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Go 976.2 R45s 1727015
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02321 1185
SCHOOL HISTORY
OF
MISSISSIPPI
FOR USE IN
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS
BY FRANKLIN L. RILEY, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SECRETARY OF THE MISSISSIPPI HISTORICAL SOCIETY
RICHMOND, VA .: 3. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 1900
OUR NEW STATEHOUSE
1727015
TEACHERS' HANDBOOK OF MISSISSIPPI HISTORY
Containing directions as to how to teach Missis- sippi History, thought questions on the text. map exercises, recom- mended supplementary readings, and outlines of the text in Sch. ol Hi - tory of Mississippi . . . .
Price, 40 Cents, Postpaid
B. F. JOHNSON PUBLISHING CO. RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
COPYRIGHT 1900 BY FRANKLIN L. RILEY
....
14.9-H.P.
. .
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/schoolhistoryofm00rile
5
PREFACE
History is preeminently a study of the deeds, thoughts, feelings, and emotions of mankind. One of our American writers has well said that there are five clearly defined phases of human lite -- political. religious, educational, social, and industrial-which con- stitute the proper subjects for the history of any people. All of these phases are important. and should receive the attention of every teacher and student of history.
The aim of this book is to present the main facts in the history of Mississippi in a form that will meet the needs of the public and private schools of the State. The volume contains all of the most important contributions made in recent years to the various subjects of which it treats, and presents, besides, many neglected phases of the religious, social, economic, educational, and literary history of the State. It is believed that these facts will be a source not only of pleasure, but of great profit to the student. In the footnotes will be found numerous references that will enable teachers and students to find the best authorities on such subjects as they may desire to study exhaustively.
The author acknowledges with pleasure his obligations to Peter J. Hamilton, Esq., of Mobile, Ala .; Mr. H. S. Halbert, of Conehatta, Miss .; Professors Dabney Lipscomb, C. C. Ferrell, and A. L. Bondurant, of the University of Mississippi, whose sug- gestions have added greatly to the value of the book; to General Stephen D. Lee, who has rendered valuable assistance in the pre- paration of the chapters on the War between the States; to Mr. J. W. Garner, Fellow in Political Science, Columbia University, who has written the greater part of the chapters on the period of reconstruction: to Hon. James F. McCool and Mr. N. R. Drummond, who have aided in the preparation of the Appendix; and to the Goodspeed Publishing Company, of Chicago, for per- mission to make use of numerous illustrations from Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Mississippi.
FRANKLIN L. RILEY.
6
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS
1. It will be noticed that the text is prepared for a topical study, the various subjects discussed being indicated by head- lines printed in heavy type. These subject headings will greatly aid the teacher in asking questions in the recitations. Questions have been omitted at the end of the chapters because it is believed that by so doing the students will be led to think more about the principal points in their lesson than about the answer to be given to "set" questions.
2. In order to aid the pupil in determining the subjects which are most important and which will form the basis of the recita- tions, summaries have been inserted at the end of each chapter.
3. The blackboard should be frequently used. The summary may be written on the blackboard by the pupils at the end of the recitation, thus impressing upon them the principal facts that are contained in each lesson.
4. The footnotes are intended as side-lights for the use of the' teacher or the advanced pupils, but are not to be considered as parts of the text. The students should be encouraged to read them over, but should not be required to study them. The references to authorities are given in answer to numerous inquir- ies from teachers as to the best supplementary books on Missis- sippi history. Every teacher should procure as many of the books referred to as possible, and every school library should be particularly strong along this line.
5. A detailed discussion of the religious, social, economic, edu- cational, and literary progress of the State since the War between the States would make the book too large for use in the common schools. The author suggests that the student be encouraged to write, if practicable. brief essays on these subjects, based on the results of conversations with parents and friends.
6. Teachers should aim, above all things, to awaken an interest in the history of their State. and to impress the pupils with the dignity and importance of the subject. Remember that pupils are generally interested in whatever interests their teachers.
CONTENTS
Epoch I .- Discovery and Exploration
CHAPTER. PAGE.
