USA > Michigan > History of Michigan, civil and topographical, in a compendious form; with a view of the surrounding lakes > Part 27
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The character of the people of Michigan is in a very wide sense generous and republican. It is entirely independent. in thought and action. In the New England States, the land of strong minds, honest hearts, and brave arms, the social sys- tem is settled ; society is divided and subdivided into clearly defined castes. Prescribed forms of opinion, strengthened by 38
298
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
age and influence, are marked out ; and the youth are con- fined to the shadows of the cloister ; large masses of wealth are accumulated and hoarded up. Here it is far otherwise. The people find themselves the occupants of a wide and bounteous soil, and in a community which is organized by themselves. The spirit of our institutions seems to impress them with a conviction of their own independence. They are bound down by no prescriptive forms of opinion, because no prescriptive forms of opinion exist. Wealth is so easily accumulated, that it does not possess that social influence which is discernible in the older States. Throughout the whole extent of the State there is a commonwealth of associ- ation, because there is a commonwealth of action. The settler in his log-cabin, or the mechanic in his workshop, is actuated by a spirit of sturdy independence, which holds nothing above him but " God and the laws." He has no re- verence for stars, or garters, or crowns. While the minds of men have become liberalized by contact with large interests, the circle of enterprise is widened in the same proportion. To build a city, is deemed a labor of less importance than formerly to construct a house. Space is abridged ; and a jour- ney of two hundred miles on horseback through the wilder- ness, is considered a fourfold less labor than was the same distance, twenty years ago, in the eastern States.
Although the colleges of the east have doubtless sent out a great number of professional men into Michigan, as well as the other western States, literature is very far from being the characteristic spirit of the people. They, in fact, seem to have little confidence in that theoretic knowledge which men ac- quire from books, and great confidence in that practical infor- mation which is derived from the study of men and things ; consequently a greater share of practical business men are found in Michigan than in most of the States,-men, who are unacquainted with the classic literature of Greece or Rome, but with human nature and the facts about them. In all matters of religion and government they are liberal and inde- pendent. Doubtless large masses of ignorance prevail in the more remote sections of the State, which give ground to fana-
299
POPULATION.
ticism ; but common sense is more frequently the guide in matters of religion. To all arguments which would show the inequality in men, they would interpose that wide doc- trine of the declaration of Independence, which declares "that all men are born free and equal." Throughout the whole range of enterprize, the constantly advancing progress of the country, and the motives to exertion, which are continually pressing upon the mind, induce a constant stimulus to great excitement ; and the labors which the emigrant encounters, and the subjects with which he thus comes in contact, neces- sarily bring to his mind an amount of knowledge, which could be scarcely acquired where the foundations of the so- cial system have been already constructed and settled. If the literature and the blandishments of an older form of society are wanting, there is a counterbalancing advantage in that freshness and vigor of utilitarian pursuit, which seems to en- gross the mind.
The French are the offspring of the colonies which emigrat- ed during the possession of the country by France, and also the scattered settlers, who have from time to time crossed over from Canada to the American shores. These are spread along the banks of the principal streams upon the Michigan frontier, and their houses border the Detroit River for a long distance. They may be known from their antique construc- tion, and the picket fences which surround their farms. The French population of Michigan are a quiet and courteous race of men, who are content to live upon the domain of their ancestors without exercising any considerable degree of en- terprise. From long connexion with the Indians, the French population in the interior seem to have become somewhat in- corporated with them in sympathies and pursuits; and you see many in the remote villages arrayed in a demi-savage dress. Some have intermarried with the savages, and not a few possess in their veins an intermixture of Indian blood. In the advancing progress of the country, their lands, which are of the most eligible location, and which have also been confirmed to them by the laws of the United States, are the sites of important towns. They are distrustful of the whites,
300
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
1
and are not generally anxious to sell their property, although many have been made rich by the advanced value of real estate.
The following is the population of Michigan according to the census of 1837.
1
CENSUS OF MICHIGAN IN OCTOBER, 1837.
ALLEGAN COUNTY.
BRANCH COUNTY.
Townships.
