Mississippi : comprising sketches of towns, events, institutions, and persons, arranged in cyclopedic form Vol. II, Part 110

Author: Rowland, Dunbar, 1864-1937, ed
Publication date: 1907
Publisher: Atlanta, Southern Historical Publishing Association
Number of Pages: 1032

USA > Mississippi > Mississippi : comprising sketches of towns, events, institutions, and persons, arranged in cyclopedic form Vol. II > Part 110

Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).

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draw Lee from the vicinity of Meridian, where the railroads were destroyed by Sherman for sixty miles to the north and east. Of the city itself Sherman reported: "For five days 10,000 men worked hard and with a will in that work of destruction with axes, crowbars, sledges, clawbars, and with fire, and I have no hesitation in pronouncing the work well done. Meridian, with its depots, storehouses, arsenals, hospitals, offices, hotels, and cantonments, no longer exists." Smith's cavalry having failed to arrive, Sher- man started back toward Vicksburg on the 20th, and was across the Big Black on the 4th of March. At Sharon, Starke's brigade attacked his foraging parties and occasioned him considerable loss.

The Federal garrison at Yazoo City, partly negro troops, was attacked by the brigades of Ross and Richardson March 5, and a desperate fight was carried on in the streets for four hours. The Federals held their main fortification, but evacuated the town soon afterward.

In the latter part of March Forrest made a famous campaign in west Tennessee, and captured and held for two days the town of Paducah, Ky. This was followed, April 12, by his famous cap- ture of Fort Pillow, Tenn., in which he was assisted by a part of Chalmers' command. Among the Confederate wounded was Col. Wiley M. Reed, of the 5th Mississippi. Lieuts. Barton and Hubbard were killed at his side in the rifle pits. Chalmers, on his return to Oxford, issued a congratulatory address to his division : "In a brief space of time we have killed 4,000 of the enemy, cap- tured over 1,200 prisoners, 800 horses,

destroyed millions of dollars worth of property " As Forrest returned to Mis- sissippi, an expedition of 3,000 cavalry and 3,500 infantry, under Gen. S. D. Sturgis, moved out from Memphis to intercept him, but he evaded Sturgis, and the latter followed no further than Ripley. During Forrest's absence there was another expedition to Yazoo City, which was defeated by Wirt Adams. Col. Griffith captured and burned the gunboat Petrel.

Early in May, 1864, Polk united his infantry, including the sur- vivors of the Vicksburg campaign, with the forces under Johnston in the Atlanta campaign (see Army of Tennessee), and Stephen D. Lee was given command of the department of Alabama, Mis- sissippi and East Louisiana, and commissioned lieutenant-general. Forrest continued in command of North Mississippi, with the duty' of defending that country and the adjacent part of Tennessee, as a source of recruits and supplies for the Confederate armies in Geor- gia and Virginia, where Johnston and Robert E. Lee were about to make the last great campaigns of the war, with Grant and Sher- man, who had gained fame in Mississippi, as their antagonists. Grant was then in immediate command of all the Union armies, but Lee had not yet received a like honor from the Confederate government.

In Forrest's little army of mounted men, Gen. James R. Chal- mers commanded a division made up of Neely's Tennessee bri-

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gade; Mccullough's brigade, including the 1st partisan rangers, Col. S. M. Hyams (later 7th regiment, Col. Falkner) ; 5th regi- ment. Lieut .- Col. N. Wickliffe; Hudson's battery, Lieut. E. S. Wal- ton, and commands from other States; and Rucker's brigade, in which were the Mississippi regiments of Duff and A. H. Chalmers. Gen. Abraham Buford's division included a Kentucky brigade and Bell's Tennessee brigade.

Brig .- Gen. Wirt Adams was in command of the Southern dis- trict, and of a division of three brigades. Col. Scott, of Louisiana, commanded one brigade, made up of his Louisiana regiment, and the commands of Wingfield, Powers, Gober, Ogden and Lay. Adams' regiment and Moorman's battalion were brigaded under Col. Robert C. Wood. Gen. S. J. Gholson commanded a brigade of State troops that had been turned over to the Confederate serv- ice, the regiments of Cols. T. C. Ashcraft, T. W. Ham, W. L. Lowry and John McGuirk. Mabry's brigade included Dumon- teil's, Col. C. C. Wilbourn's and Col. Isham Harrison's cavalry, and Col. Brent's 38th infantry, mounted. These commands were gen- erally very small. Forrest's corps, in June, swelled by a brigade of Roddey's Alabama cavalry, numbered for duty about 8,000, and Wirt Adams had less than 5,000. There were 16 pieces of artil- lery with Forrest and 41 with Adams.

