USA > Michigan > Ionia County > Ionia County, Michigan, rural directory, 1917 > Part 23
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SCOURING. - Induced by a sudden change from dry to green feed; by over- eating of green feed, such as rape, clover, alfalfa, and the like; also of grain. In mild cases, a change to dry feed will cause scouring to stop in a day or so, without the use of any drug. In very severe cases, where the sheep refuses to eat, and passage of dung is slimy and attended with straining, give two tablespoonfuls of castor oil to carry off the cause of the irritation; if this does not check the passage give a table- spoonful of castor oil with thirty drops of laudanum, twice daily, in a little gruel. When checked, continue to give flaxseed gruel, until the sheep returns to its regular ration.
SNUFFLES .- Similar to a cold in per- sons; catarrh; discharge at the nose. Put fresh pine tar in the mouth and on the nose. In severe cases steam the sheep with tar, by putting some live coals in a pan, pouring tar on them, and holding his head over the pan, placing a blanket over his head to keep the fumes from escaping, and forcing the sheep to inhale them.
URINARY TROUBLES .- Rams are some- times troubled to make water ; generally due to heavy feeding and close confine- ment; it is also claimed that heavy feed- ing of roots will cause this trouble. Rams stand apart from the flock, do not eat, draw up their hind parts, and strain in an attempt to make water. To relieve, give one-half teaspoonful sweet spirits of niter, in a little water, every two hours until relieved.
WORMS .- The deadly stomach worm (strongylus contortus) is the worst foe of the eastern sheep grower. It is a small worm about three-quarters of an inch long, found in the fourth stomach. They are taken in by lambs running on old pasture, especially blue-grass, and are induced by wet weather and wet soil; are generally noticeable during July and August. Symptoms : lambs lag behind when driving the flock, look thin and poor, act weak, skin is very pale and bloodless; eyes pale, sunken and
lifeless; sometimes scouring occurs a day or two before death; death usually in four to ten days. Preventive: keep the lambs from old pastures; a fresh cut or newly seeded clover meadow makes the best pasture; rape is also good. Feed them some grain and dry feed, and keep some of the following mixture in the salt box all the time, viz .: one bushel salt, one pound gen- tian, one pound powdered copperas, one pint turpentine, mixed thoroughly. Some of the prepared medicated salts are just as cheap and effective as this mixture. Tobacco dust and tobacco leaves fed with the salt are also much used in some sections and prove very effective as a preventive. Cure: if not too bad when noticed, they can often be cured, but they are seldom as growthy as if not affected. Shut the lambs from all feed for twelve to eighteen hours; catch the lamb, set him on his rump, holding so that he can not struggle and give a drench of gasoline, one tablespoonful, in four ounces (one-third to one-half teacupful) of milk; repeat the two suc- ceeding mornings, and if no improve- ment, repeat the series in seven to ten days. Follow directions carefully.
DISEASES EXTERNAL.
MAGGOTS .- Caused by green flies, in- duced by hot, damp weather, and dirty wool; found on the hind part of sheep, and on rams around the horns, where wool is damp and dirty. Also around castration and docking wounds, which require watching for this trouble. Trim off the wool on place affected, and throw off the maggots; put on gasoline to kill the maggots. Air-slacked lime will dry up the wet wool, and drive the maggots and flies away. Turpentine and kero- sene are also used, but both take off the wool, if used in considerable amounts. Apply the above remedies for maggots with brush or small oil can.(
FOULS, OR SORE FEET .- Sheep are often lame, especially when the ground is wet ; earth or manure lodges between the toes, continual rubbing induces soreness, the foot begins to suppurate, and your sheep is lame; the foot looks sore be- tween the toes and is warm. Pare away all shell of hoof around the sore part, being sure to expose to the air all af- fected parts: after thoroughly paring. put on with a small swab a solution of
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IONIA COUNTY
blue vitriol and strong vinegar, mixed to the consistency of a thin paste. Keep sheep with fouls away from wet pastures or stagnant water, and keep feet dry and clean as possible.
If lame sheep are not doctored, the fouls soon spread to all parts of the foot, and foot-rot results. This becomes contagious, and all sheep remaining where are those with foot-rot will be- come lame. There is no need of foot- rot if the shepherd takes care of his sheep. Treat this the same as the fouls, being sure to pare away all shell and ex- posing the diseased parts. For a stronger solution than blue vitriol, use blue vitriol, butyr of antimony, and mur- iatic acid, equal parts by weight. Use with care. Paring is the principal thing; be careful not to cut the toe vein. Another excellent remedy for foul feet is one ounce chloride of zinc to one pint of water. Apply enough to wet foul parts once daily after cleaning foot with dry cloth.
TICKS .- Ticks to sheep are as lice to hens; they take the life and blood from the sheep. To kill them, dip your sheep in some proprietary dip, carbolic prefer- red, being careful to follow directions.