Batavia
357
Allegan
621
Bronson
635
Newark
190
Cold water
960
Otsego
341
Elizabeth
177
Gerard
448
Goliad
184
Ovid
209
Quincy
569
Sherwood
217
Union
260
Township.
Barry
512
Total, 4,016
BERRIEN COUNTY.
Albion
773
Athens
288
Berrien
496
Bertrand
1,262
Eckford
530
Buchanan
172
Homer
1,019
New Buffalo
199
Marengo
737
Niles ·
1,497
Marshall
1,801
Oronoko
248
Milton
1,632
Royalton
175
Sheridan
353
St. Joseph
599
Tekonsha
278
Weesaw
116
Total, 7,960
Total, 4,863
CALHOUN COUNTY.
Bainbridge
99
Burlington
378
Convis
170
Plainfield
317
Total, 1,469
BARRY COUNTY.
Total, 512
301
POPULATION.
-
CASS COUNTY.
GENESSEE COUNTY.
Calvin
201
Argentine
434
Howard
366
Flint
1,288
Jefferson
395
Grand Blanc
691
La Grange
699
Mundy
234
Mason
224
Vienna
107
Ontwa
1,012
Penn
693
Total, 2,754
Pokagon
506
Porter
442
HILLSDALE COUNTY.
Adams
279
Allen
353
Fayette
685
Florida
156
Total, 5,296
Litchfield
314
Moscow
496
Pittsford
550
Reading
277
St. Marie
366
Scipio
469
Somerset
441
Total, 366
Wheatland
729
CLINTON COUNTY.
Total, 4,729
Dewitt
INGHAM COUNTY.
Watertown
Aurelius
Ingham
Total, 529 Stockbridge
-
EATON COUNTY.
Total, 822
Bellevue
438
IONIA COUNTY.
Eaton
330
Ionia
511
Vermontville
145
Maple
517
Total, 913
Total, 1,028
Silver Creek
108
Volinia
427
Wayne
223
CHIPPEWA COUNTY.
-
302
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
JACKSON COUNTY.
Bristol Hadley
Concord
La Peer
East Portage
Lomond
Grass Lake
Beckfield
Hanover
Jackson
Total, 2,602
LENAWEE COUNTY.
Blissfield
559
Cambridge
523
Dover
680
Fairfield
203
Franklin
989
Hudson
Lenawee
1,151
Logan
1,962
Macon
1,111
Medina
420
Comstock
1,383
Cooper
386
Palmyra
898
Kalamazoo
1,373
Raisin
1,076
Pavilion
548
Rollin
508
Prairie Ronde
665
Rome
826
Seneca
431
Tecumseh
2,414
Woodstock
541
KENT COUNTY.
Byron
362
Kent
1,660
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
Total, 2,022
Byron
317
Deerfield
369
Genoa
361
Green Oak
1,435
Atlas
Hamburg
490
Rives
Sandstone
Spring Arbor
West Portage
Total, 8,702
KALAMAZOO COUNTY.
Brady
1,292
Ogden
198
Richland
720
Total, 6,367
Total, 14,540
LA PEER COUNTY.
Leoni
Liberty
Napoleon
Parma
303
POPULATION.
Hartland
404
La Salle
826
Howell
442
London
456
Marion
202
Milan
270
Putnam
367
Monroe
2,795
Raisinville
614
Summerfield
1,128
Whiteford
257
MACKINAW COUNTY.
Total, 10,646
Holmes
664
OAKLAND COUNTY.
Addison
343
Avon
1,289
Bloomfield
1,485
Brandon
263
Armada
1,001
Commerce
747
Bruce
889
Farmington
1,724
Clinton
1,193
Groveland
664
Harrison
502
Highland
440
Hickory
249
Independence
668
Jefferson
523
Lyon
1,051
Lenox
234
Milford
667
Macomb
736
Novi
1,335
Orange
297
Oakland
803
Bay
786
Orion
593
Shelby
1,153
Oxford
384
Washington
1,329
Pontiac
1,700
Rose
202
Royal Oak
8:25
Southfield
956
Springfield
403
Troy
1,439
Ash
1,011
Waterford
828
Bedford
431
West Bloomfield
1,004
Erie
999
White Lake
363
Exeter
156
Frenchtown
1,503
Total, 20,176.
