USA > Michigan > Ionia County > Ionia County, Michigan, rural directory, 1917 > Part 21
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23
LOCKJAW .- This is caused by cuts, nail in the hoof, etc. Nothing is so common from wounds in the feet and from docking. The horse is unable to open his jaws to the fullest extent, and mastication is impossible. Various muscles twitch, the head and tail are elevated and the nose protruded, and the anus is compressed. The animal swallows with difficulty; saliva flows from the mouth. Of course, in this dis- Hace the necessity of calling in a skilled . veterinary surgeon is indicated.
·
MEGRIMS .- See Giddiness.
MENINGITIS. SPINAL. - See Choking Distemper.
OVERWORK, OVERHEATING, ETC .- An experienced horseman, if humane, will not push his horse beyond his strength. An indiscreet driver will sometimes bring an animal to the verge of ex- tinction. The symptoms are plain in the audible breathing, staggering gait, ex- hausted appearance and heaving flank. The girts must be removed and the face turned toward the wind, the animal being protected from the sun meantime. The head must be left free and the limbs and body well rubbed. The move- ment of the ribs should not be hindered in any way. A few swallows of cold water may be allowed, and, in hot weather, the mouth, forehead and face may be sponged with it. When suf- ficiently revived, the horse should be slowly led to a comfortable box-stall and heavily blanketed, woolen bandages being wound about the legs as well. If the horse has fallen he must not be allowed to lie until he voluntarily gets up, but must be propped up on his breast and not allowed to lie flat on his side. Heat exhaustion is somewhat
similar in symptom and demands similar treatment, with the addition of throwing cold water over the animal, particularly wetting. the head, and causing a current of air to pass over him that evaporation may take place.
PINK-EYE .- A species of influenza which causes inflammation of the eye. It is contagious. Isolate the patient ; disinfect his old stall; blanket him and feed him warm mashes and laxative food; bathe the eyes occasionally with hot water. Boric acid (one dram di- luted with three ounces of water) makes an excellent solution for dropping into sore eyes, at intervals of three or four hours.
RING BONE .- An osseous exudation or bony deposit at the crown of the hoof. When its presence is first detected the place should be severely blistered once. or twice, or red iodide of mercury ap- plied. If this fail, firing with the hot iron in the hands of a competent surgeon will be necessary. .
ROARING .- A disease of the muscles of the larynx and a vocal cord. Causes a roaring or whistling sound when the horse is exercising. This trouble may come from straining the respiratory or- gans, it may be an after-effect of dis- temper, or it may have been inherited. Treatment is of little benefit, although a surgical operation sometimes brings relief.
SCRATCHES GREASE HEEL .- This . trouble is frequently the result of care- lessness in cleaning and ventilating the stable. Many a horse is ruined by al- lowing the legs to go dirty. It takes only a few minutes to wash them clean and rub them dry. If the skin begins to crack it must not be left or it will become almost incurable. The skin must be kept clean and soft. The disease may result from the condition of the blood, from unwholesome fodder, or work in irritating mud or dust, espe- cially of a limestone character. It has been brought on by using caustic soap on the legs, clipping the heels in winter time, by debilitating disease, etc. The first step in a cure is to remove the cause, and if there is much local heat, administer a laxative, like a pound of Glauber's salts. Highly-fed animals should have their rations reduced, or replaced by bran mashes, flaxseed, fruits, roots, and other non-stimulating food. Bitter tonics are essential also, and may be continued six weeks to two months. If the skin is unbroken, bathe with
181
IONIA COUNTY
Phone, Citizen's 253
Anderson Bros. Monumental Works E. W. SWANSON, Successor IONIA, MICH.
DESIGNERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF
ARTISTIC MEMORIALS
In MARBLE and GRANITE
We produce anything in the Monumental Line from a Marker to a Mausoleum.
Phone-IONIA EXCHANGE
ITHLEA STOCK FARM HOME OF Registered Holstein-Friesian Cattle
Foundation Cows Granddaughters of PONTIAC KORNDYKE, Greatest bull of this breed.