I. The Country 9
II. The Natives 12
III. Early Explorations. 23
Epoch II .- Under French Rule (1699-1763)
IV. Under Military-Civil Law (1699-1713) 31
V. The Rule of Commercial Monopolies (1713-1731) .. 38
VI. Under Royal Control (1731-1763) 43
Epoch III .- Under English Rule (1763-1781) VII. Early Government of the Colony (1763-1771) .... 51
VIII. West Florida Under Governor Chester (1771-1781) 59
Epoch IV .- Spanish Rule (1781-1798)
IX. The Government and Its Troubles. 65
X. Occupations During the Spanish Period. 71
XI. Beginnings of Protestantism in Mississippi. 77
XII. Transition from Spanish to American Control
(1795-1798) 83
Epoch V .- Under American Control (1798-1817)
XIII. First Step in Territorial Government (1798-1800) . 92
XIV. Second Step in Territorial Government (1800-180S) 97
XV. The Third Step in Territorial Government (1808- 1817) 106
XVI. War with the Creek Indians and the British. 115
XVII. Progress of Mississippi in the Territorial Period .. 127
Epoch VI .- In the Union (1817-1861) Period I .- Under the Constitution of 1817 XVIII. Preparations for Statehood. 140
XIX. Political Events (1817-1832)
147
(7)
8
CONTENTS
CHAPTER.
> PAGE.
XX. Social Conditions (1817-1832) 159
XXI. Economic Conditions (1817-1832) 169
XXII. Educational and Religious Progress (1817-1832) .. 172
Perlod 11 -Under the Constitution of 1832
XXIII. Reorganization of the Government. 176
XXIV. Beginning of Political Dissensions (1834-1837) .. 183
XXV. Bankruptcy and Repudiation (1837-1844) 190 XXVI. Internal Jealousies and Foreign War (1844-1848) .. 199
XXVII. Political Transition (1848-1859) 207
XXVIII. Withdrawal from the Union (1861). 220
XXIX. Social and Moral Conditions (1832-1860) 227
XXX. Economic History (1832-1860) . 235
XXXI. Religious, Educational, and Literary
Progress
(1832-1860) 242
Epoch VII .- In the Confederacy 1861-1865
XXXII. Beginning of the Conflict. 256
XXXIII. Campaigns Against Vicksburg
264
XXXIV. Last Engagements of the War in Mississippi
275
Epoch VIII .- Under Federal Rule 1865-1870
XXXV. Efforts at Organization (1865-1867) 281
XXXVI. Military Government in Mississippi (1867-1870) .. 291
Epoch IX .- Back in the Union
Period 1 .- Under the Constitution of 1868
XXXVII. The Restoration of Civil Government. 302
XXXVIII. Carpet-bag Government in Mississippi (1874-1876) 312 XXXIX. The Dawn of 2 New Era. 326
Period 11 .- Under the Constitution of 1890 (1890-1900)
XL. A Decade of Progress (1890-1900) . 339
XLI. Five years of Prosperity (1900-1905) . 347
Appendix 365
(State Constitution follows Appendix.)
----
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KEMPER
HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI
EPOCH I DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION
CHAPTER I
THE COUNTRY.
1. The Gulf Coast .- When the explorers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries sailed along the southern coast of what is now the State of Mississippi, they found the general features of the country about the same as they are at present. They observed a long series of low, sand islands near the shore, which extended from Mobile Bay to the mouth of the Mississippi River. These islands, with their thin growth of vegetation, afforded to the ships of the explorer a slight protection from the storms of the Gulf. To the north, was to be seen the slightly elevated mainland, bordered by a beach of pure white sand and covered with a forest of stately liveoaks and magnolias, many of them clothed in their somber garments of hanging moss. At no place along the coast had nature raised great battle- ments of rugged and precipitous mountains to defend against the explorer the great treasures of forests and soil that lay within. On the contrary, the shallow bays and the mouths of numerous rivers that indented the shore gave repeated invitations to enter this great region.