Ida
200
· Unadilla
642
Total, 5,029
Total, 664
MACOMB COUNTY.
Total, 8,892
MONROE COUNTY.
304
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
OTTAWA COUNTY.
Florence
449
Flowerfield
406
Total, 628
Leonidas
374
Mottville
497
Nottawa
713
Sherman
1,043
Saginaw
920
Total, 920
Total, 6,337
VAN BUREN COUNTY.
Antwerp
232
Clinch
108
Covington
183
Decatur
224
La Fayette
248
Lawrence
202
South Haven
65
ST. CLAIR COUNTY.
China
603
Clay
394
Clyde
339
Columbus
85
Ann Arbor
2,994
Augusta
559
Ira
202
Bridgewater
923
Lexington
205
Dexter
596
Port Huron
824
Freedom
795
St. Clair
501
Lima
895
Lodi
1,063
Lyndon
361
Manchester
805
Northfield
793
ST. JOSEPH COUNTY.
Pitt
1,208
Bucks
782
Salem
1,354
Colon
368
Saline
1,130
Constantine
842
Scio
-1
1,442
Burns
Owasso
Shiawassee
Vernon
Total, 1,184
Total, 1,262
WASHTENAW COUNTY.
Cottrelville
520
Total, 3,673
White Pigeon
872
SHIAWASSEE COUNTY.
SAGINAW COUNTY.
POPULATION. 305
Sharon
782
Ecorce
709
Superior
1,378
Greenfield
897
Sylvan
480
Hamtramch
1,772
York
1,197
Huron
481
Ypsilanti
2,280
Livonia
1,076
Monguagon
404
Nankin
1,160
Plymouth
2,246
Redford
1,021
Romulus
389
Springwells
990
Brownstown
846
Van Buren
799
Canton
1,050
Dearborn
1,317
Total, 23,400
Detroit
8,273
COLORED POPULATION.
Calhoun County
24 Wayne
228
Chippewa
3
Jackson
9
Mackinaw
1
Monroe
35
St. Joseph
4
Oakland
13
Washtenaw
62
Total, 379
INDIANS TAXED.
Cass County
24
Chippewa
1
Genessee
2
Total, 27
TOTAL WHITE POPULATION.
Allegan
1,469
Chippewa
366
Barry
512 Clinton
529
Berrien
4,863
Eaton
913
Branch
4,016
Genessee
2,754
Calhoun
7,960
Hillsdale
4,729
Cass
5,296
Ingham
822
39
Webster
832
Total, 21,817
WAYNE COUNTY.
306
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
Ionia
1,028
Oakland
20,163
Jackson
8,693
Ottawa
628
Kalamazoo
6,367
Saginaw
920
Kent
2,022
Shiawassee
1,184
La Peer
2,602
St. Clair
3,673
Lenawee
14,540
St. Joseph
6,337
Livingston
5,029
Van Buren
1,262
Mackinaw
664
Washtenaw
21,817
Macomb
8,892
Wayne
23,400
Monroe
10,611
Total white population,
174,369
Colored population,
379
Indians taxed,
27
Add for two townships not returned, say
425
Population, exclusive of Indians not taxed
175,000
The other class of people in Michigan are the Indians ; and they consist, for the most part, of mutilated fragments of tribes, which war and civilization have spared from the general de- clension of their race. They are comprised chiefly of the Ottawas, the Wyandots, the Potawatamies, the Menommies, and the Chippewas. The origin of this singular race has been the subject of voluminous discussion, but no certain con- clusion has been yet established. The better opinion seems to be, that they are of Chinese or Tartar stock, and that they passed over to America from the peninsular portion of Kam- schatka across Bhering's Strait. This is confirmed by a simi- larity in language, mode of wearing the hair, and certain cus- toms, between the savages of Asia and America. The sava- ges are scattered throughout this wilderness in rude huts made of bark, and attached to poles, which are stuck in the ground for support. During the early periods of the country, before European manufactures were introduced, they dressed entire- ly from the skins of wild beasts,-the bear, the elk, the deer, or the buffalo, wrought with colored porcupines' quills, and tan- ned into considerable pliancy and neatness. Their shoes or moc- casins were made from buffalo or deer skins, sometimes formed with the hair inside. Their ornaments were curiously cut out
307
THE INDIANS.