HERD SIRE: Grandson of FRIEND HEN- GERVEL De KOL BUTTER BOY, Greatest Sire of the breed for long distance records.
YOUNG SIRES FOR SALE Visitors Are Always Welcome
HERBERT L. SMITH SHILOH MICH.
182
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY
water, one quart, in which sugar of lead, two drachms, is dissolved; or anoint ' with vaseline, one ounce, sugar of lead. one drachm, and carbolic acid, ten drops. To clip the hair from the horse's heels and poultice them with grated carrot, night and morning, is sometimes bene- ficial. Free exercise is important. Rub the heels dry and apply equal parts of glycerine and compound tincture of aloes. Or try this: Cut the hair off short and paint it over with chloride of zinc and water-thirty grains to one pint of water. Put this on once a day and rub with glycerine.
SHOULDER .- Have properly fitting col- lars. If the surface galls under the col- lar, wish with salt and water at night and with clear water in the morning, and protect the spot with a pad under the collar. If the skin breaks, use a lotion of one drachm of carbolic acid to one quart of water twice a day, and relieve the horse from work for a day or two. It is cruel to work a horse with a raw, sore shoulder. Various forms of shoulder lameness exist. (See Sweeny, Navicular Disease, etc.)
SKIN .- See Itching Skin.
SPAVIN .- If you have a suspicion of a spavin coming on your horse, employ a good veterinary surgeon. Heroic treat- ment is the only thing in such cases. Judicious firing, strong blistering and perfect rest for at least six weeks or two months, and good nursing will, in most cases, arrest the disease and cure lameness. It is the result of too great exposure in draught or speed, or from slipping and kindred causes.
SPINAL MENINGITIS. - See Choking Distemper.
SPLINT .- This may be rubbed off and the work aided by putting on a liniment, but few would persevere in the rubbing long enough to make a cure. A blister will do it.
SPRAINS .- See Fetlock, etc.
STAGGERS OR FITS .- Horses liable to this trouble should have harnesses that are carefully adjusted, and should not be pushed in hot weather. No heavy feed should be given them at any time, oats and sweet hay or grass being. the best. Such animals should not be driven when it can be avoided. When indica- tions point to an attack, the horse should be stopped, his harness loosened, some cold water given him to drink and his face sponged at the same time. Rye is a bad feed for sleepy staggers.
STRING HALT .- Cures are difficult and rare. Consult a veterinarian.
SUNSTROKE .- See Overheating.
SWEENY .- This is often called shoul- der lameness, and it causes the wasting away of some muscles on the outside of the shoulder blade. The trouble, as a rule, is brought about by extra-hard work or pulling when a horse is young. More or less lameness is a symptom of sweeny. Easy work; perfect-fitting col- lars; rubbing with liniment; light blis- ters, etc., are recommended, but a cure is difficult and tedious, as a general thing.
TEETH .- A twenty-year-old horse was not doing well. Upon examination his front teeth were found to be so long that his grinders were kept from coming together, and he could not masticate his food. His teeth were filed off, and the sharp points evened with a float, and he is now doing as well as any of the younger horses. Watch the teeth of the old horse. (See Lampas.)
THOROUGH-PIN .- An enlargement be- tween the point of the hock and the front of the hock joint. Treatment should be the same as for wind-puff.
UNNATURAL APPETITES .- The horse which eats its own excrement, dirt, etc., does it for the acids and salts found in such substances. Give such a horse a pinch of copperas, bone dust, salt, ashes and saltpetre mixed in its meal once a day. A few days of pasturing will prove beneficial.
WHEEZING .- Horses often snort and wheeze because of an enlargement of the glands in the nostrils. A skilled veterinarian can remove the trouble by cutting it out. Doctoring will not cure snoring or wheezing horses. The air passages are stopped. Wheezing may also be caused by a form of asthma called Heaves (which see).
WIND GALLS OR PUFFS .- The treat- ment consists in pressure by means of bandages and by cold lotions; also, hand rubbing and iodine ointment.