2. The Eastern Bank of the Mississippi .- On the western border of this territory was found the majestic river from
(9)
:
10
HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI
which the State received its name. Along the shores of this winding stream was a dense growth of trees, vines and cane, which gave unmistakable testimony to the quality of the soil upon which they grew. A succession of eleva- tions along the river at the present sites of Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, Natchez, White Cliff, and Fort Adams served to convince the uninformed explorer that something more than swamps and marshes were to be found to the east.
3. " iver Systems -The State has no great streams wholly within its borders. It is situated, for the most part, between two rivers that exerted a great influence upon its explora- tion and settlement. The first of these in size and impor- tance-the Mississippi-has already been mentioned. This river, with the streams that flow into it, drains about one-third of the State. The greatest eastern tributary of this stream south of the Ohio is the Yazoo, which is the. most important river to be found wholly within the State. This stream, with its tributaries, drains the greater part of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, which comprises one-sixth of the area of the State. The Big Black River rises between the head waters of the Yazoo and the Pearl and flows in a southwesterly direction into the Mississippi. Near the eastern boundary of the State, and partly within its borders, is found the second river-the Tombigbee-which has exerted a great influence upon the history of Mississippi. ($$169-171.)
Two of the largest rivers between the Mississippi and the Tombigbee are the Pearl and the Pascagoula (pas'ka- goo'lå). The Pearl is the second stream of importance within the State. The Pascagoula drains that part of the State between the Pearl and the Tombigbee.
4. Surface of the State .- Mississippi has no mountains within its borders. The surface is, for the most part, rolling or undulating with a gradual slope from north to south.
II
THE COUNTRY
The Pontotoc ridge in the northeastern part of the State reaches an elevation of 800 or 1,000 feet in Tippah and Union counties. The elevation of the central part is from 300 to 500 feet, and that of the southern part near the Gulf Coast is from twenty to thirty feet. The ridge that separates the waters of the Mississippi from those of the Tombigbee rises in the northern part of the State and extends south- ward to the Gulf. It divides in Choctaw county, near the sources of the Big Black, the Pearl, and the Pascagoula rivers. One branch continuing southward separates the waters of the Pearl and the Pascagoula rivers ; it gradually subsides as it approaches the Gulf Coast, and terminates in high banks near Bay St. Louis. The other branch extends in a southwesterly direction and separates the streams that flow into the Mississippi from those that flow into the Pearl River, Lake Maurepas (mor'e pa) and Lake Pontchartrain (pont char trän'). On the eastern bank of the Mississippi it ends abruptly in high hills, formerly called Loftus Heights.
There are four regions of Mississippi that are more or less level. These are the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, the Gulf Coast, and the prairie regions of the central and of the northern parts of the State. The delta includes that part of the State lying between the Mississippi and the bluffs on the eastern side of the Yazoo. The soil of this region is wholly alluvial, having been formed by deposits of the Mississippi during its numerous overflows. The Gulf Coast embraces the vast area of pine forests in the southern part of the State. One of the prairie regions extends across the central part of the State, almost east and west ; the other em- braces the northeastern part of Mississippi and extends to · about the middle of the eastern boundary.
Summary
1. Tho two general features of the southern coast of Missis sippi are: (a) A series of low, sand islands along the shore, and
12
HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI
(b) to the north a level mainland indented by numerous bays And rivers.
2. Along the eastern bank of the Mississippi were found a dense growth of vegetation and a succession of elevations at irregular intervals.
3. Mississippi is situated between two historic streams, the Mississippi and the Tombigbee. The first of these drains about one-third of the State and has for its tributaries the Yazoo and the Big Black. The Pearl and the Pascagoula are the largest streams that flow directly into the Gulf from the State.
4. The highest elevation in the State does not exceed 1.000 feet. The surface is generally undulating with a gradual slope from north to south. The principal watershed of the northern part of the State divides in Choctaw county into two branches, which extend throughout the length of the State on each side of Pearl River.
5. The Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, the Gulf Coast, and the two prairie regions are more or less level.
CHAPTER II
THE NATIVES
5. Tribal Divisions .- When Mississippi was entered by European explorers, the Indians found here were grouped into several tribal divisions, which differed greatly in numbers and in power. Although some of these tribes were related, each of them had manners, customs, and traditions peculiar to itself .*
6. The Natchez .- The Natchez Indianst lived along the east bank of the Mississippi south of the Big Black River. At one time they had sixty villages and eight hundred princes.