from shells into beads, which were called wampum, and worn about their necks and suspended from their ears. The most distinguished warriors wore necklaces of bears' claws, and upon their heads the plumes of the war eagle. They adorned their hair with ornamented skins, and wore copper upon their breasts. Their weapons of war were hatchets and daggers of stone, and wooden war-clubs and bows made from the trees, and arrows barbed with flint. Pipes of clay or redstone were used both as a luxury and as symbols of peace. They navigated the streams in canoes of bark ; and their domestic utensils were of the rudest form. Their food consisted of corn, which they cultivated, wild rice, fish, and the flesh of beasts.
Since the advancement of the whites, they have preserved the same general garb, but use a different material. They clothe themselves with blankets enclosed with a woolen or leathern girdle, in which is stuck a steel scalping knife or a tobacco pouch ; leggins of red or blue cloth reach from the ancle above the knee, so as to leave the thigh bare. They have substituted the rifle and the steel tomahawk for the bow and the stone hatchet, and silver or tin ornaments for those of stone, shells, or copper ; but in all their essential habits they are the same as when Jacques Cartier first ascended the St. Lawrence. The squaws generally wear blankets like the men ; and leggins and moccasins, adorned with beads or porcupines' quills ; but the whole of their persons are generally covered, with the exception of the head, upon which they wear hats. Their hair, which is smooth and glossy, is worn combed be- hind their ears. They often wear a calico frock inside of the blanket, which is covered upon the breast with silver broaches, or thin plates of the same metal in a circular or crescent form. Some of these medals are given to the chiefs both by the British and American Governments. These people are similar in their general traits to the savages of the other sections of the United States.
It would seem that the tribes of this region had accustomed themselves to migrations from remote points in the forest, and these migrations have been pretty accurately traced. In the
308
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 4
year 1649, when the Algonquin nations of the Ottawa River were nearly destroyed by the Iroquois, a portion of the Otta- was of that river, as well as a part of those who lived on the western shores of Lake Huron, accompanied by five hundred Hurons, constituting in all about one thousand, removed to the south-western shore of Lake Superior ; and in 1671 the Potawatamies were settled on the island called Noquet, near the entrance of Green Bay. Forty years afterwards this last tribe migrated to Chicago, and the river St. Joseph upon the southern bank of Lake Michigan ; occupying those lands which had before been held by the Miamis in 1670. About the year 1671, the Ottawas of Lake Superior had removed to the vicinity of Michilimackinac, and finally retired to their ancienthunting-grounds on the west side of Lake Huron, send- ing back word to the Miamies that they were " tired of fish and must have meat." In the year 1721 the Missisagies, according to Charlevoix, had villages near the outlet of Lake Ontario, and also near Niagara and Detroit. Until within a recent date, the Ottawas occupied a considerable portion of the penin- la of Michigan north and west of the Potawatamies; and the Chippewas are situated chiefly around Lake Superior. On the dispersion of the Algonquin tribes upon the river Ottawa in the middle of the seventeenth century, a part sought protection from the French, and reside in Lower Canada ; and the Nepissings and other tribes escaped to Michilimackinac, the Falls of St. Marie, and the northern shores of Lake Superior. About the year 1800 a considerable portion of the peninsula of Michigan was occupied by the Ottawas ; and the Potawatamies held that portion of territory upon the shore of Lake Michigan ; the Wy- andots occupied the eastern shore of Lake Huron, and the Chippewas the southern bank of Lake Superior .*
The character of the savages is made up of mixed traits of good and evil. They are barbarians, and can never ap- preciate the advantages of civilization. In their customs,
See Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America, by the Hon. Albert Gallatin, published in the second volume of the collections of the American An- tiquarian Society.