SCAB .- Is a strictly contagious disease of the skin, caused by a small mite which bites the skin. It generally appears on the back, rump or sides of the sheep, and is first indicated by rubbing and pulling of the wool. The disease is very contagious, common to large flocks and bands, especially on the western range. Cure : use some good proprietary dip, follow directions to the letter, dip your sheep thoroughly twice, the second dip- ping from six to ten days after the first, not sooner nor later than these limits. Disinfect all pens thoroughly and keep sheep from the old pastures at least two months. Scab is not very common to eastern sheep owners. Inspect all new animals at once for scab, as it is often introduced by purchasing stock ewes or rams.
SORE EYES .- Caused by too much wool over the eyes, and the eyelid rolling into the eye; also by getting something into the eye. Shear the wool away from the eye, and tie the cap of wool up off from the eyes, if necessary; if there is a film over the eye. better apply a few drops of a solution of ten grains of boric acid to the ounce of water, put in a pinch of powdered burnt alum.
SORE TEATS .- The teats on ewes with lambs sometimes become sore and ten- der, so that the lamb can not suck. Rub twice a day with salted butter.
CAKED UDDER .- Sometimes caused by weaning and not milking after the lamb is taken away. Generally occurs in heavy milkers; also occurs when lamb is still sucking, in one side of the bag at first. It is accompanied by stiffness in the hind quarters, the bag is hard, and in the first stages a thin, watery-like fluid can be drawn from the teat. Rub well and carefully, using camphorated sweet oil; the principal thing is the rub- bing; try to soften the bag and keep the teat open. Many times the ewe will lose the use of that side of her bag entirely. If she does, send her to mar- ket. Where gait is stiff and udder caked, give the ewe one dram salicylate of soda three times daily for three or four days.
CASTING WITHERS .- Thrusting out of the womb. It should be washed in a pint of warm water, in which has been dissolved a teaspoonful of powdered alum, and the womb replaced, and a . stitch taken in the upper part of the opening of the vagina. The best way to cure such ewes is to market them or kill at once if they continue to give trouble in this respect. After replacing the womb, keep hind parts of animal quite high by standing in narrow stall made for the purpose, with floor made high behind.
GOITER .- Lumps in the throat. Com- mon to lambs when born; also in young sheep during the first winter. Some think the latter is caused by high feed- ing. Apply tincture of iodine with a swab, rubbing on enough to color well the affected portion. Two or three ap- plications, two to four days apart, should remove the worst case of goiter.
CASTRATING. - Hold as for docking. Cut off a good sized portion of the end of the sac with a sharp knife, push back the sack from the testicles, grasp the latter singly, with right hand. and grasp narrow or upper portion of sac firmly with left hand, and draw out until the cord breaks. Do not cut the cord. but break it. When docking and castrating at the same time. castrate first, then dock, and release the lamb. The whole operation should not take over one to two minutes.
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198
CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY
Handy Things to Know
A rod is 161/2 feet, or 51/2 yards.
A mile is 320 rods.
A mile is 1,760 yards.
A mile is 5,280 feet.
A square foot is 144 square inches. A square yard contains 9 square feet. A square rod is 2721/4 square feet.
An acre contains 43,560 square feet. An acre contains 4,840 square yards. An acre contains 160 square rods.
A quarter section contains 160 acres.
An acre is 8 rods wide by 20 rods long.
An acre is 10 rods wide by 16 rods long.
An acre is about 20834 feet square. A solid foot contains 1,728 solid inches.
A pint (of water) weighs 1 pound.
A solid foot of water weighs 621/2 pounds. A gallon (of water) holds 231 solid inches.
A gallon of milk weighs 8 pounds and 10 ounces.
A barrel of flour weighs 196 pounds. A barrel of salt weighs 280 pounds.
A barrel of beef weighs 200 pounds.
A barrel of pork weighs 200 pounds. A barrel of fish weighs 200 pounds.
A keg of powder equals 25 pounds.
A stone of lead or iron equals 14 pounds.
A pig of lead or iron equals 211/2 stone.
Anthracite coal broken-cubic foot -- averages 54 pounds.
A ton loose occupies 40-43 cubic feet. Bituminous coal broken-cubic foot- averages 49 pounds.
Cement (hydraulic) Rosendale, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
A ton loose occupies 40-48 cubic feet. Cement (hydraulic) Louisville, weight per bushel, 62 pounds.
Cement (hydraulic) Portland, weight per bushel, 96 pounds.
Gypsum ground, weight per bushel, 70 pounds.
Lime, loose, weight per bushel. 70 pounds.
Lime, well shaken, weight per bushel, 80 pounds.
Sand at 98 pounds per cubic foot, per bushel, 1221/2 pounds.
18.29 bushels equal a ton. 1,181 tons cubic yard.
