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A History of the Mississippi Valley
John R. Spears. A. H. Clark,
A. S. Clark.
Gc 977 Sp3 1251999
M. L
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01715 4896
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/historyofmississ00spea_0
Books by Jobn n. Spears.
History of the American Slabe Urade. Illustrated by WALTER APPLETON CLARK. 8vo. $2.00. The Fugitive. A Tale of Adventure in the Days of Clipper Ships and Slaves. Illus- trated. 12mo. $1.25.
Our Naby in the Bar with Spain. With many illustrations. 12mo. $2.00. The History of our Naby. From its Origin to the Present Day. 1775- 1898. With more than 500 illustrations, maps and diagrams, from contemporary engravings and from photographs and drawings. 5 vols. 12mo. $10.00. Chas. Scribner's Sons publish the above.
Gold Diggings of Cape Horn. A Study of Life in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. Illustrated, and map. $1.75. Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Port of Missing Ships. 12mo. $1.25. Macmillan Co., Publishers. Anthony Magne, sometimes called "Mad Anthony."" 12mo. $1.50. From the press of D. Appleton & Co.
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. From a portrait by Jarvis, said to be from life.
A History of the Mississippi Valley
From its Discovery to the End of Foreign Domination.
The Narrative of the Founding of an Empire, Shorn of Current Myth, and Enlivened by the Thrilling Adventures of Discoverers, Pioneers, Frontiersmen, Indian Fighters, and Home Makers.
BY John R. Spears
Author of " Gold Diggings of Cape Horn," " History of Our Navy," "Our Navy in the War with Spain," "The American Slave Trade," etc., etc. IN COLLABORATION WITH A. H. Clark.
WITH FAC-SIMILES, ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORIC PLACES, MAPS, AND PORTRAITS.
New York. A. S. Clark, Publisher. 1903.
Copyright, 1903, by A. S. CLARK.
All rights reserved.
Press of Braunworth & Co. Bookbinders and Printers Brooklyn, N. Y.
1251999
THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THE
HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
AS A REPRESENTATIVE AMERICAN AND HISTORIAN.
16-18-9
INTRODUCTION.
This work is to give an account of the things done in the Mississippi Valley during the period of foreign control. It is intended to be a narrative, not a critical, history. The writer has tried to tell about the achieve- ments of the men who traversed the Great Lakes in birch bark canoes, or walked through the passes of the Alleghanies, to reach the Mississippi Valley, and, when there, turned the mighty wilderness into the Garden of the World.
Naturally the story begins with the heroic French- men who first learned the way to the Great Basin. In the days when the people of Massachusetts were es- tablishing a trading post on the Piscataqua River, New Hampshire, and the Virginians were sending an ex- ploring expedition to learn whether a river flowed into Delaware Bay, Jean Nicolet was making peace with the Indians on the shores of Green Bay, Wisconsin. While the Dutch of New Amsterdam were trading with the Indians at Albany, Grosseilliers and Radisson, paddled up the Ottawa River, (though the region was the haunt of the Iroquois), and carried trade goods to the Sioux on the banks of the Mississippi. When the British were taking New York from the Dutch, La Salle was stretching a line of forts from the St. Lawrence River toward the mouth of the Mississippi.
Yet the nation from which the intrepid coureurs de
ii
Introduction.
bois and explorers sprang produced also other pioneers whose manner of life was so far removed from that of the woods rangers as to furnish the most striking con- trast known to American history. For those were the days of Louis XIV. and XV., when women who were not queens ruled the Court of France. It was not "the brief season of the Canadian summer, the weary winter, the hazards of the crop," that brought failure to the French settlements. The settlements in Louisiana were in a kindly climate and they stood on the richest soil of the earth. The French failed at the south as well as the north because of the fungi spread by the shadow of the French Court. The beginning of the French Revolution was seen in America when the man with the axe drove the lace-bedecked vagabond carrying a sword from the lands west of the Alleghanies.
In the meantime, both the French and the British had supplanted, more or less, another race of people- a race of red men known as Indians. In modern times, while the people of the United States have difficult race problems still in hand, it seems worth while remember- ing that because those red men were less developed than the white, they were the wards of the whites. The Indians were children, (they were often called so by the men who knew them best), and the white men were rightfully their guardians. It was a responsibility that was ignored and rudely thrust aside, but with such in- finitely distressful results as we shall see.