In June a Federal expedition of near 10,000 men, under Gen. S. D. Sturgis, invaded the State for the purpose of scattering Forrest's command and destroying the Mobile & Ohio railroad, which had been rebuilt to Corinth. Forrest defeated this force in the famous battle of Brice's Crossroads or Tishomingo Creek (q. v.). From Grant before Petersburg came orders to Sherman that A. J. Smith, just returned from the unsuccessful campaign on Red river, must find Forrest, whip him and follow him as long as his command held together. While Smith was preparing to attempt this, Gen. H. W. Slocum marched 3,000 men from Vicksburg to Jackson, making the fourth occupation of the capital by the Federals. This was for the purpose of destroying the railroad bridge, which had been rebuilt. Wirt Adams resisted the advance of Slocum and made a brilliant attack, as he withdrew from Jackson, on the morn- ing of July 7. He caused a Federal loss of 220. Gen. Gholson was wounded.

A. J. Smith's expedition entered the State from Tennessee in July, and was met by Lee and Forrest combined at Harrisburg (q. v.) in a fierce battle, July 14, 1864, in which the Confederate strength was badly shattered.

July 26, Mississippi was made part of the department of Gen. Dabney H. Maury, commanding at Mobile, that the strength of the State might be drawn on to defend that port, attacked by Far- ragut. Gen. S. D. Lee was called to Atlanta, to take command of one of Hood's army corps.

In August Gen. A. J. Smith entered the State again, Gen. Chalmers making a stubborn resistance, and attacking with great intrepidity at the Tallahatchie river, Oxford, Lamar, Hurricane

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creek and Abbeville. At Oxford, a Confederate military post, July 24, Smith burned the public buildings and business portion of the town and a few residences. While Smith was advancing, Forrest, with some of the fragments of his army, including A. H. Chalmers' battalion, made the famous dash into Memphis early in the morn- ing of August 21, creating a great panic and very nearly capturing the Federal generals there. This was the only way in which he could compel Smith to retreat. The sacrifices at Harrisburg had practically destroyed his little army, and he was himself wounded.

August 24 Gen. Maury telegraphed Forrest, "You have again saved Mississippi. Come and help Mobile. Fort Morgan was oc- cupied by enemy yesterday." Early in September part of McCul- loch's brigade was sent to Mobile, where Capt. George F. Abbay's battery had been on duty. Lieut .- Gen. Richard Taylor took com- mand of the department, including Mississippi, with headquarters at Meridian, September 6, 1864. Forrest then began his brilliant raid in middle Tennessee and north Alabama in support of Hood's northward movement after the fall of Atlanta. He took with him the Pettus Flying artillery, under Lieut. E. S. Walton, which ren- dered valuable service. Gen. Chalmers, meanwhile, was on guard in north Mississippi. At the same time there were Federal raids in southwest Mississippi, and Col. Scott's command skirmished near Woodville and the Homochitto.

While Sherman was preparing to march from Atlanta to Savan- nah, Tennessee was a comparatively easy field for the raiders, who could embarrass but not seriously impede the great events that were bringing the war to a close. Forrest entered west Tennessee again from Corinth, October 20, and was joined by Chalmers at Jackson. Chalmers and Buford captured and burned a number of Federal steamers passing the scene of the Fort Donelson cam- paign of 1862. The Pettus artillery was with Forrest in his fam- ous attack on Johnsonville, where he burned a vast amount of military property, and obtained abundant supplies of clothing. This was the last of Forrest's operations on the border. He was called to command the cavalry of Hood's army in the campaign against Nashville, and took with him Chalmers and the main part of his cavalrymen. W. T. Martin, now a major-general, was left in command of the northwest part of the State. He took a posi- tion toward Memphis, with Col. Denis' reserves and some State troops.