MEASURING HAY AND CORN
Hay is often sold in the mow or stack where the weight has to be estimated. For this purpose 400 cubic feet of hay . is considered a ton. The actual weight of 400 cubic feet of hay will vary ac- cording to the quality of the hay, time of cutting, position in mow, etc. For making an estimate in a given case multiply together the length, breadth and height of the mow or stack in feet and divide the product by 400. The quotient will be the number of tons.
Corn is measured by the following rule: A heaped bushel contains 2,748 cubic inches. To find the number of bushels of corn in a crib it is therefore necessary merely to multiply together the length, width and height in inches and divide the product by 2,748. The number of bushels of shelled corn will be two-thirds of the quotient. If the sides of the crib are slanting, it will be necessary to multiply together one- half the sum of the top and bottom. widths with the height and length.
The legal weight of a bushel of shelled corn in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia is 56 pounds.
In Pennsylvania, Virginia and Mary- land 32 pounds constitute a bushel of oats; in New Jersey, 30 pounds.
A bushel of wheat is placed at 60 pounds by most of the states of the Union.
Pennsylvania recognizes 56 pounds as a bushel of white potatoes. In Mary- land, New Jersey and Virginia the legal weight is 60 pounds.
A bushel of clover seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 60 pounds; in Mary- land, 60 pounds; in New Jersey, 64 pounds; in Virginia, 60 pounds.
A bushel of timothy seed in Pennsyl- vania must weigh 45 pounds, and the same weight in most adjacent states.
To estimate the amount of land in different fields under cultivation use the following table :
5 yards wide by 968 yards long, 1 acre
10 yards wide by 484
yards long, 1 acre
20 yards wide by 242 yards long, 1 acre
40 yards wide by 121 yards long, 1 acre
70 yards wide by 69 1/7 yards long, 1 acre
80 yards wide by 601% yards long, 1 acre
60 feet wide by 726 feet long, 1 acre
110 feet .wide by 396
feet long, 1 acre
120 feet wide by 363
feet long, 1 acre
220 feet wide by 198 feet long, 1 acre
240 feet wide by 1817% feet long, 1 acre
440 feet wide by 99
feet long, 1 acre
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IONIA COUNTY
Seed Per Acre
It requires less seed per acre to sow in hills or rows than to sow broadcast. The hill or row system permits of after cultivation, which is not possible with a broadcasted crop. In all calculations for hill and drills it must be remembered that an acre of land contains 43,560 square feet. A square piece of land, 209 feet on a side, contains about an acre. The following figures are merely suggestive, as practice varies with locality :
ALFALFA, 25 to 30 lbs, broadcast.
ASPARAGUS, 4 to 5 lbs. in drills; 1 oz. to 50 feet of row.
BARLEY, 11/2 to 2 bushels drilled; 2 to 21/2 bushels broadcast.
BEANS, bush, 112 bushels in drills.
BEANS, pole, 10 to 12 qts., in hills.
BEETS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills.
BUCKWHEAT, 1 bushel, broadcast.
CABBAGE, 14 lb. in seed bed, to be trans- planted.
CARROT, 3 to 4 lbs., in drills.
CELERY, about 1 oz. for 2,000 plants; 1 lb. per acre.
CLOVER, red, 8 to 10 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, crimson, 15 lbs., broadcast.
CLOVER, white, 6 lbs., broadcast.
CORN, field and sweet, 8 to 10 qts.
CORN, ensilage, 12 qts., in drills.
Cow PEAS, 1 bushel, in drills; 11/2 bush- els, broadcast.
CUCUMBERS, 2 lbs., in drills.
EGG PLANT, 1 oz. seed for 1,000 plants : 14 lb. to the acre.
GRASS, lawn, 2 to 4 lbs., broadcast.
LETTUCE, 1 oz. of seed to 1,000 plants; 1/2 lb. to the acre.
MELON, musk, 2 to 3 lbs., in hills.
MELON, water, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
MILLET, 1 bushel, broadcast.
OATS, 3 bushels, broadcast.
ONIONS, 5 to 6 lbs., in drills; for sets. 30 to 50 lbs., in drills.
PARSNIPS, 4 to 6 lbs., in drills.
PEAS, 1 to 2 bushels, in drills.
POTATOES (cut) 8 to 10 bushels.
PUMPKINS, 4 to 5 lbs., in hills.
RADISHES, 8 to 10 lbs., in drills. RYE, 34 to 11/2 bushels, in drills. SPINACH, 10 to 12 lbs., in drills; run- ning sorts, 3 to 4 lbs.
SQUASH, bush, 4 to 6 lbs., in hills.
TIMOTHY, 15 to 20 lbs., broadcast, if used alone; less if sown with other grasses. TOMATOES, 18 lb. in seed bed, to be transplanted.