The white men found the Indian passing rapidly from the life of a hunter to that of the agriculturist; but instead of aiding in the transition, the whites, by offering to buy furs, turned the red agriculturists back
iii
Introduction.
to the hunter life. They did worse; they created a market for human scalps. For one hundred and fifty years the red men were, by every means incited to shed the blood of animals and men; and then the white man looked upon them with horror and disgust because they were ready to fight for their hunting grounds.
But while the white race as a whole were cultivat- ing the red thirst for blood, a few white men, known as Quakers and Moravians, were dealing with the red men on an entirely different basis. The Quakers and Mora- vians were subjected to many indignities and even out- rages for their peculiarity of regard for the less de- veloped red men. Historians have not failed to de- nounce them, and frontiersmen have ever groped for words with which to express their disgust when think- ing of "Quaker sentiment."
But the story of Gnadenhutten, written in blood that will not "out," proves beyond doubt or question that the tepees and huts of every red village in the land might have been turned into "Tents of Grace."
It is a frightful fact that for every red man slain by by the whites, in the frontier wars, at least three whites were slain by the red. That fact is sufficient to damn the white policy, but it is not all; for because of the policy that was pursued by those who despised "Qua- ker sentiment," we are even now paying more than ten million dollars a year for the expenses of the Indian Bureau. Yet the fact remains that the cost of convert- ing the Delaware Indians of Gnadenhutten from the red savages, which they had been, to the stump-grub- bing farmers, which they became, was less than the waste of any one of hundreds of Indian raids.
iv
Introduction.
While the people of the United States have the ves- tige of a race problem yet unsolved the story of Gnad- enhutten is the most instructive of all that are known to the annals of America. Let those who, with bobbing heads, mumble some sort of a creed on Sundays, and live the devil knows how the rest of the week, consider it with care, for to them it has a special significance.
But this is by no means to withhold sympathy from the frontier Americans. Their migration was instinc- tive; it was due to the innate characteristics of a domi- nant race. It was inevitable, and in every way desira- ble. No one has a right to complain because they took the hunting grounds of the red man. The Indian should have been deprived of his hunting grounds to the last acre, with the utmost possible speed, and sup- plied with farms and play grounds instead. It was the manner of taking that cursed the frontiersmen, and they are to be pitied with an infinite pity. The effect of the evil policy on the frontiersmen is the important matter. They were the advance guard of the hosts of civilization and were sent forth to be slaughtered for the salvation and benefit of those who came after. Of 250 men in Robertson's Settlement at Nashville, 229 died by violence inside of twelve years.
In connection with the slaughter of the frontiers- men in the Mississippi Valley it is impossible to ignore the fact that the red men were, during the War of the Revolution and for twelve years after it, sicked on by British officers. That is a story to rouse the indigna- tion of every patriot, and, at first thought, one might say it should be glossed over in this era of growing good feeling between nations. On the other hand,
V
Introduction.
however, one should not forget that to gloss over is to lie. Moreover, the story is worth telling to show the tremendous contrast between that era and the present- a contrast that has been made possible by the develop- ment of Christian civilization, and the construction of an American fleet of unequalled war ships.
And that is to say, indirectly, that nations have al- ways been, and are, bullies. They treat the powerful, and no others, with the kindliest consideration. Near the end of the Eighteenth Century we would not create a navy, but we built a ship of war, ballasted it with sil- ver dollars, and sent it to a Mediterranean pirate to purchase his favor. We permitted ourselves to be blackmailed by African corsairs. And in consequence of our craven spirit, the British held a firm grasp on the territory northwest of the Ohio River; the Spanish held Natchez and our southwest territory; the French with their privateers and naval ships, swept our com- merce from the West Indies, and all three powers bul- lied and browbeat our Government officials at almost every interchange of communications. The American
State Papers are instructive if unpleasant reading. At the beginning of the Twentieth Century we have in hand battleships with broadside guns of seven-inch and eight-inch caliber-battleships that are far and away su- perior to anything conceived elsewhere-and we have unruffled peace, with unopposed progress in the devel- opment of our civilization.
