USA > Minnesota > Brown County > History of Brown County, Minnesota: Its People, Industries and Institutions (Volume 1) > Part 2
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296, 448
Juni, Benedict, Captivity of.
111
K
Knights of Columbus
417
Knights Templar
408
L
La Framboise, Joseph
127, 182
Lake Hanska Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
322
Churches
395
Description
322
Lakes
75, 78, 322
Officials, First
322
Pioneers
323
Population
322
490
School, First
371
Land Office
498
Lawyers
441
Leavenworth Postoffice.
328, 483, 485
Leavenworth Township-
Altitude
81
Churches, First
328
Election, First
326
First Events
327
Lakes
328
Location
326
Mill
368
Officials, First
326
Organization
300, 326
Pioneers
327
Population
328,
491
School, First
328, 370
Settlement
327
Survey
327
Taxes
Legislature, Territorial, First.
36
289
Linden Postoffice
484,
487
Linden Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
329
Churches
394
First School
372
Lakes
.75,
329
Location
329
Officials, First
329
Organization
329
Pioneers
330
Population
329,
491
Railway
329
Schools in 1860.
367
Settlement
329
Supervisors, First
300
Taxes
290
Little Cottonwood River
.77, 80
Little Crow
174
Settlement
323
Location of County
74
Taxes
289
Lodges
406
Lakes of Minnesota
57
Lonetree Lake Postoffice ___ 312, 484,
487
Lakes of the County
75
Louisiana Purchase
33
Lower Sioux Agency
300
Digitized by Google
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Ludwigs Township
300
Lutheran Churches
391
Mc
McCleary Postoffice.
484, 489
McCole, Edward, First Settler
123
Mckinley Memorial Services
493
M
Mammals
106
Market Prices, 1915.
494
Martin Luther College.
377
Massacre at New Ulm.
47,
141
Massacre at Spirit Lake
41
Massacre, Causes of.
184
Masonic Order
406, 410
Material Resources
102
Medelia Township
300
Medical Profession
435, 501
Methodist Episcopal Churches
387
Milford Massacre
182
Milford Postoffice
486
Milford Tablet
238
Milford Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
331
First Events
331
Geology
87
Indian Troubles
331
Massacre
182, 190
Memorial Tablets
507
Organization
330
Pioneer
330
Population
331,
491
Prosperity of
331
Records, Loss of.
330
School, First.
331,
369
Schools in 1860.
367
Settlement
330
Soil
82
Supervisor, First
300
Taxes
290
Military Affairs
345
Military Posts
33, 252
Military Record of State.
54
Mills __ 138, 309, 310, 313, 315, 321, 328, 340,
343, 468.
Minnesota River
74
Modern Brotherhood of America
415
Modern Woodmen of America
414
Monuments to Indian Massacre __ 236, 238
Moraines
98
Mueller, Mrs. Eliza, Tribute to.
261
Mulligan Postoffice
488
Mulligan Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
332
Cyclones
333
Description
332
Officials, First
333
Organization
333
Pioneers
333
Population
332,
491
School, First
372
Settlement
333
Taxes
290
Murders
500
N
Name of the State.
55
National Guard
354
National Representation
291
Native Animals
103
Nativity of Citizens
491
Natural Drainage of the County
74
Natural Drainage of the State.
56
New Ulm-
Anniversaries
502, 514
Armory
354, 357
Altitude
80, 81
Banks
418, 434
Brewing Industry.
468, 500
Business Interests
468
Churches __ 380, 388, 395, 399, 400, 402, 478
Digitized by Google
I
HISTORICAL INDEX.
New Ulm-
City Charter
499
College
377, 498
Commercial Club
476
Cyclone of 1881.
494
Waterworks
475
Finances, City
475
Fire Department
499
Flouring Industry
470
Geology
93,
101
Hermann Monument
480
Home-coming Week 503
Hospitals
478,
498
Indian Troubles
141
Industries
468
Lawyers
441, 447
Location
.481
Lodges
406, 413, 416, 417, 478
Mails, First
499
Massacre.