Gen. Beauregard was given chief command in the west with Gen. Taylor in department command as before, and Gen. Franklin Gardner commanding the district of Mississippi and East Louis- iana. Gen. G. B. Hodge was in command of the subdistrict of south Mississippi, and on November 16 his headquarters at Lib- erty was surprised by a Federal column from Baton Rouge, and most of the staff and escort captured. Brookhaven and Summit were likewise surprised and garrisons captured, with much de- struction of property. Col. Scott fought with this expedition at Liberty, October 18. Gen. E. R. S. Canby, commanding the small

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Federal garrison at Vicksburg, sent out an expedition in Novem- ber to destroy the Big Black railroad bridge. A few citizens de- fended the bridge on the approach of the raiders, and being reinforced by a detachment under Capt. W. S. Yerger, the bridge was saved from serious damage. Col. John Griffith, in command of this district, made a successful attack upon the expedition at Concord Church.

The defense of Mobile was now the controlling factor in the war, as affecting Mississippi. Forrest and Chalmers were with Hood before Nashville, but this was only a last desperate attempt to divert the onward sweep of Union success, which had already swept past the interior to the coast. Mississippi was almost de- fenseless. Martin had a few hundred men near Memphis; Scott and Wilbourn had about 800 in the coast region; Mabry had a small command at Corinth and Macon; Gholson was collecting stragglers at Cotton Gin Port. A Federal cavalry column advanc- ing from Baton Rouge, crossed the Chickasawhay to cut the railroad, but was defeated by the 2d Missouri and Willis' battalion Decem- ber 10. This raid brought south King's battery and 500 men under Col. W. W. Weir (37th regiment) from Corinth. December 19 a Federal cavalry expedition, 3,500 strong, led by the famous Grier- son, set out from Memphis. Under the impression that it was headed for Corinth, a train loaded with 700 infantry and King's battery was started for that place from Mobile. At West Point they learned that Grierson was near Okolona, confronted by Ghol- son with 200 cavalry without ammunition. A detachment was sent to aid Gholson and this advance guard fell back on the main Confederate force at Egypt, reinforced by Col. Weir from Meri- dian. A severe engagement was fought December 28, at Egypt, with heavy loss to the Confederates, Gen. Gholson being reported mortally wounded, and several hundred men captured. January 2, at Franklin, a detachment was attacked by Gen. Wirt Adams, with the commands of Wood and Griffith. Grierson's column reached Vicksburg soon afterward, having wrecked a large part of two railroads, destroyed a great amount of property, and recap- tured most of the wagons taken by Forrest on the Tishomingo, and destroyed the artillery ammunition with which they were loaded.

Forrest returned to Mississippi after the Nashville disaster, and promoted to lieutenant-general, on January 24, 1865, assumed com- mand of the district of Mississippi, east Louisiana and west Ten- nessee. He was in effect the supreme power in the State. He issued orders giving the army police duties as well as military, and directing the suppression or extermination of the prowling bands of irregular home guards. Reorganization of the cavalry was begun by Chalmers at West Point, and by Lowry of Gholson's brigade and by Henderson of McCulloch's, at Palo Alto. Gover- nor Clark proposed to organize more militia, but he had only 2,000 stand of arms and 15 rounds of ammunition, and no more was to be had. Early in February Gen. Marcus J. Wright was

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assigned by Forrest to immediate command in North Mississippi and Gen. Wirt Adams to south Mississippi and east Louisiana. Gen. Chalmers was given command of all the Mississippi cavalry, which was organized in the following commands, each being but a fragment: Gen. F. C. Armstrong's brigade: 1st regiment, Col. R. A. Pinson ; 2d, Col. E. Dillon; 7th and Ballentine's, Col. Bal- lentine; Ashcraft's regiment; 8th, Col. T. W. White; parts of the 5th and 12th regiments. Gen. Wirt Adams' brigade : regiments of Colonels Wood, Brent, McGuirk, Dumonteil, Powers, H. H. Miller (9th), and 23d battalion. Gen. P. B. Starke's brigade : Wilbourn's 4th regiment; 6th, 9th, 10th and 8th Confederate, Col. W. B. Wade; 28th, Major McBee; part of George's regiment and 18th battalion, Col. A. H. Chalmers.