If we were led by foolish policies in other days, it was because we were foolish, and not because of any lack of examples in right policies. The story of the work of George Rogers Clark in the Illinois country is
vi
Introduction.
one of the most instructive in the war annals of the world. There were two methods of repelling the raids of the enemy in those days. The common way was to build a log fort, and when protected by its walls, to shoot every enemy that came in sight. It was a method that became national. We built forts at the Atlantic ports, and, as late as 1890, we built "coast defence" ships. The forts and coast defence ships were not wholly useless. Like the quills of the porcupine, they could prove very useful, under some circumstances. The porcupine method of repelling an enemy was held in high regard for many years by our people.
But George Rogers Clark (an American born a hundred years ahead of his time, he), would have none of the porcupine policy. He saw that the way to pro- tect the frontier was to carry the war to the strongholds of the enemy. He took Kaskaskia and Vincennes. He gave the United States the Northwest Territory. He was urgent for men and means with which to take De- troit. Had his requests been heeded the raids on Ken- tucky would have ceased, and there would have been no trouble over the Northwest posts in after years.
But because Clark's work was ignored, the broad territory which he had won had to be rewon, and "Mad" Anthony Wayne was the man for the day. Of all the brigadiers of the Revolution, he is best worth memory, but it is not on his "mad" charges in the face of the enemy that his fame is grounded. Those, indeed, were splendid, but that parade of his men with their hair neatly powdered before the attack on Stony Point is significant ; so is the further fact that every dog with- in three miles of the Point was killed before the attack.
vii
Introduction.
But of all that this man did, nothing will be remem- bered longer than the fact that when he came to recon- quer the region Clark had won, he trained more than a thousand men of his legion until they could load and fire their rifles with precision while charging at full speed on the enemy. Anthony Wayne was the best drill mas- ter the American army ever had.
As said, this work is to give an account of the things done in the Great Valley, but necessarily a record had to be made of those proceedings elsewhere by which the destinies of the Valley were influenced. The Spanish, who were really the first to see the Valley, and who at the end of the Seven Years War, obtained New Or- leans and the region between the Rockies and the Mis- sissippi, took possession of Natchez and a large section of American soil during the War of the Revolution. They were determined, after the war was ended, not only to hold it, but to grasp all the unsettled part of the Great Valley, regardless of American claims. In this matter the French Government earnestly supported them, and the diplomatic complications that grew out of this condition of affairs, are interesting. In their efforts to "cinch" the territory the Spanish amuse or ·exasperate the student of history according to his men- tal attitude toward their peculiar characteristics. But the settlers of the Great Valley, in the days of the Span- ish complications, never found the situation amusing, and the fact that the Spanish were not swept out of the Mississippi Valley by a flood tide of indignant back- woodsmen must ever remain a matter of wonder and pride to the American patriot.
By unwavering persistence the Americans foiled
V111
Introduction.
the Spanish shufflings, evasions and obstinacy, so that a time came when Spain traded the great Louisiana ter- ritory back to France. The day of its salvation was then close at hand. Napoleon ruled France, and for a brief period, he thought to regain for her all the splen- did region on which La Salle had filed the French claim. He bought the Louisiana territory ; he thought to take the land east of the Mississippi with an army of 10,000 men. But when the eagle alighted before him with one naked claw representing 30,000 "Prime Riflemen," and the other offering him a purse, his vision was cleared. The transfer of Louisiana to the United States was made through the hatred of the British and the fear of America. He prophesied that the valley of the Mississippi would make the United States a "mar- itime rival" of the British, and a century after his prophesy was made, the greatest transatlantic lines of steamships are controlled by capitalists whose wealth has been drawn from traffic originating in the Great Basin. But, curiously enough, the development which Napoleon hoped for has only served to draw the En- glish-speaking rivals closer together, instead of driving them apart.
It is a long story, this of the Mississippi Valley, but from the year when Grosseiliers and Radisson first traded for beaver skin on the bank of the upper river, until the day when the Gridiron Flag, hoisted at New Orleans, covered the whole Great Basin, it is a story that can be summed up in one word-Work. From the first to the last, the men whose names are memorable in the history of the Valley, whether they were traders like the coureurs de bois looking for profit; or empire
ix
Introduction.
founders, like La Salle, looking for power; or migra- tors, like the hosts that followed the Ohio and the Wil- derness Road, looking for home sites ; or statesmen like Monroe and Livingston, looking for the good of the Nation, all have been men who could and who would work. Work is the one word emblazoned on the es- cutcheon of the people of the Great Basin.