47, 141, 242
Martin Luther College.
377
Mckinley Memorial Service.
493
Military Company
354
Mills
468
Monument
236
Municipal
236
Municipal History
474
Name
466
Newspapers
451
Officials, City
475
Physicians
435, 440
Platted
467
Population
491
Postoffice
477, 485
Railways
491, 500
School Buildings
374
School, First
368
Schools in 1860
367
Schools in 1915
375
Settlement
126,
Siege of.
167
Stone Industry
472
Store, the First.
468
Supervisors, the First
300
New Ulm-
Survey
481
Taxes
289
Township Organization
300
New Ulm Massacre.
141
Newspapers
451
Nile Postoffice
488
Nix, Capt. Jacob.
165
North Star Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
333
Coal
85
Description
332
Geology
86
Organization
334
Pioneers
334
Population
334
491
Railways
334
Settlement
334
Taxes
290
O
Odd Fellows
413
Order of the Eastern Star
409,
412
Organization of County.
279
Organization of Townships
299
P
Pajutazee Postoffice
486
Personal Property Valuation
289
Physicians
435, 501
Pioneer Conditions
362
Pioneer Schools, 303, 312, 314, 328, 331,
332, 335, 340, 342, 343, 368.
Pioneer Settlement
123
136
Pisa Postoffice
485
Ponds
77
Poor, Care of the.
283
Population in 1860.
490
Population of County
490
Digitized by
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Population of Townships
490
Prairieville
487
Prairieville Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
335
Description
335
Officials, First
335
Organization
335
Pioneers
335, 336
Population
335, 491
Railways
335
School, First
335
Settlement
335
Taxes
290
Presbyterian Churches
401
Presidential Vote
293
Press, the
451
Prices in 1915
494
Probate Judges
296
Public School Statistics
374
R
Railroad Bonds, State. 43
Railroads
491
Real Property Valuation.
289
Receipts, County
289
Redwood Mills
485
Registered Physicians
439
Registers of Deeds.
295
Related State History
33
Religious Societies
380
Reminiscences-
Bobleter, Mrs. Maria H
201
Daniels, Dr. Asa W
210
Fritsche, Frederick
242
Henle, Thiresa
198
Spelbrink, Christopher
182
Wall, O. G.
263
Representatives
292
Rivers of the State.
56
Rock Exposures
84
Royal Arch Masons
407, 410
Royal Neighbors of America
415
Rural Schools
375
S
Scandinavian Unitarian Church
398
School Finances
376
School Statistics
374
Schools, County Superintendent.
296
Schools of the County
367
Searles.
311, 482, 484, 489
Secret Societies
406
Senators, State
292
Settlement of the County.
123
Settlers, First
184
Sheriffs
295
Shrubs
105
Siege of Ft. Ridgely.
254
Sigel Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
339
Geology
Indian Troubles
340
Lakes
.75,
339
Mill
340
Name
339
Officials, First
340
Organization
339
Pioneers
340
Population
339, 491
School, First
370
Settlement
340
Taxes
290
Sioux Claims
499
Sioux Indians, 33, 34, 37, 40, 47, 49, 108,
141, 183.
Sleepy Eye-
Altitude
80
Banks
424, 429
Business Interests, 1882.
317
Business Interests, 1916.
317
Chief Sleepy Eye.
316, 320
Churches
382, 387, 391, 397, 401, 405
Digitized by Google
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HISTORICAL INDEX.
Sleepy Eye-
Clubs
320
Business Interests
308
Description
484
Churches.