,
309
THE INDIANS.
their feasts, their wars, their dress, and their amusements, they resemble the savages of other nations, although they are of more elevated caste. Their minds do not grasp great con- sequences, and they are deficient in the power of reasoning. In their enterprises they seldom overstep a prescribed circle of action ; for their future state, they never look beyond the western sky. All those qualities which are founded in in- stinct and habit they possess in a high degree, and but few of the higher qualities of intellect. Their oratorical efforts are impassioned and figurative, but seldom contain arguments. The ideas which are expressed in these efforts are founded in obvious suggestions, and entirely fail in close logic. Their vanity exceeds that of most savage nations ; and it is this which induces them to paint their faces, to cover their heads with feathers, and adorn their bodies with gewgaws. To their friends they are generous, and will share with them the last morsel of venison and the shelter of their lodge. Their enemies they will fawn upon and flatter, only to watch the time for their destruction. As a general fact, it will not be established that they are brave in battle. They rather prefer to delude by hypocritical assurances of friend- ship, and to surprise like assassins. With the exception of the Iroquois, the history of the north-west furnishes but few instances of honorable and open Indian combat. Pontiac, in 1763, devised the destruction of the English forts by a rank and fraudulent deception; and the Prophet, in the battle of Tippecanoe, practised a miserable stratagem, which would rank him not much above a murderer. Their rules of war are base and disgusting when tested by the code of civilized nations. They will scalp an unarmed and fallen enemy, a woman or an infant ; torture them and drink their blood, or eat their flesh. Individual instances of signal genius have been exhibited ; and the character of Garangula, Pontiac, Brant, and Tecumseh, stands out, among merely barbarian communities, for courage and eloquence, when adjudged by barbarian standards. If they have exhibited occasional suc- cess, it has been generally when they could escape danger by standing behind trees and shooting their enemies. Their
310
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
manliness is exhibited by binding upon the women burdens which belong to the stronger sex. Combined with this is a lofty bearing, which impresses us with a sense of respect ra- ther than disgust at their presence, which would arise in the absence of that quality.
A stoic in his temperament, the north-western savage seems to be a fatalist, and will look with the same composure on success or misfortune ; he is contented to remain in the woods, and to gain a scanty subsistence from the forest ; or when that is wanting, owing to his indolence, he kills and consumes his horses or dogs. As civilization advances, the means of his subsistence diminish. There are many examples of Indian gratitude and humanity which relieve this dark picture ; and he is honest and true to his word. We do not blame him for what he is, because the savage is ingrained in his consti- tution ; we only describe what he seems to be.
In their dispositions the Indians of the lakes are peace- able, and they will meet you in the forest with the French words of salutation, Bon Jour. During the early spring they retire from their villages to what are called Sugar Camps, where they manufacture a large quantity of maple sugar, and collect it in mococks of bark ; either for their own consump- tion, or for sale at the settlements of the whites, in exchange for head trinkets, cloths, or intoxicating liquors. The furs which they may have collected at such times are sold for the same articles. It is useless to remark that intoxication is their besetting sin when the means are obtained.
This singular race will long remain an enigma to the mind. Unchanged in their habits and opinions, they have defied the efforts of civilization to improve their condition. What- ever may be the soundness of the logic which claims that civilization had a right to this soil because it was uncultiva- ted and occupied by savages, an argument which would wrest a considerable portion of the world from the hand of its pre- sent possessors ; it is clear that the Indians have been defraud- ed less by government than by individuals. The enactment of the United States, which declares that their land shall not be taken without their consent, is founded in justice ; but improper
311
THE INDIANS.
influence has doubtless been exercised by individuals to in- duce them to sell their lands. Many will soon retire west of the Mississippi ; and as the plough-share is driven over their hunting-grounds, cities are built on the site of their ancient camps ; and civilization digs up the bones of their forefathers in order to lay the foundation of a canal or rail-road, dissipa- ting their fading memorials like ghosts at the rising sun ; it should be our most cherished consciousness, that, as a nation, we have acted in justice, and softened the pangs of their mis- fortunes.
INDIAN POPULATION OF MICHIGAN IN 1837.
TRIBE, OR BAND.
RESIDENCE.
POPULATION.
Wyandots,
Monroe County,
estimate
60
Chippewas of Swan Creek,
Macomb do.
Do.
180
Chippewas of Black River,
St. Clair do.
D
230
Chippewas of Saginaw,
Valley of the Saginaw,
Do.