*For a general account of the manners, customs, and occu- pations of the Indians of Mississippi, see Pickett's History of Alabama, Vol. I., Chapter II .; Claiborne's Mississippi. Chapter XXXIII.
/See Gayarre's History of Louisiana. Vol. I., pp. 286-350; Pickett's History of Alabama. Vol. I., pp. 129-133; Claiborne's Mis- sissippi, pp. 23-26.
I3
THE NATIVES
There is probably no truth in the story, which was once widely accepted, that this tribe fled to Mississippi from Mexico at the time of the Spanish invasion under Cortez. Although not the largest nation, they were the most civilized Indians that were found in the State. The princi- pal object of their worship was the sun. Their chief was, therefore, called the "Great Sun," and the members of the nobility were called "Little Suns." The higher ranks disregarded the rights of the common people, who were called the "stink- ing." Upon the death
of the "Great Sun," his
servants willingly sub- mitted to death in order that they might serve him in the other world, be- lieving that by this means they would enjoy the greatest happiness. The
chief was succeeded not by his own son. but by the son of his sister, who was the first princess of the blood. The sun being
Indian Wigwam.
the principal object of their worship, the great chief assumed the relationship of "brother of the sun," and to enable them better to converse together his palace was built on the top of a mound. The palace door faced the east, and every morning the great chief honored by his presence the rising of his elder brother by saluting him with many howlings, as soon as he appeared above the horizon, and by making him an offering of the first three puffs of smoke drawn from his calumet, or pipe.
14
HISTORY OF MISSISSIPPI
Then, by turning from the east to the west, the chief would show his elder brother the direction he must take in his course.
Their temples were built like an inverted earthen oven, and were about one hundred feet in circumference. In
TENNESSEE
LOCATION OF INDIAN TRIBES OP
MISSISSIPPI.
TUNICAS
CHICKASAWS
Y.
Ţ
LOUISIANA
RIVER
YAZOO STUDIOUS
SAMBOUKIAS
CHOCCHUMAS
SUNELOW !!
MOUROUAS
TUNICAS
Niver
YAZOOS
Black
A
these a perpetual fire was kept smoldering. Cane baskets placed on shelves in the prin- cipal temple con- tained the bones of ancient chiefs, near which were also deposited the re- mains of their faithful servants.
Other baskets, gorgeously paint- BATTU 9 ed, held their idols. These idols were NATCHEZ A stuffed owls, pieces of crystal, jaw- L TUNICAS bones of large fish, BILOXISS the heads and the AMIT 1 S A PASCAGOULAS CHATOS tails of extraordi- 2 L. MIUMEM! nary serpents, and OF MEXICO figures of men and women made of stone or baked clay. They offered human sacrifices in order to please their gods. According to their way of thinking, the ideal man was an able hunter, a good war- rior, and an excellent workman. The common people and all women, except the sisters of the great chief, were
RIVE EPITOUPAS
₹
TOMP'
CHOCTAWS
15
THE NATIVES
forbidden to enter the temple. The sad fate of this people will be learned in another chapter. (§44.)
7. The Choctaws .- There is a large mound called Nanih Waiya* (nä ni wi'ya), situated in the southern part of Winston county, near the Neshoba county line. It was undoubtedly the center of Choctaw life long before the discovery of America, and is still looked upon as the birth- place of their race. They call it " the Great Mother." Mr. H. S. Halbert tells us that, according to one of their tradi- tions, "in the very center of the mound, ages ago, the Great Spirit created the first Choctaws, and through a hole or cave they crawled forth into the light of day."
According to another tradition, soon after the creation of the Choctaws the Great Spirit divided them into " iksas " or clans. "Stationing one iksa on the north and the other on the west side of the sacred mound, the Great Spirit then gave them the law of marriage, which they were forever to keep inviolate. This law was that children were to belong to the iksa of their mother, and that one must always marry into the opposite iksa. The members of each iksa lived anywhere in the nation, but as every one knew to which iksa he belonged. no mistake could possibly occur." This iksa division still exists among the Choctaws of the State, but, as a result of contact with the white race, it is gradually disappearing.
