as watermelon vines, peach trees, etc. For these it is wiser to use a half-strength mixture.
FORMALIN .- This is also called for- maldehyde, and may be purchased at drug stores. Its principal use is to treat seed potatoes to prevent "scab." Soak the whole seed for two hours in a mixture of one-half pint formalin and fifteen gallons of cold water; dry the seed, cut, and plant in ground that has not recently grown potatoes.
BORDEAUX . COMBINED WITH INSECT POISON .- By adding one-quarter pound of Paris green to each fifty gallons of Bordeaux, the mixture becomes a com- bined fungicide and insecticide. Or, instead of Paris green, add about two pounds of arsenate of lead. The advan- tages of arsenate of lead over Paris green are, first, it is not apt to burn foliage even if used in rather excessive quantities; and, second, it "sticks" to the foliage, etc., better and longer.
INSECTICIDES .- ARSENATE OF LEAD .- This is the best insecticide for chewing insects, and is for sale by seeds- men .. Use about two pounds in fifty gallons of water.
WHITE HELLEBORE .- This, if fresh, 52
may be used instead of Paris green in some cases-worms on currant and gooseberry bushes, for instance. (It is not such a powerful poison as the ar- senites, and would not do so well for tough insects such as potato-bugs.) Steep two ounces in one gallon of hot water, and use as a spray.
FOR SUCKING INSECTS .- Now we come to another class of insecticides, suited to insects which suck a plant's juice but do not chew. Arsenic will not kill such pests; therefore we must resort to solutions which kill by contact.
KEROSENE EMULSION .- One-half pound of hard or one quart of soft soap; kero- sene, two gallons; boiling soft water, one gallon. If hard soap is used, slice it fine and dissolve it in water by boiling ; add the boiling solution (away from the fire) to the kerosene, and stir or violently churn for from five to eight minutes, until the mixture assumes a creamy consistency. If a spray pump is at hand, pump the mixture back upon itself with considerable force for about five minutes. Keep this as a stock. It must be further diluted with water be- fore using. One part of emulsion to fifteen parts of water, is about right for lice.
CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION .- Made by dissolving one pound of hard soap or one quart of soft soap in a gallon of boiling water, to which one pint of crude carbolic acid is added, the whole being stirred into an emulsion. One part of this is added to about thirty-five parts of water and poured around the bases of the plants, about four ounces per plant at each application, beginning when the plants are set out and re- peated every week or ten days until the last of May. Used to fight maggots.
WHALE-OIL SOAP SOLUTION .- Dissolve one pound of whale-oil soap in a gallon
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L
RURAL DIRECTORY
of hot water, and dilute with about six gallons of cold water. This is a good application for aphis (lice) on trees or plants. For oyster-shell or scurvy scale use this spray in May or June or when the tiny scale lice are moving about on the bark.
TOBACCO TEA .- Place five pounds of tobacco stems in a water-tight vessel, and cover them with three gallons of hot water. Allow to stand several hours ; dilute the liquor by adding about seven gallons of water. Strain and ap- ply. Good for lice.
LIME-SULPHUR MIXTURE. - Slake twenty-two pounds of fresh lump lime in the vessel in which the mixture is to be boiled, using only enough water to cover the lime. Add seventeen pounds of sulphur (flowers or powdered), hav- ing previously mixed it in a paste with water. Then boil tha mixture for about an hour in about ten gallons of water, using an iron but not a copper vessel. Next add enough more water to make, in all, fifty gallons. Strain through wire sieve or netting, and apply while mixture is still warm. A good, high- pressure pump is essential to satisfac- tory work. Coat every particle of the tree. This is the standard San Jose scale remedy, although some orchardists prefer to use the soluble oil sprays now on the market.
PYRETHRUM, OR PERSIAN INSECT POW- DER .- It may be dusted on with a pow- der bellows when the plants are wet; or one ounce of it may be steeped in one gallon of hot water, and sprayed on the plants at any time. It is often used on flowers, in greenhouses, on vegeta- bles, etc.
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON .- This is used to kill weevils in beans and peas, etc. It comes in liquid form and may be had of druggists. When exposed to the air it quickly vaporizes into a poisonous and explosive gas which is heavier than air and which will destroy all insect life. (Caution .- Do not inhale the vapor, and allow no lights near.)
Tobacco stems, tobacco dust, kainit, soot, freshly-slaked lime, dust, etc., are often used as insect preventives-in the soil around plants to keep away grubs, worms and maggots, or dusted on to discourage the visits of cucumber bugs, etc. (Note .- The first four are excel lent fertilizers as well as insect pre- ventives.)
Crows and blackbirds frequently pull up planted corn. The best preventive is to tar the seed, as follows: Put the seed into a pail and pour on enough warm water to cover it. Add a tea- spoonful of coal-tar to a peck, and stir well. Throw the seed out on a sieve or in a basket to drain, and then stir in a few handfuls of land plaster (gyp- sum), or air-slaked lime.
A NEW FUNGICIDE .- Some orchard- ists are now using the following self- boiled lime-sulphur spray, instead of Bordeaux, claiming that it is less liable to spot or burn fruit and foliage: Put eight pounds of unslaked lump lime in a barrel; add enough water to cover. When the lime begins to heat, throw in eight pounds of flowers of sulphur. Constantly stir and gradually pour on more water until the lime is all slaked; then add the rest of the water to cool the mixture. About fifty gallons of water, in all, are required. Strain. Two pounds of arsenate of lead may be added, if desired, to the finished mixture, which then becomes a com- bined fungicide and insecticide, and may be used in the same manner as advised for Bordeaux-arsenate of lead. (Special note .- The self-boiled mixture is not the same as the lime-sulphur advised for San Jose scale, which is too strong for trees in foliage.)