The two Mississippi brigades of Hood's army, under Sharp and Brantley, were at Meridian, but were sent east. All the Missis- sippi valley, east of the river, was stripped of Confederate infantry to make an army with which Johnston might prevent Sherman from marching north through the Carolinas to unite with Grant. Beauregard informed Gen. Taylor, March 9, that he could expect no help at Mobile, nor could any money be sent to pay the men. As desertion was becoming epidemic he advised Taylor to remove everything valuable to Macon, Ga.

Early in March a Federal cavalry brigade marched through northern Mississippi without opposition. Later in the same month Gen. George H. Thomas, whose headquarters were at Eastport, sent Gen. James H. Wilson with 10,000 cavalry on a raid through Alabama and Georgia. Forrest led his whole command to meet him, and on April 2, the day Lee evacuated Richmond, fought the battle of Selma, in which 2,700 of his men were made prisoners. With the remnant he returned to Meridian.

In the lines of Mobile the remnant of Sears' brigade of the army of Tennessee, under Col. Thomas N. Adair, was on duty in March and April, and upon the evacuation, also fell back to Meridian, Taylor's headquarters. After the news arrived of the surrender of Lee and Johnston, Gen. Taylor and Gen. Canby met at Citronelle, and arranged the last important capitulation, May 4, 1865. The men at Meridian were paroled, and boys in gray and blue met in friendship. Taylor's advice was asked and followed by Canby, regarding the disposition of troops to restore order and promote the revival of industry. "What years of discord, bitterness, injus- tice and loss would not our country have been spared," wrote Gen. Taylor, "had the wounds of war healed by the first intention under the gentle ministration of the hands that fought the battles."

The official records show the following list of hostilities in Mis- sissippi in 1865: Jan. 2-engagement at Franklin, skirmish at Lexington; Jan. 3-skirmish near Mechanicsburg; Jan. 4-skirm- ish at The Ponds; Jan. 19-skirmish at Corinth ; May 3-6-opera- tions about Fort Adams ; expedition Rodney to Port Gibson. The latter was a movement by Col. G. W. Jackson with 335 men of the 9th Indiana, which, according, to the report, charged into Port

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Gibson, killing one man and taking two prisoners, on the 3d. Raiding parties were sent out, that skirmished with "Owen's scouts." On the morning of the 5th, Capt. Walker, of Gen. Tucker's staff, and Capt. William Thompson, commanding the picket line, at Fayette, came in with a flag of truce, and informed Jackson of the armistice made by Generals Taylor and Canby. Their authority for this was a dispatch from Gen. Martin at Brook- haven, who learned the news from Taylor's dispatch to Hum- phreys, May 2. This fighting about Port Gibson was on the same day as the capitulation at Citronelle, May 4.

A complete list of the engagements within the State during the war, and an index to the Official Records relating to the same, was contributed by Gen. S. D. Lee to Volume VIII of the Historical Society publications. The list shows over five hundred dates on which Federal and Confederate forces were in collision, of suffi- cient importance to be given a place in the official reports. These actions were within a space of three years, from the spring of 1862 to the spring of 1865.

War, Seminole. In December, 1835, occurred the Dade massacre in Florida, the first startling event in Indian affairs in the South since the massacre at Fort Mims. Gen. E. P. Gaines, in command at New Orleans, called for volunteers from the militia of the ad- joining States, including Mississippi, and organized a regiment in Louisiana, with which, and a battalion of regulars, he sailed to Tampa in February, 1836, advanced to the Withlacoochee river, and was there besieged for a fortnight by the Seminoles, until relieved by Gen. Clinch. Undoubtedly some Mississippians were with this command, though the newspapers of the period are singularly silent. Alexander Bradford was known afterward as "the hero of Withlacoochee." Several companies were organized which did not go, as Gaines' movement was unauthorized, and resulted in a famous battle of words between him and Gen. Winfield Scott, and a court martial. One company of sixty was organized in Yalobusha county and marched to Vicksburg, where they were disbanded by order of the president. The State expended $6,135 in calling out volunteers in compliance with the requisition of General Gaines, and congress declined to respond to the appeal of the State for refunding as late as 1848. There was in the affair something of politics, associated with the movement to organize two States in Florida, which created greater enthusiasm to hunt the Seminoles through the swamps than existed further North; but Mississippi does not appear to have been excited on the subject, the Alamo being the principal focus of attention at that time.

