USA > Michigan > Van Buren County > History of Berrien and Van Buren counties, Michigan. With biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 68
USA > Michigan > Berrien County > History of Berrien and Van Buren counties, Michigan. With biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 68
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At that time District No. 1 reported 92 children between five and seventeen years.
District No. 5 reported 30 children between the ages of five and seventeen years. District No. 6 reported 100 children between those ages, and District No. 8 reported 22 children between the ages of five and seventeen years.
March 31, 1838, the board of inspectors unanimously resolved that Districts Nos. 1 and 2 be consolidated as Dis- trict No. 1.
At an annual meeting held at the house of Brownell and Babcock, in Niles, April 2, 1838, Elijah Lacey, George Goodman, and Edward H. Hubbard were elected inspectors of schools. April 11th of that year the board of inspec- tors elected George Goodman as treasurer.
A meeting of the legal voters of the township was called for Dec. 8, 1838, " for the transaction of such business as may be necessary to the establishment of a primary school."
The following report was made by the school inspectors for 1838: Whole number of districts, 8; number from which reports were received, Nos. 3 and 4; number of scholars between the ages of five and seventeen years,-No. 3, 26; No. 4, 31 ; number of scholars in attendance,-No. 3, 19 ; No. 4, 27 ; time school was kept, 3 months ; amount raised in each district,-No. 3, $174; No. 4, $100; number of scholars in attendance under five and over seven- teen, No. 3, 2; No. 4, 3.
The following is a list of school inspectors elected in the township since 1838:
1839, Elijah Lacey, Joseph Whiting, William B. Beeson ; 1840, Joseph
Whiting, John P. Healy, William Sampson ;# 1841, Joseph N. Chapman, Cyrus Dana, Abner P. Healy ; 1842, Joseph N. Chap- man, Cyrus Dana, Elijah Lacey ; 1843, Joseph N. Chapman,
* Andrew J. Clark was appointed in place of William Sampson, who removed from town.
Cyrus Dana; 1844, Cyrus Dana ; 1845, Rodney C. Paine; 1846, James M. Stuart ; 1847, James M. Stuart, N. Bacon; 1848, N. Bacon, James Brown; 1849, N. Bacon, James Brown, William H. Powell; 1850, James Brown, N. Bacon ; 1851, James Brown, N. Bacon ; 1852, N. Bacon, Levi B. Taft; 1853, N. Bacon, Rev. John Booth ; 1854, N. Bacon, Elijah Lacey ; 1855, N. Bacon, Elijah Lacey; 1856, Elijah Lacey, George W. Hoffman ; 1857, Elijah Lacey, William B. Beeson ; 1858, Elijah Lacey, William B. Beeson ; 1859, Abraham P. Knox, David O. Woodruff; 1860, Abraham P. Knox, David O. Woodruff; 1861, David O. Wood- ruff, Andrew P. Mills; 1865, George S. Hoppin ; 1866, John E. Demott; 1867, Samuel C. Thompson; 1868, John C. Demott; 1869, Samuel C. Thompson ; 1870, John C. Demott; 1871, Samuel S. Case; 1872, Levi Sparks; 1873, Hiram A. Edwards ; 1874, Thomas R. Martin ; 1875, Hiram M. Coan ; 1876, Otto R. Moor; 1877, George W. Lambert; 1878, John E. Demott; 1879, Hiram A. Edwards.
An act of the Legislature was approved March 20, 1875, abolishing the office of county superintendent of schools, and providing for the election of a superintendent in each township to act with the school inspectors, and to examine candidates for teachers, and to grant certificates. In ac- cordance with the law, the first election of superintendent was held in April, 1875.
The following have been elected superintendents to the present date : ยท
1875, Robert W. Kay; 1876, James R. Claffey ; 1877, Horace G. Cowell; 1878, James R. Claffey ; 1879, John J. Claffey.
In November, 1843, the Western Collegiate Institute, under the charge and pay of the State University, of which it was a branch, was established ; E. McIlvaine, of Pitts- burgh, principal. The Niles Female Seminary, in charge of Miss C. Britain, and the Niles High School were in successful operation.
In 1843 four districts in Niles reported numbers of scholars, and amount of money apportioned from the sum raised by the township of Niles for school purposes for that year :
Children. Apportionment.