WIND-SUCKING .- See Cribbing. .
WORMS .- Horses having greedy appe- tites, rough coats and poor condition may be suspected of worms. Such ani- mals often pass long, round worms. Copperas or tobacco will clear . the worms out of the stomach of a horse. A tablespoonful of copperas for two days and then stop for two. A handful of tobacco dried and made into powder and mixed with the grain. Give this for
183
1
#
IONIA COUNTY
three days and then omit it for a few days. For worms in the rectum a syringe must be used. Salt and water are good; or, carbolic acid diluted fifty times in water; or, what is better, thymo-cresol, diluted one to fifty parts of water.
PUNCTURE .- It is dangerous for a horse to step on a nail, as it is likely to result in lockjaw. Have the black- smith cut out the puncture down to tender flesh, then fill the opening with a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid and pack with cotton to keep out dirt, and repeat daily, soaking the foot in clean warm water before dressing.
NAVICULAR DISEASE is indicated by a shrunken shoulder, and a contracted foot that is placed several inches in advance of the other while at rest. This is an inflammation or ulceration of the pedal sesamoid at the point where the tendons play over it. The symptoms are often very obscure, according to the stage of the disease, and the lameness is at- tributed to some difficulty in the shoul- der. This, however, is a mistake. It is due to the wasting of the shoulder muscles from disease. The cause is usually fast work on hard roads or pavements, causing slight inflammation, which being unnoticed or neglected, in- creases and ends in ulceration. The best treatment is to remove the shoe, pare down the hoofwall and round the edge to prevent splitting, then fire deeply in points around and above the coronet, follow up with one or more blisters of red iodide of mercury, one part, lard, three parts, and when the effects pass off, turn out the animal to pasture for six weeks. It is always best to con- sult, in this disease, a competent veteri- nary surgeon.
CORNS originate in simple bruises. There is later an increased production
of hoof, and the formation of a horny tumor which presses on the quick. If of recent formation apply a bar shoe and rasp down the bearing surface of the afflicted heel and avoid pressure. Soak the feet. A horny tumor must be pared to the quick and packed with tar. Shoe with a bar shoe and place a leather sole between it and the hoof. If the corn be further advanced the foot should be soaked in a bucket of hot water for an hour, and then poulticed. Any matter that has formed should be liberated, and if grit or dirt has got into the heel this should be cleaned out. Poultices should be kept upon the wound until it is healed and free from soreness. If the cause is so serious that matter has burst out at the top of the heel, only a veterinary surgeon is competent to manage it.
THRUSH is a disease which shows an excessive secretion of unhealthy matter in the frog, and is detected by- its vile odor. A common cause is foul stables. The cure consists in cleanliness and the removal of the cause. The diseased and ragged portions of the frog should be pared and scraped and the foot poulticed for a day or two with oil meal and water, to which may be added a few drops of carbolic acid, or some powdered charcoal. The dressing should be changed daily, and after every vestige of decayed substance is removed, the cleft of the frog and grooves on its edges should be cleaned and packed with oakum, held in place by leather nailed on with the shoe. Before packing, cover the place with a good coat of sulphate of zinc, pressing well in. Horses especially liable to thrush may need to be protected in the stable by the use of boots. Sometimes other diseases combine with thrush, making a cure seem impossible.
Dehorning Calves
Taking horns off yearling or older cat- tle is a hard shock to them. It costs a week's feed, and may cost much more. It is very easy to prevent the horns starting, requiring only thoughtful at- tention for a few minutes before the horns have come through the skin.
The following recipe has never failed: Procure common powdered concentrated lye, such as all housewives use. A 10- cent can will dehorn 100 calves. When the calf is a week or more old, before the horn has come through the skin, and when you can feel it in the shape of a little button under the skin, take
the calf in hand. Lay him gently on his side. Spit on the little bump and rub it in with your finger, till a place is wet as big as a silver quarter of a dollar. Don't wet anywhere else. Take your knife and lift out dry the powdered lye, as much as two grains of corn. Press it down on the wet place. It will stick there. Treat the other side in the same manner. Let the calf go. It won't hurt him much, or long. A scab forms: do not touch it. It will peel off after a time, and the hair will grow over the place; you will have a fine. smooth head, equal to a natural polled head.