800
Ottawas of Grand River,
Valley of Grand River, Pay rolls of 1837, 945
Ottawas of Maskigo,
Maskigo River,
Do.
87
Ottawas & Chippewas of White Ri- East Coast of Lake
ver,
Michigan,
Do.
142
Chippewas of Manistee,
Do.
Do.
33
Do.
of Osigomico,
Do.
Do.
8
Do.
of Carp River,
Do.
Do.
103
Do. of Grand Traverse Bay,
Do.
Do.
292
Ottawas of Little Traverse Bay,
Do.
Do.
249
Do. Village of the Cross,
Do.
Do.
305
Do. L'Abre Croche,
Little Traverse Bay,
Do
426
Ottawas of Cheboigon,
S. coast of Lake Huron
Do
102
Chippewas of Thunder Bay,
Do.
Do.
103
Chippewas of the Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan,
Do.
105
Chippewas & Ottawas of Drummond Island,
Lake Huron,
Do.
61
Chippcwas of the Chenoux,
N. coast Lake Huron,
Do.
56
Do. bands of Ance & Missutigo Do. (straits of Michili-
mackinac)
Do.
104
Do. of North Manistee,
Do.
Do.
83
Do. Shawonegeezhig's band,
Do.
Do.
86
Do. Esconabee River,
Do.
Do.
88
Do. of Chocolate River,
S. East Lake Superior,
Do.
75
Do. of Grand Island,
Do.
Do.
Do.
53
Do. of Tacquimenon River,
Do.
Do.
Do.
61
Do.
do. Pierre Marquette R.
Do.
Do.
63
Do. of Little Bay de Nocquet, N. end of Green Bay,
Do:
76
312
HISTORY OF MICHIGAN.
TRIBE, OR BAND.
RESIDENCE. POPULATION.
Chippewas of Sault St. Marie,
Straits of St. Mary. Pay rolls of 1837, 152
Chippewas & Ottawas of the Islands of Bois-blanc & Mackinaw, Lake Huron,
`Do. 59
Ottawas south of Grand River,
E. coast Lake Michigan estimate 200
Potawatamies of the St. Joseph's,
Do.
Do. 150
Monomonies N. of Monomonee Ri- ver, Green Bay,
Do.
90
Chippewas of Upper Michigan, west
of Chocolate River,
Lake Superior, Do
2,200*
The policy of the government, it is well known, has been exercised to remove the savages of the country to the west of the Mississippi, and a considerable portion of the Indians of Michigan have consented to this removal. It is not improba- ble that the number has been already much diminished by emigration. Indeed, we witnessed, during the last year, a large encampment on the banks of the Detroit River, who were understood to be making arrangements for that object.
* For this census I am indebted to the kindness of Henry R. Schoolcraft, Esq., Indian Agent for the United States.
CHAPTER XVII.
General features of the Lake Country-Its commercial advantages-Ohio-In- diana-Michigan-Illinois-Wisconsin-National importance of the great lakes-Causes of the former slow growth of the country-Relative importance of Michigan-Future prospects of this region.
MICHIGAN, as a prominent State of the north-west, opens a brilliant prospect of future opulence and power. Adjoining a territory of remarkable extent and resources, its future pro- gress must depend not only upon its own local enterprize and means, but also upon the inducements which that territory holds out to immigration and settlement from other parts of the United States, as well as from abroad. At the thresh- hold, we are forcibly struck with the physical features of what may be denominated the lake region of the country. Un- like most of the older States of the east, which spread out their rugged and sometimes mountainous scenery, abounding with the luxuries of civilization, their cultivated fields, cities, villages, farm-houses, and monuments, broken only by limited groves of primeval forest, which remain as the solitary reliques of the departed wilderness, we feel, in advancing to that region, as if we were entering more directly the dominion of nature. While the arts of civilization, in the older sections of the coun- try, have moulded almost the entire face of nature to their own ends, the domain of the north-west seems to have been but partially invaded. While man has been ranging almost every other part of the globe, building up and demolishing empires, this domain seems to have been reserved from his his dominion. It seems as if the veil which enveloped it had been but recently drawn aside, and disclosed to view, as the last theatre of human action, a gigantic scene of woods and waters, fresh, silent, solitary, magnificent.
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