District No. 1.
. 172
$86.30
" 3
39
19.56
" 5 ...
48
24.08
" 6.
40
20.06
Total.
$150.00
Apportionment of money from State school-fund for 1843:
Apportionment.
District No. 1.
$63.64
"3
14.43
" 5 ..
17.76
6
14.80
Total.
$110.63
Apportionment of primary-school money of 1843, be- longing to the township of Niles, among the several school districts of the town entitled to the same :
Children. Apportionment.
District No. 1 ..
207
$86.94
3
55
23.10
"
5
46
19.32
"
6
47
10.74
" 30.
28
11.76
Total.
$160.86
The first mention on the school records, of examination of a teacher by the inspectors, occurs Nov. 13, 1843, as follows :
" Albert Heath was this day examined by the school inspectors; was found qualified, and received a certificate.
" GEO. GOODWIN, Deputy Town Clerk."
+
B. JARVIS
MAS. B. JARVIS.
RESIDENCE OF BURTON JARVIS , NILES TP, BERRIEN CO., MICH.
269
TOWNSHIP OF NILES.
December 18th, of the same year, Charles Carmichael and John Dendney were examined, and found qualified to teach a district school, and certificates were granted.
March 31, 1845, " Abigail T. Willard was examined by the Inspectors, was found qualified, and received a certifi- cate." In the summer and fall of the same year Sarah Drake, Lucy Merritt, and James G. Willard received cer- tificates, and were declared " qualified to teach a district school ;" November 6th, of that year, G. H. Crocker, John H. Phelps, and William B. Hardy were examined, and re- ceived certificates of ability " to teach a primary school." Miss Cordelia Hopkins was added to the list of primary- school teachers in April, 1846.
The following certificates were granted at the dates men- tioned : Feb. 4, 1846, Miss Mary Ann Hall; August 21st, Miss Fanny L. Bailey ; November 7th, Alexander R. Ball ; December 21st, George R. Hopkins; Jan. 4, 1847, Nathan McCoy ; March 27th, Miss Mary M. Kimmel; April 13th, Miss Maria Swift; May 29th, Miss Mary Frazier; June 4th, Miss Sarah Fisher; November 12th, Moses T. Graham ; December 2d, Miss Harriet L. Parray ; December 4th, Watson Scott.
By the school report for 1849 the number of scholars in the township had increased to 1027, of which District No. 1 had 558. The amount of school-moneys received that year was $349.18. In June, 1856, as per report, there were 1403 children, of which District No. 1 contained 801. Amount of money received was $743.59.
A law was passed April 1, 1850, entitled " An act to organize a school district for colored children in the village of Niles," by which it was provided "That the school in- spectors be authorized to organize a school district, to be numbered as they shall direct, not described by metes and bounds, but composed of the colored children of said village between the ages of four and eighteen years."
The district authorized above was organized at a meeting held at the colored Baptist church, July 1, 1850.
The last report of the township before the setting off of District No. 1 as a union school district was in 1859, when 1696 children were reported, and the school fund was $811.42, of which District No. 1 reported 953 schol- ars, and its proportion of public money was $455.93.
OLD BERTRAND VILLAGE.
Daniel G. Garnsey was appointed by Congress to lay out a portion of the Detroit and Chicago road, and while in this section of country he was so much pleased with the advan- tages of the lands near the river at Parc aux Vaches for the establishment of a settlement that he interested friends in the idea, and an association called the Bertrand Village Association was formed of John M. Barbour, of Dunkirk, N. Y .; Joseph H. Williams, of Vincennes ; Dr. Ingalls, of Dunkirk ; Ira Converse, of Batavia, N. Y .; Joseph Ber- trand and Daniel G. Garnsey, the latter of whom acted as manager and agent. Permission was obtained of Gen. Jackson, then President of the United States, to locate a village at that place, with the consent of Mrs. Joseph Ber- trand, the land being held by her under an Indian title.