184
11
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY
Lime on the Farm
The use of lime on the farm is growing every year. The farmer who uses it finds it pays and uses more; then his neighbor tries it with the same experience. Agri- cultural Experiment Stations have proven its value in records of results over periods of years. All reports agree that the necessity of its presence in the soil is second only to drainage.
Where lime is lacking in the soil, it is a waste to supply other ferti- lizers or even manure, because the full benefit of their application is only attained when the soil is sweet-has a plentiful lime supply. The more green or stable manure put on, the more fertilizer applied, the greater the need of lime, for the decay of any of these in their change to plant food forms acid and tends to soil acidity.
All legumes thrive in soils well supplied with lime. Legumes such as alfalfa, red clover, soy beans, etc., are plants having power to take nitrogen from the air; and since the bacteria necessary to their growth will not thrive where lime is lacking, lime becomes the indirect means of supplying nitrogen neces- sary to all plants.
Not only legume crops are bene- fited by the application of lime, but corn, oats, wheat, fruit trees, etc. Experiments at Wooster show a net increase for lime of more than $20 per acre in a five-year rotation.
Old pastures should be top- dressed with carbonate of lime, two
to four tons per acre will not hurt. Lime not only adds to the abundance and quality of the grass, but also is of value from a sanitary point, helping destroy germs of infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, hog cholera, etc.
Lime may be had in Ohio in several forms: Lump caustic, ground caustic, hydrated, and ground raw limestone. Lump caus- tic should be air-slaked before applying to the soil. Hydrated lime is the caustic lime sufficiently slaked with water to take away much of the undesirable qualities in handling, and in the process it is reduced to a fineness which makes it quickly available to do its work in the soil.
Ground limestone, or carbonate of lime, is the raw rock ground or pulverized. In it, fineness is especi- ally desirable.
Limestone quarried or mined in some sections differs in analysis from that of other sections, but the basis of all is calcium carbonate.
All cultivated soil sooner or later needs an application of lime in one or the other of its forms, and the farmer who recognizes this fact and supplies the need will find it profitable. But it is important to remember that lime should never be applied so that it will come into direct contact with manure or nitrogenous fertilizers. Use it at a different time, or in such a way that the two will not mix.
185
IONIA COUNTY
SPRAYING CALENDAR
PLANT
FIRST APPLICATION
SECOND APPLICATION
APPLE (Scab, rot, rust, codling moth, bud moth, tent cater- pillar, canker worm, cur- culio, etc.)
ASPARAGUS (Rust, beetles.)
Cut off all shoots below surface regularly until about July 1st.
After cutting ceases, let the shoots grow and spray them with Bordeaux-arseni- cal mixture.
10 days later Bordeaux.
BEAN (Anthracnose, leaf blight, weevil, etc.)
Treat the seed before planting with bisulphide of carbon. (See remarks.) When third leaf expands, Bordeaux.
Pyrethrum or insect pow- der.
Half strength Bordeaux on young plants in hotbed or seedbed.
Bordeaux, after plants are (Pyre. transplanted to field. thrum for caterpillars if necessary.)
When blossoms drop, Bor. deaux-arsenical mixture.
10 days later, hellebore. Bordeaux if leaf blight is feared.
Just before flowers unfold, Bordeaux-arsenical mixture.
10-14 days repeat. (Note: Always use half strength Bordeaux on watermelon vines.)
PEACH (Rot, mildew, leaf curl, curculio, etc.)
As the buds swell, Bor- deaux.
When fruit has set, repeat. Jar trees for curculio.
PEAR AND QUINCE As bnds are swelling, Bordeaux.
(Leaf blight, scab, psylla, codling moth, blister mite, slugs, etc.)