385, 388, 389, 393, 397, 404
Fire Protection
317
Description
484
Fire Protection
308
Growth
315
Hospital
308
Incorporation
307
Industries
308
Lawyers
447
Lawyers
447
Library
320
Location
315
Lodges
410,
413
Mayors
317
Mills
321
Municipal History
316
Newspapers
462
Officials, First City
316
Officials, First Town 316
Physicians
440
Platted
315, 481
Population
315, 491
Postoffice
316, 319, 487, 488
Public Utilities
317
Public Library
320
Schools
372, 375
Settlement
317
Early Events
342
Taxes
289
Indian Troubles
342
Timber
83
Waterworks
317
Women's Clubs
320
Social Organizations
406
Pioneers
341
Soil of the County
81
Soldiers from Brown County
345
Soldiers Lodge Society
150, 186
Sonde Postoffice
488
Soil
341
Spanish-American War.
354
Taxes
290
Spelbrink, Christopher, Reminis-
State Chronological Record.
60
cences of
182
State Geography
55
Sperl Postoffice
489
State Military Record
54
Spirit Lake Massacre
41
State Railroad Bonds
43
Springfield-
State Representation.
291,
182
State Representatives
292
State Senators
292
Digitized by
307, 491
Postoffice
308
Schools
375
Survey
307
Taxes
289
Waterworks
307
Stark Township-
Altitude
81
Boundaries
341
Description
341
Lakes
75, 341
Officials, First
341
Organization
341
Population
.341,
491
School, First
342
Settlement
341
Altitude
80
Banks
427
Springfield-
Incorporation
.315,
482
Indian Name
316
Location
307
Lodges
411, 414,
416
Newspapers
465
Officials, First
307
Physicians
440
Population
Lighting System
308
First Events
317
HISTORICAL INDEX.
Stately Postoffice.
484, 488
Stately Township-
Altitude
81
Description
343
Topography of the County
76
Officials, First
343
Organization
343
Pioneers
343
Population
343,
491
School, First
343
Settlement
343
Taxes
290
Topography
79
Storm of 1881
233,
494
Streams of the County
74
Streams of the State ..
56
Superintendent of Schools, County.
296
Supervisors, County, First.
300
Surface of the County.
95
Surveyors, County
297
Sutherland, William A., Story of.
274
T
Tax List, 1915, Abstract of
288
Taxes in 1857.
287
Territorial Boundaries
36
Territorial Election, First.
36
Territorial Government.
35
Territorial Legislature, First
36
Timber, Native
104
Timber of the County
82
Township Organization
299
Townsite Speculation
41
Traders, Indian
143, 185
Traverse des Sioux
37, 107
Treasurers, County
294
Treaties with Indians
34, 37, 49, 107
U
United Brethren Church
391
Unrest Among the Indians
44
V
Valuation of Property.
289
W
Wall, O. G., Reminiscences of
263
Windstorm of 1881
333, 494
Y
Yellow Medicine Township.
......
300
Digitized by
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BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
VOLUME II
A
Amann, Andreas
200
Amundson, Albert O.
511
Albrecht, Rev. C. J.
265
Crone, Carl.
155
Albrecht, Rev. William C.
421
Alwin, Edward L
197
Alwin, William G.
58
Aufderheide, Fred.
301
D
Dahl, August C.
78
Dehn, William
285
Dittbenner, Hugo E.
457
Dittbenner, Robert C.
277
Doehne, George.
82
Durbahn, Henry
357
E
Eggensperger, Adolph R.
365
Eibner, Willibald.
109
Erickson, Aug. G.
316
Essig, John
139
F
Flor, Albert D.
141
Forster, John H
210
Foster, George
563
Frank, Joseph, Jr.
153
Frank, William.
130
Bobleter, Gen. Joseph
515
Frederickson, Adolph
323
Fritsche, Frederick, Sr.
336
Boock, Christian.
76
Brandt, Judge Ernst.
37
Fritsche, Herman
134
Brust, William
347
Buenger, Emil F.
224
C
Casperson, Martin.
331
Christiansen, Wilfred.
234
Crone, Ferdinand
155
Crone, Theodore.
155
B
Backer, Andrew A.
126
Backer, August J
299
Backer, Fred J.