Alonzo Bennett was selected as surveyor to lay out the village, which was done in 1833. Streets, blocks, and lots
were laid out, and building soon commenced. The trading- house of Mr. Bertrand stood on the bank of the river below the Chicago road. Daniel Russell built the first hotel, on the south side of the Chicago road about eighty rods from the river. Joshua Howell, in 1836, built a four-story hotel on the south side of the Chicago road, by the bank of the river, and known as the Steamboat Hotel. It was afterwards taken down, shipped to Berrien Springs, and re-erected. Capt. John Silsby, in 1835, built a warehouse four stories high, on the river bank, on the north side of the Chicago road. Michael Leydell built the Union Hotel, in which the first town-meeting of Bertrand township was held, in 1836. In that year Bertrand village contained 3 hotels, 1 warehouse, 7 dry-goods stores, 2 groceries, 1 drug-store, and a post- office.
The village lots were offered for sale June 4, 1836, but instead of selling them to the highest bidder the company bid them in and held them at extravagant prices. At that time the decline and fall of Bertrand village commenced.
A bridge was built across the river in 1837. The Cath- olic church was built the same year. A post-office was es- tablished, and has been maintained to the present time. James Williams was appointed postmaster in 1836, and was succeeded by A. W. King, Alvah Higbee, Benjamin H. Bertrand, Charles Seward, D. C. Higbee, Edward Easton, J. M. Seward, James Claffey, and D. C. Higbee, who is the present incumbent. It is now a part of Niles township, and has declined to a place of no importance.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
BURTON JARVIS,
the son of Zadok and Lucy (Owens) Jarvis, who were natives of North Carolina, was born in Rowan County, in that State, Sept. 6, 1816. His father's circumstances were not of such a nature that the youth could be given exten- sive educational advantages, and his school-days altogether numbered about one year. In 1834 he emigrated to Michi- gan, and located first in La Grange township, Cass Co., afterwards in Pokagon. During the first years of his resi- dence in Michigan he boated on the river in the summer, and chopped wood, etc., in the winter. Oct. 15, 1840, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Sparks, whose parents were also from North Carolina. In 1842 he became possessed of the land settled upon, and cleared the farm upon which he now resides. The place has ever since been occupied by him, with the exception of four years and a half spent in Niles and one year in Buchanan. Mr. and Mrs. Jarvis are the parents of five children, of whom but one-Lucy Ann, married, and living in Buchanan-now survives; three sons and a daughter having died,-one in infancy, one seven, one twenty-four, and one twenty-eight years old.
Until 1844, Mr. Jarvis was a Democrat. He voted for James G. Birney ; supported the Republican party until 1872, when he cast his vote for Horace Greeley ; and since 1876, when he voted for Peter Cooper, he has been a Greenbacker. His farm consists of three hundred and
270
HISTORY OF BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
twenty-eight acres, which is in a high state of cultivation and very productive. His improvements can be seen in a view of his premises, which is given upon another page.
DANIEL FISHER.
Mr. Fisher's parents, John Fisher and Elizabeth (Shupe) Fisher, were of German descent, although natives of Giles Co., Va. Their son Daniel was born in the same county, near Parisburg, March 6, 1801, and after becoming of suf- ficient age employed his time at farming and working at
Photo, by Ives, Niles.
DANIEL FISHER.
the blacksmith's trade, which he had learned. In June, 1829, he was married to Miss Lucinda McCoy, and re- moved the next year to what is now Howard township, Cass Co., Mich,-driving a six-horse team from Virginia to that place ; he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of government land and settled upon it; he furnished the lumber for the first frame building erected in Niles ; worked two months and a half for the Indians at Carey Mission ; and upon the organization of Howard township was elected supervisor and treasurer, serving two terms in that capacity.
Mrs. Fisher became the mother of seven children,-Paris Decatur, John Harvey, George McCoy, Daniel Madison, Harriet Maria, William Henry, and Giles Montgomery, -and died Nov. 9, 1867. July 8, 1873, Mr. Fisher was married to Mrs. Fannie (Harvey) Rathbun ; and in March, 1874, removed to the township of Niles, Berrien Co., and located three miles north of Niles City, having rented his former home. For twelve years he has been a member of the Advent Church. Politically, he was a Whig until the formation of the Republican party, of which latter he has since been a supporter. Mr. Fisher has retired from active business, and is enjoying the comforts of life in a quiet way at his pleasant home near Niles.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
NEW BUFFALO TOWNSHIP .*
Location, Topography, and Original Land-Entries-Early Settle- ments-Real Estate in New Buffalo in 1836-Township Officers -Resident Tax-Payers - Sketches and Reminiscences-Harbor Improvements-Village of New Buffalo-Schools-Churches-So- cieties.