PLUM (Curculio, black knot, leaf bliaht. brown. rot, etc.).
When buds are swelling, Bordeaux.
When blossoms have fallen, Bordeaux-arsenical mixture. Begin to jar trees for cur- culio.
POTATO (Flea beetle, Colorado beetle, blight rot, etc.)
Spray with Paris green and Bordeaux when about 4 in. high.
TOMATO (Rot, blight, etc.)
When plants are 6 in. high, Bordeaux.
Repeat in 10-14 davs. (Fruit can be wiped if dis- figured by Bordeaux.)
NOTE .- For San Jose scale on trees and shrubs, spray with the lime-sulphur mixture in autumn after leaves fall, or (preferably) in early spring, before buds start. The lime-sulphur
186
7-10 days later, repeat.
CABBAGE (Worms, lice, maggots, etc.)
CELERY
(Blight,
rot. leaf spot,
rust, caterpillars.)
CHERRY (Rot, aphis, slug, curcuho, black knot, leaf blight, or spot, etc.)
CURRANT GOOSEBERRY (Worms, leaf blight.)
GRAPE (Fungous diseases, Rose bugs, lice, flea, beetle, leaf hopper, etc.)
MELONS CUCUMBERS (Mildew, rot, blight, striped bugs, lice, flea beetle, etc.)
As buds are breaking, Bordeaux; when aphis ap- pear; tobacco solution or kerosene emulsion.
At first appearance of worms, hellebore. .
In spring. when buds swell, Bordeaux.
Bordeaux, when vines be- gin to run.
Just before blossoms open. Bordeaux. Kerosene emul- sion when leaves open for psylla, if needed.
Repeat before insects be- come numerous.
When buds are swelling, but before they open, Bor- deaux.
If canker worms are abun- dant just_before blossoms open, Bordeaux-arsenical mixture.
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY
SPRAYING CALENDAR
THIRD APPLICATION.
FOURTH APPLICATION.
REMARKS.
When blossoms Вог- have fallen. deaux-arsenical mix- ture.
8-12 days later, Bordeaux - arsenical mixture.
For aphis (lice) use one of the lice remedies mentioned elsewhere. Dig out borers from tree trunks with knife and wire. For oyster- shell scale, use whale-oil soap spray in June.
2-3 weeks later, Bor- deaux-arsenical mix- ture.
Repeat in 2-3 weeks.
Mow vines close to ground when they are killed by frost, burn them, and apply a mulch of stable manure.
14 days later, Bor- deaux.
14 days later, Bor- deaux.
For weevils: Put seed in tight box, put a cloth over seed, pour bisulphide of carbon on it, put lid on and keep closed for 48 hours. Use 1 oz. to 4 bus. of seed.
7-10 days later, re- peat.
Repeat every 10-14 days until crop gathered. is
Root maggots: Pour carbolic acid emulsion Rotate around stem of plants. Club root: crops; apply lime to soil; burn refuse; treat seed with formalin before planting.
14 days later, re- peat.
14 days later, re- peat.
Rot or rust is often caused by hilling up with earth in hot weather. Use boards for summer cro . Pithy stalks are due to poor seed; or lack of moisture.
10-14 days, Bor- deaux.
Hellebore, if
second brood of slugs appear.
Black knot: Dark fungous-looking bunches or knots on limbs. Cut off and burn whenever seen.
10-14 days, repeat, if necessary.
2 to 4 weeks later, repeat.
Cane-borers may be kept in check by cutting out and burning infested canes.
When fruit has set, Bordeaux . arsenical mixture.
2 to 4 weeks later, Bordeaux.
For lice, use any of the lice remedies. For rose bugs, use 10 pounds of arsenate of lead and one gallon of molasses in 50 gallons of water, as a spray. Or knock the bugs into pans of kerosene every day.
10-14 days, repeat.
10-14 days, repeat.