To show a part of what work has accomplished in the affairs of a mighty region is the chief object of this book, and it is therefore offered to the growing host of good Americans who see clearly that
"The All of Things is an infinite conjugation of the verb To Do."
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
PAGE
I. ON THE BRIM OF THE GREAT BASIN. I
II. FIRST EXPLORATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER 13
III. LA SALLE AND LOUISIANA.
25
IV. FROM LA SALLE TO NEW ORLEANS. 51
V. INDIANS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 75
VI. WORK OF THE FRENCH IN THE VALLEY 103
VII. THE FRENCH EXPELLED FROM THE VALLEY, Part I .. 119
VIII. THE FRENCH EXPELLED FROM THE VALLEY, Part 2 .. 133
IX. THE SPANISH IN THE GREAT VALLEY. 157
X. PONTIAC'S WAR AS SEEN IN THE VALLEY I71
XI. CROSSING THE RANGE. 183
XII. LORD DUNMORE'S WAR.
209
XIII. THE HOME MAKERS IN KENTUCKY 223
XIV. ON THE FRONTIER DURING THE REVOLUTION
247
XV. THE WORK OF GEO. ROGERS CLARK.
267
XVI. AS THE WAR DRAGGED ON.
287
XVII. GNADENHUTTEN 293
XVIII.
FIGHTING THAT FOLLOWED GNADENHUTTEN
303
XIX. THE FRONTIERSMEN AT KING'S MOUNTAIN 313
XX. FRONTIER HOME AND CIVIL LIFE IN WAR TIME. 319
XXI. FIGHTING TO POSSESS LAND ALREADY WON. 331
·
XXII. IN THE SOUTHWEST AFTER THE REVOLUTION 355 XXIII. THE NATION GETS ITS OWN. 369
XXIV. THE GARDEN OF AMERICA FOR AMERICANS ONLY.
..
379
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Pen and ink sketches, head and tail pieces, chapter headings, both original and reproductions, by Miss E. S. Clark.
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK
Frontispiece
From a portrait by Jarvis.
INDIAN BRAVES IN COSTUME
PAGE
From Catlin's Indians.
ix
JOHN JAY (facing) I
From a portrait by Wilkinson, London, 1783.
HEADING OF CHAP. I., INDIAN THROWING TOMAHAWK .
.
I
VIEW OF THE THREE GREAT DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
8
RIVER ST. LAWRENCE
IO
River St. Lawrence, showing "La Chine" Rapids, early French settlements, etc.
JEAN BAPTISTE TALON
12
From portrait by Hamel.
HEADING OF CHAP. II., WINTER COSTUME OF INDIAN
·
13
EASTERN PORTION OF JOLIET'S MAP, 1674
15
CENTRAL PORTION OF JOLIET'S MAP, 1674
21
MARQUETTE'S MAP, 1681
23
BLOCK HOUSE AT LEXINGTON, KY.
24
ROBERT CAVALIER, SIEUR DE LA SALLE (facing)
25
HEADING OF CHAP. III.
25
The building of the "Griffin."
xiv
List of Illustrations.
PAGE
SKETCH OF NIAGARA RIVER, SHOWING ANCIENT PORTAGES . 30 From "Bouchette British Dominions in North Ameri- ca."
FORT NIAGARA
32
From the "Portfolio," 1813.
MAP OF FRANQUELIN 1684
44
INDIAN CHIEF'S HEADDRESS
50
From Catlin's Indians.
JEAN BAPTISTE LE MOYNE, SIEUR DE BIENVILLE (facing)
.
. 51 From an original portrait.
HEADING OF CHAP. IV. 51 Indian on horseback from Catlin.
DE LISLE, MAP OF THE COURSE OF THE MISSISSIPPI 1703 . 52
JEANNE-ANTOINETTE POISSON, MARQUISE DE POMPADOUR. . 56 From a portrait by Harding.
MOLL'S MAP, 1710 58
JOUTEL'S MAP, 1713 65
LOUIS XV., KING OF FRANCE 70 From a contemporary print.
NEW ORLEANS, 1728 73
LOUIS XIV., KING OF FRANCE (facing) 75 From a contemporary portrait.
HEADING OF CHAP. V.
75
Death of Vincennes, from Bancroft's United States.
LOCATION OF INDIAN TRIBES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI .
82
From Bancroft's United States.