LOCATION, TOPOGRAPHY, AND ORIGINAL LAND-ENTRIES.
This township contains fourteen full sections, eight frac- tional sections in the southern tier, on the Indiana line, and six fractional triangular sections along Lake Michigan on the west. It is the most westerly township of the lower peninsula of the State. It is bounded on the northwest by Lake Michigan, on the north by Chickaming, on the east by Three Oaks, and on the south by the Indiana line. The surface is for the most part level, interspersed with slightly rolling land, and was originally timbered along the lake-shore with oak and some pine, and in the easterly part with beech, maple, ash, basswood, and oak. Lying along the coast of the lake, its soil is sandy and better adapted to the cultiva- tion of fruit than grain, and to the former pursuit the at- tention of the people is mainly directed.
The water-courses are the Galien River and one or two small streams that empty into the lake in the southern part of the township. The Galien is, in this township, a slug- gish stream, running through Pottawattamie Lake, which, in an early day, was a body of water two miles long, half a mile wide, and in places ninety feet deep, but in the main shallow. Its surface was covered with wild rice, and wild fowl in countless multitudes frequented it in early times.
This river flows from the east through Weesaw and Three Oaks, and is augmented by a south branch that rises in In- diana, enters the township near the centre of the west line, and flows north westerly, forming a junction on section 36. This stream has Squaw Creek and Bloody Run as its branches. Galien River empties into Lake Michigan at New Buffalo village.
The list which follows is of persons who entered govern- ment lands within the territory of the township of New Buffalo, and the sections on which such entries were made :
TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 20 WEST.
Section 31 .- Henry Little.
TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 20 WEST.
Section 6 .- J. Little, W. Hammond, T. A. Clough, - Camp, R. S. Morrison.
Section 7 .- F. Bronson; H. H. Camp, R. S. Morrison, W. Whittaker, J. Haas.
Section 18 .- W. Whittaker, P. Hunt, Jr., Thomas Maudlin, P. Hunt, Jr., W. Whittaker.
Section 19 .- W. Goit, J. Haas, B. Maudlin, W. Whittaker.
TOWNSHIP 7 SOUTH, RANGE 21 WEST.
Section 36 .- E. P. Deacon, W. G. Driving, J. H. & R. H. Kinzie, B. B. Kercheval.
Section 35 .- W. Goit, J. Redding, E. Goit, - Pratt, E. P. Deacon.
TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 21 WEST.
Section 1 .- B. B. Kercheval, N. Willard, I. P. Warner, B. Carver, T. Kenworthy, G. Taylor.
Section 2 .- B. B. Kercheval, Beeson & Winslow, D. Robb. Section 3 .- Winslow & Britain, C. K. Green.
* By Austin N. Hungerford.
271
TOWNSHIP OF NEW BUFFALO.
Section 8 .- I. P. Warner.
Section 9 .- G. Taylor, C. K. Green, D. Robb, W. Whittaker.
Section 10 .- D. Robb, C. K. Green, W. Whittaker, J. H. & R. H. Kinzie.
Section 11 .- D. Robb, C. K. Green, B. Poole, R. Carver, T. Clough, W. Whittaker.
Section 12 .- F. Kenworthy, F. A. Holbrook, A. Averill, Julius Hack- ley, F. Bronson.
Section 13 .- J. R. Brown, M. Pierce, B. Butterworth, E. N. Sheldon. Section 14 .- J. R. Brown, J. Beeson, R. Goodrich.
Section 15 .- W. Hammond, W. Whittaker, F. Clough, D. Robb. Section 16 .- School land.
Section 17 .- B. Carver, Sheldon & Co., I. P. Warner, I. O. Adams, F. A. Holbrook, R. Goodrich.
Section 18 .- R. A. Lamb, H. Bishop, I. P. Warner.
Section 19 .- Warner, Sherwood & Co., I. O. Adams, J. Gerrish, Wm. H. Adams.
Section 20 .- I. O. Adams, C. Jackson, F. A. Holbrook, I. P. Warner, R. Goodrich.