War with Creeks, 1813-14. The sanguinary struggle known as the Creek War of 1813 and 1814, took place in what is now southern Alabama, but was then the eastern part of Mississippi Territory. It formed, as it were, a stirring side issue to the greater conflict then raging-the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States. Begun by the war party of the Creeks in the effort to crush the large and growing settlements of white pioneers,

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along the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers, it developed into a war, almost of extermination, against the Creeks themselves.

The Creeks ranked first in military prowess and political sagacity among the tribes of Southern Indians forming the great Choctaw- Muscogee family. Their famous political Confederacy had its origin in remote times, embracing numerous subjugated tribes, as well as fugitive tribes that had applied to the Creek nation for protection. At the time of the war the region embraced by the Creek Con- federacy extended from the Oconee river in Georgia to the Alabama river. Indeed, the western members of the Confederacy, the Ali -. bamos, claimed to the banks of the Tombigbee. The country of the Upper Creeks lay along the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, and that of the Lower Creeks along the Chattahoochee. Most of the Upper Creek towns (with which are included the Alibamos), were hostile to the Americans, while the Lower Creeks, strongly influ- enced by the government agent, Col. Hawkins, were for the most part friendly. Before it ended, the war was waged by the Creeks to maintain their homes, their hunting grounds, their burial places and the land of their ancestors, and the Indians fought with a desperation that "has hardly a precedent in Indian contests." For nearly ten months this powerful Confederacy was able to offer a successful resistance to trained American soldiers, and even jeopardized the very existence of the pioneer white settlements along the Mobile, Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. The Creeks ap- pear to have had at this time about fifty towns and some 10,000 members, including the women and children. The white settle- ments embraced about 2,000 whites, and a nearly equal number of blacks, and were thinly scattered along the western banks of the Mobile and Tombigbee for more than seventy miles, while they ex- tended nearly seventy-five miles upon the eastern borders of the Mobile and Alabama. It is difficult to conceive the almost complete isolation of these white settlements; on their south were the Span- iards ; on the east, separating them from Georgia, were the Creeks ; on the west was the broad country of the Choctaws, between them and older white settlements at the Natchez and the Yazoo; and on the north were the Creeks and Chickasaws, dividing them from the settlements in the bend of the Tennessee river. Many causes had combined to draw the whites to this region at an early period, and the French, British and Spanish had all made treaties with the Indians which opened up the country. The policy of the United States when it came into control of the Mississippi Territory was sufficiently aggressive. March 28, 1797, Washington made a treaty with the Creeks by which that nation ceded lands for government trading posts, and Col. Benjamin Hawkins was shortly after ap- pointed government agent among the Creeks. May 5, 1799, Ameri- can troops from Natchez, under Lieut. John McClary, marched across Mississippi and occupied St. Stephens. A few weeks later these troops moved south and built Fort Stoddert at Wards Bluff, a few miles above the boundary line between the Spanish province of West Florida and the American territory of Mississippi; it was