INDIAN MOUNDS IN OHIO
84
From Atwater's Antiquities of Ohio.
List of Illustrations.
XV
PAGE
ANCIENT INDIAN FORTIFICATIONS AT NEWARK, OHIO
.
90
From The Family Magazine, 1843.
A TYPICAL INDIAN VILLAGE
96
From a painting by Bierstadt.
JOHN LAW, PROJECTOR OF THE MISSISSIPPI SCHEME (facing)
103
From a Contemporary print.
HEADING OF CHAPTER VI.
103
A frontier greeting.
A PORTION OF LABAT'S MAP, 1722
105
TAIL-PIECE, AN INDIAN VISIT
II8
KING PHILIP (facing)
II9
From an Original by Paul Revere.
HEADING OF CHAP. VII.
IIG
Example of a Log House of the Better Class.
MAP OF CELORON'S EXPEDITION
128
FAC-SIMILE OF ONE OF CELORON'S LEAD PLATES
129
GEORGE WASHINGTON
AT
TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF
AGE
(facing)
133
From Irving's Washington, 1st edition.
HEADING OF CHAP. VIII., FORT DU QUESNE 1755
I33
FREDERICK THE GREAT
142
From the Encylopedia Londinensis.
THE BRADDOCK CAMPAIGN
144
From Bancroft's United States.
FALL OF BRADDOCK
146
From "Battles of the United States."
SCENE OF BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT
148
From Irving's Life of Washington, 1st edition.
-
xvi
List of Illustrations.
PAGE
TAIL-PIECE, BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. 156
From a contemporary copper plate, the legend of which describes Braddock as being in the cart, and Washington the figure to the right.
HERNANDO DE SOTO (facing) 157
From an early portrait.
HEADING OF CHAP. IX., FORT PITT, 1759 157
DON ANTONIO DE ULLOA, GOV. OF LA., 1764 163 From an engraving by Scriven.
SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON (facing)
171
From the London Magazine, 1756.
HEADING OF CHAP. X.
171
Modern remains of Fort Pitt.
MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS, INDIAN SCOUT, ETC. 173
From a London portrait of 1770.
DANIEL BOONE (facing)
183
From an original portrait by Harding.
HEADING OF CHAP. XI.
183
Signatures to "Walpole's Grant," afterwards included in the "Ohio Company."
MAP OF OHIO LAND GRANTS 190
From the map of Lewis, 1796.
GEORGE III., KING OF ENGLAND 193
From a portrait painted in 1760.
AN INDIAN SURPRISE 204 From a painting by F. O. C. Darley.
TAIL-PIECE, ANCIENT MANNER OF LOADING A RIFLE 208
SIMON KENTON, THE COMPANION OF BOONE (facing)
209
From a portrait by L. W. Morgan.
List of Illustrations.
xvii
PAGE
HEADING OF CHAP. XII., CORNSTALK'S TOMAHAWK 209
Which is still preserved.
GEN. WM. HENRY HARRISON'S RESIDENCE
220
From an early lithograph.
MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
220
From an original portrait by J. R. Lambdin.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (facing)
223
From a portrait in the Portfolio, 1818.
HEADING OF CHAP. XIII., A CALL TO ARMS
223
A PORTION OF FILSON'S MAP 1785, SHOWING VICINITY OF HARRODSBURG 229
ANOTHER PORTION OF FILSON'S MAP, INCLUDING LEXINGTON 23I MORE OF FILSON'S MAP, WITH LOUISVILLE AS THE CENTRE . 233
ANDREW JACKSON
235
From a portrait by Jarvis.
MRS. ANDREW JACKSON
236
Taken from a portrait, made shortly after ball given in
honor of her husband.
A HUNTER ARMED WITH A "DECKHARD" RIFLE
238
From an engraving by Sartain.
TAIL-PIECE PEACE AND WAR 246
OUTACITE, A CHEROKEE CHIEF (facing)
247
From Church's Indian Wars.
HEADING OF CHAP. XIV., BLOCK HOUSE AT FORT STANWIX 247.
THE MASSACRE OF THE FAMILY OF JOHANAS DIETZ (1775?) . 252 From a contemporary broadside.
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK (facing)
267
From a portrait from life in possession of Vincennes University, Ind.
Xviii
List of Illustrations.