Section 21 .- J. Haas, W. Whittaker, P. Carver, I. P. Warner.
Section 22 .- J. Haas, F. Bronson, D. Robb, I. P. Warner.
Section 23 .- E. N. Shelton, F. A. Clough, H. Bishop, - Trask.
Section 24 .- S. & G. Belden, E. N. Shelton, R. A. Lamb.
TOWNSHIP 8 SOUTH, RANGE 22 WEST.
Section 24 .- J. Little, R. A. Lamb.
EARLY SETTLEMENTS.
The township of New Buffalo originally comprised Chickaming, Three Oaks, and the present township. The west line of its territory bordered on Lake Michigan. The shore-line was sandy and shifting, now forming into dunes, varying in height, often reaching 40 or 50 feet, and then again reduced to a level and moved to other parts. The soil in the western portion was sandy, and offered few in- ducements for agricultural purposes. The first to take note of its commercial advantages was Capt. Wessell Whittaker, a resident of Hamburg, Erie Co., N. Y., and for many years a captain on the lakes.
In the fall of 1834 he was in command of the schooner " Post-Boy" (partly owned by Barker & Willard, of Buf- falo). During a heavy gale, when the vessel was liable to be driven ashore, they ran for the mouth of a stream now known as State Creek. They were beached, however. The weather was intensely cold, and the captain and crew left the vessel, and walked to Michigan City, where they pro- cured a conveyance, proceeded to St. Joseph, and noti- fied the underwriters of the loss of the vessel. While passing the mouth of Galien River, Capt. Whittaker, after studying the surroundings, was impressed with its advan- tages for a harbor. After transacting his business at St. Joseph he visited the land-office, and entered the land on which the village of New Buffalo now stands, and soon after proceeded to Buffalo, N. Y. He laid out the land into blocks and lots on paper, and called it New Buffalo. He then exhibited the plan to his friends, expatiated on its advantages, and persuaded Jacob Barker and Nelson Willard, who were partners in business, to engage with him in the new enterprise, and sold to them the undivided one-half interest in the property for $15,000, afterwards reducing it to $13,000. Capt. Whittaker, Truman A. Clough, Wm. Hammond, and Henry Bishop started from Buffalo and Hamburg on the eighteenth day of March, 1835, overland, and arrived at New Buffalo the first week in April, calling, on their way, at Bertrand, on Alonzo
Bennett, a surveyor and old acquaintance, and employing him to go with them and survey the village. Henry Bishop, now of Kalamazoo, was a clerk in the employ of Barker & Willard, and was sent by them to manage their interests. A log cabin, 15 by 24 feet, was first built, at the corner of Whittaker Avenue and Merchant Street, north of Seaman's Square. Along one side of the cabin pine brush was laid for a bed, and a fireplace was built in one corner. A road was then cut through from the lake to Talbot's mill, a distance of about five miles, from whence lumber was procured. Some lime was burned from marl found a short distance from this mill. Whittaker & Co. erected a frame building for a store and warehouse on water lot No. 1, at the foot of Whittaker Avenue. In this building was placed a stock of goods. Another building was erected adjoining, with an alley between. In this lat- ter building Mr. Whittaker put a tenant, Mr. Cummings and wife, who opened their house for entertaining travelers. A sign was painted on a rough board by Mark Beaubien, since of Chicago, representing a man holding a horse, and also a decanter and glasses. Soon after this, Russell Good- rich, Truman A. Clough, Dr. Reuben Pierce, Myel Pierce, Simeon Pierce, Moses G. Pratt, and Festus A. Holbrook came by vessel from Buffalo, and soon bought lots. Build- ing commenced rapidly. Russell Goodrich bought block 12, and erected a hotel on lot 2. Whittaker built a house for his family on block 24, lots 7 and 8, near a spring of good water, by the west ravine, that runs through the town plat north and south. Moses G. Pratt built where Dr. Moses M. Clark now lives. Dr. Reuben Pierce built on the corner of Barker and Merchant Streets, on block 23 and lots 1 and 2, where John Helm lives; Simeon Pierce, on block 23, adjoining ; Thatcher Abbott, a brother- in-law of Whittaker, adjoining, on the same block and on lot 5; F. A. Holbrook and Alonzo Bennett, both on block 13. About this time Mr. Whittaker laid out a block as a gift to captains of vessels, as an inducement to them to set- tle in the place. Deeds were made for these lots, and the names will be found in another page. These lots were not settled upon by the parties, but were sold by them. This block was known as the "Seaman's Square," block 21. The family of Mr. Whittaker, consisting of his wife and four children, under the care of William Ratcliff, came from Hamburg, by Lake Erie, to Detroit, where they pro- cured a team, and proceeded thence overland, arriving at New Buffalo in June, 1835.