91
Backer, William
173
Baer, Edward W
245
Bakke, Jacob
488
Behnke, Albert
524
Bell, L. G., D. D. S. 321
Benham, Frederick F 462
Bentzin, John
54
Berg, Henry J.
351
Berkner, Edward F. 476
Berkner, George.
543
Berndt, Julius
186
Bertrand, J. P. Edward.
417
Bertrand, John P.
379
Beussmann, Herman.
64
Bingham, Reginald H
318
Fritsche, Louis A., M. D.
368
Furth, P. H.
61
Digitized by
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
G
Gaetke, John.
171
Gareis, John
289
Gastler, George O.
238
Goblirsch, Andrew J.
423
Graff, John P., D. V. S.
213
Griebel, Joseph.
449
Gronau, John G ..
549
Guggisberg, George.
547
Gulbrandson, Lars
354
H
Hackbarth, Paul W
206
Halvorson, Clement 495
Halvorson, Halvor 530
Hamann, Fred.
267
Hammermeister, Theodore, M. D ...
385
Hanson, Siver
533
Hauenstein, John, Jr
115
Heimann, W. C.
295
Held, Herman.
190
Hellmann, Alfred
195
Henle, Anton
132
Henle, Athanasius
228
Herzog, Joseph A.
269
Hofmeister, Prof. Joseph C.
473
Hohn, Rev. Christian.
258
Holm, Frank
483
Huevelman, William E.
42
Humphrey, L, E.
340
I
Ives, Luther C.
465
J
Jensen, Chris
559
Johnson, Christian C.
555
Meyer, Otto.
263
Johnson, James
566
Mickelson, Peter
557
Jones, George
272
Julius, William J
51
Juni, Herman
149
K
Kaiser, C. F.
180
Kiesling, Gottreich H.
124
Klein, Rev. James
327
Klossner, Hon. Jacob, Jr
216
Knees, Albert
551
Knees, Bernhard. 453
Knees, Philip.
287
Koch, Ernst G.
459
Koehler, Eugene.
260
Koester, J. W.
503
Krause, Julius R.
343
Krook, Carl W. A.
255
L
Lambrecht, Gus.
283
Landskron, Fred.
333
Lange, William.
545
Lebert, Andrew J.
291
Lehrer, Michael.
480
Liesch, Philip.
304
Lilleodden, Ole C.
493
Mc
McPhee, William G.
281
M
Manderfeld, Carl P
443
Manderfeld, Nicholas
48
Manderfeld, Peter P.
240
Marti, George
70
Mauch, George W.
176
Mayer, Rev. George
222
Mecklenburg, Daniel.
137
Melzer, Julius 499
Mikaelson, George
451
Miller, Wesley C.
251
Minium, Floyd D.
242
Digitized by
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Mo, Hans
391
Moe, Christ
345
Mohr, Theodore.
178
Moll, Henry
160
Mueller, Emil, D. V. S.
112
Mueller, Martin
33
Mueller, William
325
Mullen, Michael.
435
N
Neumann, John F.
94
Niemann, Franz
128
Norman, Rev. Amandus
509
O
Ochs, J. Anton
163
Olstad, Carl.
506
Oswald, Gottlieb.
167
Oswald, Otto F.
74
Ouren, Alfred B.
447
Ouren, Anton O.
485
Ouren, Nels J.
389
P
Palmer, Charles L.
275
Peterson, James A.
441
Peterson, Ole C.
553
Pfaender, Major Albert.
144
Pfaender, William.
308
Pfaender, Col. William
400
Pfisterer, Frank W., M. D.
537
Pickle, A. H.
425
R
Rasmussen, Emil
279
Raymond, Mattice
297
Retzlaff, Frank H.
520
Roland, Peter.
387
Rowland, Nathan.
561
Ruemke, William F., Jr
122
S
Saffert, Andrew.
157
Schilling, Adolph
293
Schlinkert, Rev. Robert
87
Schlumpberger, John
96
Schnobrich, Frank C.
359
Schrader, H. F.
248
Schreyer, Carl
329
Schropfer, John M
361
Schubert, Adolph.