PAGE
HEADING OF CHAP. XV., FORT WAYNE IN 1794 267
From a contemporary sketch.
COL. GEORGE CROGHAN
274
From the Portfolio.
INDIAN SCALP DANCE
282
From The Family Magazine, 1844.
COL. FRANCIS VIGO
284
From the Magazine of Western History.
GEORGE WASHINGTON AT FIFTY-SIX YEARS OF AGE (facing) 287 From a portrait by Geoffroy, Paris.
HEADING OF CHAP. XVI., FRONTIER BLOCK HOUSE 287
WILLIAM PENN
292
HEADING OF CHAP. XVII., FROM WEST'S PAINTING OF THE PENN TREATY 293
INDIAN MONUMENT AT GNADENHUTTEN
300
COL. AARON OGDEN (facing)
303
From a portrait by A. B. Durand.
HEADING OF CHAP. XVIII., FORT LEXINGTON IN 1782
· 303
Now Lexington, Ky.
YORK ON LAKE ONTARIO IN 1812
308
From a plate in The Portfolio.
MARQUIS CORNWALLIS (facing)
312
From a portrait by Copley.
HEADING OF CHAP. XIX., STONE MARKING GRAVE OF COL.
FERGUSON AT KINGS MOUNTAIN
313
PLAN OF THE ACTION AT KINGS MOUNTAIN
.316
From Ramsey's Annals of Tennessee.
BURIAL PLACE OF COL. FERGUSON
318
From American Historical Record.
List of Illustrations. xix
PAGE
GEN. ISAAC SHELBY (facing)
319
From an engraving by Durand.
HEADING OF CHAP. XX., PIONEERS EN ROUTE 319
BRIG. GEN. ANTHONY WAYNE (facing) 331 From a pencil sketch by Col. John Trumbull.
HEADING OF CHAPTER XXI., WAYNE DRILLING HIS MEN
331
A PORTION OF THE MAP OF LEWIS, SHOWING FORT WAYNE
AND VICINITY 1795
334
MARIE ANTOINETTE, QUEEN OF FRANCE
337
From a contemporary print.
MAJ. GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR
3,38
From a drawing by Col. John Trumbull.
MAP OF OHIO, MADE BY GEN. RUFUS PUTNAM IN 1804
340
ANOTHER PORTION OF THE MAP OF LEWIS 1796, SHOWING
POSITION OF VARIOUS FORTS
348
BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBER
350
From "Battles of America."
PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBER
353
JAMES MADISON (facing)
355
From original portrait by Stuart.
HEADING OF CHAP. XXII., FORT WASHINGTON (NOW CINCIN-
NATI ) IN 1790
355
TAIL-PIECE, NIAGARA FALLS
FROM THE EARLIEST KNOWN
368
WILLIAM CHARLES COLE CLAIBORNE (facing)
369
HEADING OF CHAP. XXIII., CAMPUS MARTIUS, AT THE PRES- ENT SITE OF MARIETTA, OHIO 369
EDMUND CHARLES GENET
370
From a painting by Fouquet.
XX
List of Illustrations.
PAGE
THOMAS PINCKNEY 373
From The Portfolio.
A SCHOOL BOY'S MAP OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1796 374 From Morse's Elements of Geography.
JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE 376 From a contemporary engraving.
TAIL-PIECE, A POSSIBLE PICTURE OF REV. SAMUEL DOAK . 378
ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON (facing) 379
From Irving's Life of Washington.
HEADING OF CHAP. XXIV., THE FLAG COVERS THE ENTIRE VALLEY 379
THOMAS JEFFERSON
385
From a plate contemporary with Miss. affairs.
JAMES MONROE
390
From a portrait by Vanderlyn.
THOMAS B. ROBERTSON
396
From a portrait by St. Memim.
TAIL-PIECE, "A NEW HOME, WHO'LL FOLLOW ?" 401
"And when recording history displays, Heats of renown, though wrought in ancient days ; Tells of a few stout hearts, that fought and died Where duty placed them, at their country's side ; The man that is not moved by what he reads, That takes not fire at their hervir deeds, Unworthy of the blessings of the brave, Is base in kind, and born to be a slabe."
JOHN JAY.
Daniel Webster said of him: "When the spotless ermine of the judicial robe fell on John Jay, it touched nothing less spotless than itself." This portrait was engraved by Wilkinson, London, 1783.
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