If you do not care to bother with making spraying mixtures at home, they can be purchased, already prepared, of seedsmen. For only a few trees or plants, the extra cost of these factory mixtures is not great.
53
1
GENESEE COUNTY
SPRAYING CALENDAR
PLANT
FIRST APPLICATION
SECOND APPLICATION
APPLE (Scab, rot, rust, codling moth, bud moth, tent cater- pillar, canker worm, cur-
culio, etc.)
ASPARAGUS (Rust, beetles.) . .
Cut off all shoots below surface regularly until about July 1st.
After cutting ceases, let the shoots grow and spray them with Bordeaux-arseni- cal mixture.
10 days later, Bordeaux.
BEAN (Anthracnose, leaf blight, weevil, etc.)
Treat the seed before planting with bisulphide of carbon. (See remarks.) When third leaf expands, Bordeaux.
Pyrethrum or insect pow- der.
Half strength Bordeaux on young plants in hotbed or seedbed.
As buds are breaking, Bordeaux; when aphis ap- pear, tobacco solution or
kerosene emulsion.
At first appearance of
worms, hellebore.
10 days later, hellebore. Bordeaux if leaf blight is feared.
GRAPE
(Fungous diseases, Rose bugs, lice, flea, beetle, leaf hopper, etc.)
MELONS CUCUMBERS (Mildew, rot, blight, striped bugs, lice, flea beetle, etc.)
10-14 days repeat. (Note: Always use half strength Bordeaux on watermelon
vines.)
PEACH (Rot, mildew, leaf curl, curculio, etc.)
As the buds swell, Bor- deaux.
When fruit has set, repeat. Jar trees for curculio.
PEAR AND QUINCE (Leaf blight, scab, psylla, codling moth, blister mite, slugs, etc.)
Just before blossoms open, Bordeaux. Kerosene emul- sion when leaves open for psylla, if needed.
PLUM (Curculio, black knot, leaf bliaht. brown rot, etc.)
When buds are swelling, Bordeaux.
When blossoms have fallen, Bordeaux-arsenical mixture. Begin to jar trees for cur- culio. Repeat before insects be- come numerous.
----
POTATO (Fleu beetle, Colorado beetle, blight rot, etc.)
Spray with Paris green and Bordeaux when about 4 in. high.
When plants are 6 in.
high, Bordeaux.
Repeat in 10-14 davs. (Fruit can be wiped if dis- figured by Bordeaux.)
NOTE .- For San Jose scale on trees and shrubs. spray with the lime-sulphur mixture in autumn after leaves fall, or (preferably) in early 'spring, before buds start. The lime-sulphur
54
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7-10 days later, repeat.
CABBAGE (Worms, lice, maggots, etc.)
CELERY (Blight, rot, leaf spot, rust, caterpillars.)
Bordeaux, after plants are transplanted to field. (Pyre. thrum for caterpillars if necessary.)
When blossoms drop, Bor- deaux-arsenical mixture.
CHERRY (Rot, aphis, slug, curculio, black knot, leaf blight, or spot, etc.)
CURRANT GOOSEBERRY (Worms, leaf blight.)
In spring, when buds swell, Bordeaux.
Just before flowers unfold, Bordeaux-arsenical mixture.
Bordeaux, when vines be- gin to run.
As buds are swelling, Bordeaux.
TOMATO (Rot, blight, etc.)
When buds are swelling, but before they open, Bor- deaux.
If canker worms are abun- dant just before blossoms open, Bordeaux-arsenical mixture.
RURAL DIRECTORY
SPRAYING CALENDAR
THIRD APPLICATION.
FOURTH APPLICATION.
REMARKS.
When blossoms have fallen. Bor-
deaux-arsenical ture.
mix.
8-12 days later, Bordeaux . arsenical mixture.
For aphis (lice) use one of the lice remedies mentioned elsewhere. Dig out borers from tree trunks with knife and wire. For_oyster. shell scale, use whale-oil soap spray in June.
2-3 weeks later, Bor- mix- deaux-arsenical ture.
Repeat in 2.3 weeks.
Mow vines close to ground when they are killed by frost, burn them, and apply a mulch of stable manure.
14 days later, Bor- deaux.
14 days later, Bor- deaux.
For weevils: Put seed in tight box, put a cloth over seed, pour bisulphide of carbon on it, put lid on and keep closed for 48 hours. Use 1 oz. to 4 bus. of seed.
7-10 days later, re- peat.
Repeat every 10-14 days until crop 2
gathered.
Root maggots: Pour carbolic acid emulsion around stem of plants. Club root: Rotate crops; apply lime to soil; burn refuse; treat seed with formalin before planting.
14 days later, re- peat.
14 days later, re- peat.
Rot or rust is often caused by hilling up with earth in hot weather. Use boards for summer cro' . Pithy stalks are due to poor seed; or lack of moisture.
10-14 days, deaux.
Вог-
Hellebore, if a second brood of slugs appear.
Black knot: Dark fungous-looking bunches or knots on limbs. Cut off and burn whenever seen.
10-14 days, repeat, if necessary.
2 to 4 weeks later, repeat.
Cane-borers may be kept in check by cutting out and burning infested canes.
When fruit has set. Bordeaux . arsenical mixture.
2 to 4 weeks later, Bordeaux.
For lice, use any of the lice remedies. For rose bugs, use 10 pounds of arsenate of lead and one gallon of molasses in 50 gallons of water, as a spray. Or knock the bugs into pans of kerosene every day.
10-14 days, repeat.
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