208
Schultz, Benjamin
535
Schweiger, August.
583
Schwendinger, Alex
419
Seifert, Henry
106
Seifert, Otto J., B. S., M. D.
203
Siegel, John H.
89
Skinner, William.
119
Spelbrink, Erwin E
315
Spelbrink, Louis
80
Spellbrink, Christ
395
Sperl, Joseph J ..
454
Sprenger, Anton.
433
Sprenger, Christian
192
Stolz, Charles A
182
Stegeman, Herman R
397
Stone, Iver K ..
501
Strickler, Ora C., M. D
44
T
Tappe, Otto.
363
Thordson, Guttorm
490
V
Vetter, Benedict I.
253
Vogel, August ..
151
Vogel, Joseph H., M. D.
539
Vogel, Major Louis G.
527
Vogtel, Charles.
66
Digitized by Google
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
W
Winkelmann, William J
102
Weilandt, Carl O. 414
Weiser, George B., M. D. 429
Wheeler, Rev. Edward F. 407
Wiebel, Theo.
169
Z
Zieske, John C.
438
Zschunke, Frank P.
99
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HISTORICAL
CHAPTER I,
RELATED STATE HISTORY.
The greater part, or about two-thirds, of the territory embraced within the boundaries of Minnesota was included in the Louisiana Purchase, ceded to the United States by France in 1803. The remainder of this state, comprising the northeastern third part, lying east of the Mississippi river, was included in the country surrendered from Great Britain by the treaty of 1783, at the end of the Revolution- ary War. In 1805 a grant of land nine miles square, at the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter (now Minne- sota) rivers, was obtained from the Sioux Indians. A mili- tary post was established on the grant in 1819, and in 1820 arrangements were made for the erection of a fort, which was completed in 1822 and named Ft. Snelling, after the commanding officer, and the grant has ever since been known as the Ft. Snelling Reservation. In 1823 the first steamboat ascended the Mississippi as far as Ft. Snelling; and annually thereafter one or two trips of steamboats were made to this isolated post for a number of years.
This territory was held by the Chippewa or Ojibway
(3)
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34
BROWN COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
and the Dakota or Sioux Indians, but adventurous pioneers had penetrated into the country along the streams tributary to the Mississippi river, and in 1836 Wisconsin territory was organized, comprising all the territory west of Lake Michigan, and including within its limits all the country west of the Great Lakes and north of Illinois, the west boundary of the territory being the Mississippi river.
INDIAN TREATIES.
In 1837 two important treaties were made with the native tribes of Indians. The first one was made by Gov. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin, with the Ojibways, at Ft. Snelling, on the 29th of July, of that year, whereby they ceded to the United States all their pine or agricultural lands on the St. Croix river and its tributaries.
On the 29th of September, of the same year, at the city of Washington, a treaty with the Sioux was made by Joel R. Poinsett, a special commissioner representing the United States, and about twenty chiefs, accompanied by Major Taliaferro, their agent, and Scott Campbell, an interpreter. Through the influence and by the direction of Governor Dodge, this delegation of chiefs had proceeded to Washing- ton for the purpose of making this treaty, by which the Dakotas, or Sioux, ceded to the United States all their lands east of the Mississippi river and all its islands. The In- dians were to receive as consideration for the same $110,000 in cash, to be divided among the mixed bloods, $90,000 in payment of debts owing by the tribes, and $300,000 to be invested in five per cent. stocks, the interest of which should be paid to them annually.
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35
BROWN COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
In 1848 Wisconsin adopted a state constitution, but ignored the enabling act, and made the northern part of the western boundary of the state along the line of the St. Louis and Rum rivers, which was not accepted by the United States government, and the boundary line from the Missis- sippi river to Lake Superior became fixed, as in the enabling act, on the line of the St. Croix river and in a direct line to the mouth of the St. Louis river.