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three miles below the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee, and about 50 miles above Mobile. In 180? a treaty was made with the Choctaws and a tract of land was ceded to the United States, which is said to have called forth this protest from "Mad Wolf," a Creek chief : "The people of Tombigbee have put over their cattle in the Fork on the Alibamo hunting grounds, and have gone a great way on our lands. I want them put back. We all know they are Americans." In 1805 some thirty Creek chiefs and warriors, then in Washington, through pressure brought to bear upon them there, had taken on themselves the right to cede the use of a horse path through the Creek country ; and the same year the Choctaws, by the treaty of Mt. Dexter, ceded 5,000,000 acres of their land to the United States, which embraced the Creek claim west of the water- shed. In 1811, the grant of a "horse path" became the much used Federal Road, which was cut from a point on the Chattahoochee river to Mims' Ferry on the Alabama, and the Creeks were much stirred up by the constant stream of white emigrants moving to the western settlements from the Atlantic seaboard. The white settle- ments tended to encroach more and more on the Alibamo hunting grounds. In the fall of 1811, or the spring of 1812, came from the North the persuasive and eloquent chief, Tecumseh, to the Creeks assembled at Tookabatcha. Tecumseh was making the grand circuit of the Indian tribes, and he made every effort to induce the Southern Indians to join his great confederacy, urging that "the Creeks could thus recover all the country that the whites had taken from them ; and that the British would protect them in their rights." His efforts, followed by those of his prophet emissaries, aroused a war spirit among the Creeks before which the friendly Indians fled for safety. The great trade center of the Spaniards was at Pensa- cola ; they looked with growing disfavor on these river settlements. The Indians were constantly coming and going among them, and the Spaniards took great pains to stir them to further discontent. After the War of 1812, the British exerted all their influence to provoke the Indians to hostilities. The great exciting cause of the Creek war is thus seen to be "the large and growing settlements of white pioneers along the Tombigbee and the Alabama rivers. En- croachments upon the Indian hunting grounds and rights were of necessity made. The great wagon road was an encroachment ; the presence of so many white families with their cattle and hogs and horses was an encroachment. It needed not Tecumseh's stirring words to assure them that they must before long give up their Indian life, cultivate the ground, and accept the white man's civili- zation ; or they must migrate ; or they must break up this settlement of sturdy frontier families on their western borders. Their pro- posed attempt thus to do, encouraged by the Spaniards, by Te- cumseh and the British, brought on the disastrous Creek War." (The Creek War, Halbert and Ball.)

It is in evidence that the Creeks, in July, 1813, endeavored to persuade the Choctaws at Pushmataha (in present Choctaw county, Ala.) to join them in a war against the whites, but were unsuccess-

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ful, as Tecumseh had been before them. The whites were aware of the growing war spirit, and were further alarmed by occasional outrages perpetrated by the Indians against white settlers, such as the abduction of Mrs. Crawley from her home near the mouth of the Tennessee river, and afterwards bravely rescued by "the daring backwoodsman," .Tandy Walker, and brought to St. Stephens. Alarmed by the rising war-cloud, the settlers on the Mobile and Tensaw and the Alabama and Tombigbee, hastily improvised a line of stockades or forts, which stretched across the neck of Clarke county from river to river. Altogether there were in the summer of- 1813 some twenty of these so-called forts, including those erected at an earlier day such as Fort St. Stephens, Fort Stoddert, Fort Madi- son, and the two forts and U. S. arsenal at Mount Vernon. Farther west, in what is now Wayne county, Miss., were also Patton's Fort at Winchester and Roger's Fort, six miles above. Gen. Wilkinson and a force of United States troops had captured Mobile in April, 1813, and here was the fine old Fort Charlotte, built by the French, and now manned by an American garrison; also the new Fort Bowyer, built by the Americans at the mouth of Mobile Bay. As the alarm spread, plantations were deserted, and refugees filled the forts. Il1-fated Fort Mims was situated on the east side of the Alabama, a short distance below the "cut off," and about a quarter of a mile from the Tensaw Boat Yard. According to the historian Pickett, there were in this fort or stockade in August, 1813, 553 human beings, made up of white settlers, a few Spaniards, colored people, and half-breeds; of these 265 were soldiers, including 70 home militia commanded by Capt. Dixon Bailey, a detachment from Mount Vernon under Lieut. Osborn, and 175 Mississippi vol- unteers under Major Daniel Beasley. Major Beasley was in general command of the fort. General F. L. Claiborne, with a force of regulars, was in command at Fort Stoddert and Mount Vernon; Col. Joseph Carson was the military commander between the Tom- bigbee and Alabama; Col. James Caller, of Washington county, was the senior militia officer on the frontier; Gen. Wilkinson had been ordered to the Canadian border, and Gen. Flournoy succeeded him in general command of the Southwest at Mobile and New Orleans.

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Mississippi : comprising sketches of towns, events, institutions, and persons, arranged in cyclopedic form Vol. II, Part 110

Author: Rowland, Dunbar, 1864-1937, ed Publication date: 1907 Publisher: Atlanta, Southern Historical Publishing Association Number of Pages: 1032

Author: Rowland, Dunbar, 1864-1937, ed
Publication date: 1907
Publisher: Atlanta, Southern Historical Publishing Association
Number of Pages: 1032