Mr. Ratcliff carried the first mail to Michigan City, and Moses G. Pratt drove the first stage and mail-wagon through to that place. At this time there were a number of others gathered in the new settlement, some unmarried. Their occupations were as follows : A. Bennett, surveyor; Henry Bishop, clerk ; T. A. Clough, speculator ; R. Goodrich, hotel-keeper ; Henderson, F. A. Holbrook, Mundle, Doty, Dunham, A. and E. McClure, Ezra Stoner, and Washburn were carpenters ; Haight, plasterer ; Maudlin, farmer ; R. Pierce, physician ; S. Pierce and J. Hixson, sailors ; Pratt, teamster ; Whittaker & Willard, proprietors ; Ira P. Warner, agent. The lots were valued and sold at from $150 to $300 each, one-third down. In the summer and fall of 1835 important accessions were made to the settle-
272
HISTORY OF BERRIEN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
ment in the persons of James Little and Jacob Gerrish, of Boscawen, N. H .; Richard L. Phillips, of Erie Co., N. Y., a native of England ; and in the spring of 1836, of Fran- cis and Joseph G. Ames and Alvin Emory, of Canterbury, N. H .; and Ezra Stoner, of Frederick Co., Md. A de- mand for the improvement of the harbor was soon started. Meetings were held and many speeches made, but the usual delay followed this action.
During the year 1835, Whittaker, McGivens & Co. built a mill, on section 1, on the south branch of Galien River. At the time of their preparation for this mill, they were warned by Governor Mason to appear at Niles and assist in the retention of the ten-mile strip along the Ohio line. Mr. Whittaker informed the Governor that he should arm his men with handspikes on the day set, which he did. He was also interested in a mill at State Creek, owned by the State Creek Mill Company.
In March, 1836, the township was organized, and the first election held at Goodrich's Hotel. A list of the voters will be found on another page. In this year, also, Isaac O. Adams, a native of Newburyport, Mass., but last from White Pigeon, E. T. Clark, and Timothy Harris built a house on lot No. 105, which was known as Bachelors' Hall, and which afterwards became famous as a convivial head- quarters. The building remained until it was removed to make way for the railroad.
In the fall of 1837, the Virginia Land Company, com- posed mostly of natives of Virginia, but the majority of whom lived in Laporte, Ind., purchased 640 acres of land, and laid it out into lots, Joshua R. C. Brown coming there to reside as agent. The members of the company were David Robb, Dr. G. A. Rose, Courtlandt Strong, De Witt Strong, Maj. John Lemons, Joshua R. C. Brown, Daniel Brown, James Whittam, and Jacob Haas.
The books of Mr. Whittaker for 1837, from which these facts are gleaned, give the prices at that time, which may be of interest : Potatoes, 75 cents; oats, $1; corn, $1.50; butter, 372 cents; bacon, 163 cents ; board, $3.50 per week ; salt, $7 per barrel ; beef, 6 cents per pound, by the quarter ; whisky, 41 cents per gallon, by the barrel, and 75 cents at retail ; team-work, $4 per day ; common labor, $1 per day. Between the dates May 22 and July 26, in 1837, 95 con- secutive entries occur of stage-fare charged, varying from $4 to $12. This entry also occurs : "Schooner Oregon left New Buffalo with 2358 bushels of oats, 1246 bushels to be delivered at Milwaukee; 1112 bushels were lost in a storm in Milwaukee Bay; also delivered 23} bushels of corn. Left New Buffalo in April, and delivered oats at Milwaukee from the 1st to the 10th of May, 1837." Hiram and Solomon Gould were charged for use of lighter and labor in June, 1837. They owned a mill at New Troy, rafted their lumber down the river, and shipped to Chicago from the former place.
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