After the acceptance of the Wisconsin constitution, in May, 1848, the territory north and west of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers being practically without a govern- ment, the Hon. John Catlin, claiming to be still secretary and acting governor of Wisconsin territory, issued a procla- mation for a special election, to elect a delegate to Congress. The election was held on October 30, and Hon. H. H. Sibley was chosen delegate, and after some delay was admitted as such into the Congress of the United States.
TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED.
On March 3, 1849, Congress passed an act to establish the territorial government of Minnesota. It fixed the seat of government at St. Paul, and established the southern boundary of the territory along the north and west boun- dary line of the state of Iowa, from the Mississippi river to the Missouri river, the western boundary through the mid- dle of the channel of the Missouri river to the mouth of the White Earth river, and up the middle of the channel of the White Earth river to the boundary line between the United States and Great Britain, the northern boundary running thence easterly and southeasterly on the international boun-
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36
BROWN COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
dary line to Lake Superior, and the eastern boundary run- ning thence in a straight line to the northernmost point of the state of Wisconsin, and following the north and west boundary of said state down the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers to the place of beginning. At this time the popula- tion of the territory was mainly in the section east of the Mississippi river, and the settlers were almost entirely en- gaged in lumbering. The territorial government was de- clared fully organized, June 1, 1849, by Hon. Alexander Ramsey, who had been appointed first territorial governor. The year 1848 was noted as the year of excitement from the discovery of gold in California, and the eyes of many thousands of people throughout the east were turned west- ward, where opportunities were opening for the growth of new states. Although at the organization of the terri- tory there was scarcely a thousand people, within a year the census of 1850 gave to the territory a population of 6,077. Of this number, however, 1,134 residents were credited to the northernmost part of the territory on the Red river of the North, many of these being half-breeds, and the early pioneers engaged in the fur trade, brought there through the influence of the Hudson Bay Company.
The first territorial election was held on August 1, 1849.
The first session of the territorial Legislature com- menced in St. Paul, September 3, 1849, during which coun- ties were established and a code of laws enacted. The sec- ond session was commenced in January, 1851, at which time the capitol was located at St. Paul, the university at St. An- thony, and the state prison at Stillwater.
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37
BROWN COUNTY, MINNESOTA.
THE COUNCIL AT TRAVERSE DES SIOUX.
In 1851 three treaties were made with the Sioux and with the Ojibway bands of Indians, whereby large tracts of lands were relinquished to the United States. In view of the great extent of country desired, and the importance of the transaction, and the long continued friendship of the Dakota nation, President Fillmore departed from the usual mode of appointing commissioners, and deputed the Hon. Luke Lea, the commissioner of Indian affairs, and Gov. Alexander Ramsey to meet the representatives of the Da- kotas, and to conclude with them a treaty for such lands as they might be willing to sell.
On the 27th of June, 1851, Commissioner Lea arrived in St. Paul on the steamboat "Excelsior," and on the 29th he, in company with Governor Ramsey, landed at Traverse des Sioux, where the great council was to be held and the treaty consummated with the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Sioux. Great delay in the proceedings was caused by the non-arrival of certain Sioux chiefs from the upper coun- try, and it was not until the 18th of July that the council convened and the preliminaries to the treaty commenced. During this interval of about twenty days they all enter- tained themselves as best they could with races, dances, sup- pers, sham fights, and all sorts of fun.
On the 18th of July, all the chiefs having arrived, proclamation was made, and being convened in grand coun- cil and the pipe of peace having been passed around, the council was opened by an address from Governor Ramsey. On the 23rd of July the treaty was concluded and signed by the chiefs, by which they ceded to the United States all
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the lands claimed by these bands east of the Sioux Wood (or Bois des Sioux), and Big Sioux rivers and Lake Tra- verse to the Mississippi, excepting a reservation one hun- dred miles long by twenty miles wide, on the upper part of the Minnesota river. By this treaty the Indians were to remove within two years to the reservation; to receive from the government, after removal, $275,000, to enable them to settle up their affairs and to become established in their new home; and $30,000 was to be expended in breaking land, erecting mills and establishing a manual training school. They were also to receive for fifty years from that time, an annuity of $68,000, payable as follows: Cash, $40,000; civilization fund, $12,000; goods and provisions, $10,000; education fund, $6,000.