According to their tradition, after they had lived for some time on the products of the soil, a crow brought a single grain of corn from across the great water and gave it to an orphan child, who was playing in the yard near Nanih Waiya. The child named and planted the grain.
*See Halbert's Nanih Waiya, the Sacred Mound of the Choctaws. in the Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Vol. II., pp. 223-234: Pickett's History of Alabama, Vol. I., pp. 134-153; Claiborne's Mississippi, Chapter XXXIII.
and Bluff on the River.
High LANDS
Great Beaverden
7
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-
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Bast Congesto
100
EastKen Party
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NESHOBA CO.
Tombeblu
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Chickensi
Come
O
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Sook hanolcha.
Pabar Chilo
1
SucktaLoos
8 00m
Hershey Saltern
to Creek Nation
...
Duyu
Soka Udah
Costepwanby
old Spamard
or Browns creek
Sucklafaloje,.
JASPER CO.
Begur Osram Lange
CLARKS CO
RIVER.
ROMAN'S MAP OF CHOCTAWS OF EAST MISSISSIPPI. NAMES OF CHOCTAW VILLAGES.
every
32º
1 Panthe.
81 Kaffetaları.
83. Schekabaw.
& Couna
83 Uka Coopoly.
4 Chomoatokall
14 Alloon Loansbaw.
6 Oska Looma.
35 Lus'bapa.
6 Haanka "llah.
86 Concheutpl
7 East Yasoo Skatast.
87 Oka Chippo.
· EWta Poocolo Stamat
88 Cuntacbaa.
. Trongolande Skateal
89 Conste Consape.
45'
11 Ayanabi
41 Blobapa
13 Oca Altaktus
43 Chau&l.
19 Exrooms
43 Oka Lopaess
14 Raat Congusto.
44 Oooy.
15 Lukfe.
45 (No came).
16 Bogus Toacolo Chista.
40 C'ostiw.
17 Yana Sboossmı
47 Tallas,
16 East &belka.
Taip Hoks
19 Eolta Poncolo Chitto.
30 Chooca Hools
60 Binb koop.
11 Ohs Houle
81 benekabaw.
62 Orsakataoste.
11 Cutbl (?) Cokebaas
83 Cblokelik Batch&
H Owuk ta!sys
15 Toalcabas.
65 8kanbaw.
30 West Abike
60 Buoctoloode.
67 Cblossswbay.
₦ Cadre Hools
M Ewawy.
89 Hyokkenf.
TO West Congesto or Congeto 60 Bkunnepew.
District of Chicas
shoppunch
Hanna Chacun 500
Bog
Yagna Pilata
Ostoles
Dalat Chilo
LAUDERDALE CO.
First Coasada Camp.
noshanet
Punchaline
Ochoy
Creek Nation
-
Great Corn Field.
Sepa Thiba
wwhay
1
& Boque chillo
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NEWTON CO.
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sy.
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POSLA DOCOOL00 RI
Sent!
Santa Bogal
10 Cutha dicecba (1)
40 West Imangulasha
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30'
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KEMPER CO.
Oka Onesulle or Strong breking water way )
Swamps of
Beaverdam.
Eash Yazoo Skatoni.
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This map is here published for the ilrst time from a manuscript drawn in 1772 and owned by Dr. Albert S. Gatschet, of Washington, D. C. The county lines were Inserted by Dr. Gatschet. (16)
17
THE NATIVES
· and when it came up he "hoed it, hilled it up, and laid it by." The plant grew up and bore two ears of corn, and in this way the cultivation of corn was begun.
The Choctaws were by far the largest nation that lived in Mississippi, and owned at one time probably half of it. They were slender in form and astonishingly active and swift of foot, but very few of them could swim. They were often called "flat-heads " from their custom of com- pressing the heads of their male children in infancy. Upon the whole, they were peaceable and friendly to the white settlers. We are told that no Indians excelled them in hospitality, which they exhibited particularly in their hunting camps, where all travelers and visitors were received and entertained with a hearty welcome.
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