TURNIPS, 1 to 2 lbs., in drills; 2 to 3 lbs., broadcast.
WHEAT, 11/2 bushels, broadcast.
Suitable Distance for Planting Trees
Apples-Standard .. 25 to 35 feet apart each way Apples-Dwarf (bushes) 10
Pears-Standard .... 10 to 20
Pears-Dwarf
10
Cherries-Standard .18 to 20
Cherries-Dukes and Morrellos . 16 to 18
Plums --- Standard
. . 15 to 20
Peaches
16 to 18
Apricots
. 16 to 18
Nectarines
16 to 18
Quinces
10 to 12
Currants
3 to 4
Gooseberries
3 to 4
Raspberries
3 to 5
Blackberries
6 to 7
Grapes
8 to 12
Shingles Required in a Roof
Double the rafters and multiply by length of building. Multiply this by 9 if exposed 4 inches, by 8 if exposed 41/2 inches, and by 7 1/5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather. 5
. One thousand shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet of surface.
Eight hundred shingles, 5 inches to the weather, will cover 100 square feet.
One thousand shingles require 5 pounds of four-penny nails.
Five to ten per cent. should be al- lowed to these figures to cover waste and shortage.
One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and take 11 pounds of nails. Two hundred and fifty pickets will make 100 lineal feet of fence.
Nails Required
For 1,000 shingles. 31/2 to 5 pounds 4d., or 3 to 31/2 pounds 3d.
For 1.000 laths about 7 pounds 3d. fine, or 8 pounds 2d. fine.
For 1,000 feet clapboards (siding), about 18 pounds 6d. box.
For 1,000 feet covering boards, about 20 pounds 8d. common, or 25 pounds 10d.
Nails-Common
Size
3d
4d
6d 8d 10đ 12d
Length
2 21/2 3
314
No. to lb ..
500
300 165 90 62
45
Size
16d
20d
30d 40đ
50đ 60d
Length
4
414 18
13 10
8
No. to 1b .. 35
24
Eighteen to twenty-five pounds nails are required per 1,000 feet of lumber.
Grease a nail and it won't split wood.
200
5 514 6
of
The call of the open road is best enjoyed by the owners of a
DODGE BROTHERS MOTOR CAR
They are easy riding, powerful and luxurious and yet inexpensive in upkeep.
Our salesroom and garage is the finest and best equipped in Western Michigan, located at the junction of all trunk roads leading from Ionia.
MILLER, ASHE CO., Inc. "SERVICE FIRST" Main and Dexter Sts. :: IONIA, MICH.
The Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Co. OF IONIA COUNTY
Nineteen Hundred and Seventeen marks its Fifty-fourth Year on the firing line without losing a single day.
Has paid to its members half a million dollars for losses by fire and lightning.
Insures all kinds of Farm Property and School Houses, Churches, Grange and Gleaner Halls, not within the corporate limits of cities or villages.
The average cost per year from October, 1863, to October, 1916 (53 years), was one dollar and sixty-seven and one-half cents on $1000.00 insurance, or five dollars two and one-half cents for each three years.
One Dollar will Insure YOU. Consult the Agent in Your Locality FREDERICK PITT, President. J. L. FOWLE, Secretary and Treasurer IONIA, MICHIGAN
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Harwood Herefords Herd Headed by KEEP ON 508019 CHOICE YOUNG STOCK FOR SALE
JAY HARWOOD R. F. D. No. 3 IONIA, MICH.
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G. S. Benjamin
Chester White Swine
Harness
and
Draft Horses
Portland -
- Michigan
The Laughray Enamel Silos
Laughray Ename! Silo has stood the severest tests. No experiment.
Reasons for You Buying a Laughray Silo
I. Perfect Preserver of ensilage -Perfect.
II. Will not blow down.
III. Lasts as long as your farm.
IV. No iron bands to get loose.
V. No painting or re-cementing. VI. Will not decay.
VII. Rats cannot eat into it. * VIII. Fire-proof.
IX. First cost is last cost.
X .. Cheaper than wood or iron- bound silos, which have to. be replaced in a few years. Why take a chance?,
Taken from photograph!
J. T. MALLOY, of Richmond, Michigan, says "I have had more compliments on my Laughray Silo than on anything on my farm. No man can make-a mistake in buying a Laughray Silo."
MR. FRANK MAY, of Sparta, Michigan, R. F. D., says that "he has the best silo in the country-a neighbor's silo freezes but his has not frozen this winter."
Why a Silo?
Ensilage can be put up cheaper. You save more than twice as much of your crop. You get much more milk and fat. Your fertilizer is worth much money and it adds value to your land.
You cannot get back lost profits- but it is your fault if you lose more
LAUGHRAY SILO CO., No. III SPARTA MICHIGAN
HECKMAN BINDERY INC.
FEB 91 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962
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