About a week later, on the 29th of July, Governor Ram- sey and Commissioner Lea met the chiefs and leading men of the Med-ay-wakanton and Wah-pay-koo-tay bands of Sioux at a grand council at Mendota, to negotiate another treaty for the sale of other lands, which was concluded on the 5th of August, being signed by sixty-four chiefs, head men and warriors. In the treaty these bands of Indians ceded and relinquished all their lands in territory of Minne- sota and state of Iowa, and in consideration thereof the United States was to reserve for them a tract of the average width of ten miles on either side of the Minnesota river, and bounded on the west by the Tehay-tam-bay and Yellow Medicine rivers, on the east by the Little Rock river, and a line running due south from the mouth to the Waraju river; and to pay them the following sums of money: For settling debts and aid in removal, $220,000; for erection of buildings and opening farms, $30,000; civilization fund, to
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be paid annually, $12,000; educational fund, paid annually, $6,000; goods and provisions, annually, $10,000; cash, $30,- 000. The annuities were to continue for fifty years from the date of the treaty.
These two treaties of 1851 at Traverse des Sioux and Mendota acquired for white settlement nearly 24,000,000 acres of the finest lands in the world. The cessions were mostly in Minnesota, but included about an eighth part, or nearly 3,000,000 acres, in the state of Iowa, between the line of the old "neutral ground" and the northern and western boundaries of the state. That tract of country, and gen- erally all lands in Iowa, claimed by the Sioux, were there- fore embraced in the articles of cession of both treaties.
The Senate of the United States, on the 23rd of June, 1852, ratified the treaties, with amendments to each, which amendments were subsequently accepted by the Indians, and on the 24th of February, 1853, President Millard Fill- more issued his proclamation accepting, ratifying and con- firming each of the said treaties as amended. The total lands in the present state of Minnesota relinquished to the government by these treaties exceeded 19,000,000 acres; and they also ceded about 1,750,000 acres in South Dakota, be- sides the tract described in Iowa.
The third treaty of 1851 was effected by Governor Ramsey with the Red Lake and Pembina bands of Ojib- ways at Pembina, by which they ceded certain territory, sixty-five miles in width by one hundred and fifty miles in length, intersected by the Red River of the North. This treaty was not ratified by the government.
After the ratification of the treaties with the Sioux, a great wave of immigration set in from all the eastern states,
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and an era of speculation started which probably has never been excelled in any portion of the west. A census, taken in 1857, gave a population of 150,037.
INDIAN HUNTERS CAUSE TROUBLE.
Notwithstanding there was an abundant supply of good land outside of the limits of the land ceded under these treaties, the adventurous spirit of the pioneers led many of them to settle on the extreme limits of the grant and in immediate proximity to the Indian settlements. In the southwestern portion of the state, particularly, settlements were made close to the boundary line of Iowa and north and west of Spirit lake. Some were in Iowa and some were in Minnesota, and all were within the jurisdiction of the In- dian agent resident in the territory of Minnesota. Although the Indians were living on the reservation lands west of these settlements, in their hunting expeditions they were accustomed to return to the ceded lands. In a general way the Indians were civil, and committed only petty depreda- tions; but their visits were at times annoying. Among the Indians there was a single band, under the leadership of Ink-pa-du-ta, or the Scarlet Point, of about fifteen lodges, which had been for many years an independent band and of a thieving, vagabondish character (really outlaws from the Sioux nation, and not represented in the treaties of 1851), who had taken possession of a strip of land running on both sides of the boundary lines of Iowa and Minnesota, and ex- tending to the Missouri river. In March, 1857, a few of these Indians were hunting in the neighborhood of Rock river and one of them was bitten by a dog belonging to a
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