Use lice remedies for lice. For striped bugs, protect young plants with a cover of mosquito netting over each hill. Or keep vines well dusted with a mixture of air-slaked lime, to- bacco dust and a little Paris green.
When fruit is one- half grown, Bor-
deaux.
NOTE :- It is safer always to use half- strength Bordeaux on peach foliage.
After blossoms have fallen. Bordeaux-ar. senical mixture.
8-12 days later, re- peat.
Look out for "fire blight." Cut out and burn blighted branches whenever seen.
10-14 repeat.
days later,
10-20 days later,
Bordeaux.
Repeat for blight, rot and insects.
Repeat.
To prevent scaboy tubers, treat the seed with formalin before planting.
Repeat in 10-14
Hand-pick tomato worms. .
days.
Dig out borers. Cut down and burn trees affected with "yellows."
Cut out black knot whenever seen.
mixture is a fungicide as well as a scale cure, and if it is med the first early Bordeaur. . spray may be omitted.
187
IONIA COUNTY
SPRAYING FORMULAS
FUNGICIDES .- Bordeaux mixture is made by taking three pounds of sulphate of copper, four pounds of quicklime, fifty gallons of water. To dissolve the copper sulphate, put it into a coarse cloth bag and suspend the bag in a re- ceptacle partly filled with water. Next, slake the lime in a tub, and strain the milk of lime thus obtained into another receptacle. Now get some one to help you, and with buckets, simultaneously pour the two liquids into the spraying barrel or tank. Lastly, add sufficient water to make fifty gallons. It is safe to use this full-strength Bordeaux on almost all foliage-except, perhaps, on extra tender things, such as watermelon vines, peach trees, etc. For these it is wiser to use a half-strength mixture.
FORMALIN .- This is also called for- maldehyde, and may be purchased at drug stores .. Its principal use is to treat seed potatoes to prevent "scab." Soak the whole seed for two hours in a mixture of one-half pint formalin and fifteen gallons of cold water; dry the seed, cut, and plant in ground that has not recently grown potatoes.
BORDEAUX COMBINED WITH INSECT POISON .- By adding one-quarter pound of Paris green to each fifty gallons of Bordeaux, the mixture becomes a com- bined fungicide and insecticide. Or, instead of Paris green, add about two pounds of arsenate of lead. The advan- tages of arsenate of lead over Paris green are, first, it is not apt to burn foliage even if used in rather excessive quantities; and, second, it "sticks" to the foliage, etc., better and longer.
INSECTICIDES .- ARSENATE OF LEAD .- This is the best insecticide for chewing insects, and is for sale by seeds- men. Use about two pounds in fifty gallons of water.
WHITE HELLEBORE .- This, if fresh,
may be used instead of Paris green in some cases-worms on currant and gooseberry bushes, for instance. (It is not such a powerful poison as the ar- senites, and would not do so well for tough insects such as potato-bugs.) Steep two ounces in one gallon of hot water, and use as a spray.
FOR SUCKING INSECTS .- Now we come to another class of insecticides, suited to insects which suck a plant's juice but do not chew. Arsenic will not kill such pests; therefore we must resort to solutions which kill by contact.
KEROSENE EMULSION .- One-half pound of hard or one quart of soft soap; kero- sene, two gallons; boiling soft water, one gallon. If hard soap is used, slice it fine and dissolve it in water by boiling; add the boiling solution (away from the fire) to the kerosene, and stir or violently churn for from five to eight minutes, until the mixture assumes a creamy consistency. If a spray pump is at hand, pump the mixture back upon itself with considerable force for about five minutes. Keep this as a stock. It must be further diluted with water be- fore using. One part of emulsion to fifteen parts of water, is about right for lice.
CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION .- Made by dissolving one pound of hard soap or one quart of soft soap in a gallon of boiling water, to which one pint of crude carbolic acid is added, the whole being stirred into an emulsion. One part of this is added to about thirty-five parts of water and poured around the bases of the plants, about four ounces per plant at each application, beginning when the plants are set out and re- peated every week or ten days until the last of May. Used to fight maggots.
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.