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Gc 975.6 As3h v.l,pt.l 1695455
M. C.
1
REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02397 6688
History
-
of north Carolina
BY SAMUEL A'COURT ASHE
In ttoo Volumes
V. I, pt.1 VOLUME I FROM 1584 TO 1783
GREENSBORO, N. C .: CHARLES L. VAN NOPPEN, Publisher 1908
F845,05
1695455
COPYRIGHT, 100 BY CHARLES L. VAN NOPPEN
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
.
iii-iv
DEDICATION
To Thomas Jordan Jarvis:
In taking a retrospect of past events I recall that you and the lamented William Laurence Saunders and myself were fellow soldiers in the long war; that we shared in the anxieties of the Reconstruc- tion period ; that we were together in the important work of 1870-72. when you, as Speaker of the House, held the most commanding position among our friends; that from that time onward we were co-laborers in every effort that promised to promote the welfare of the people; that we suffered together in disappointments and enjoyed together many glorious victories; that during the six years of your useful and brilliant administration we were in constant co-operation, and in complete sympathy in all matters of public concern; and that since then, our cordial friendship has continued without interruption, save that Saunders has rested from his labors. Recalling those long years of association, when we were animated by common hopes and subject to the same anxieties-in remembrance of that eventful period-
I dedicate this volume to you and to the memory of our departed friend, it being an early fruitage of his important state publications, the preparation of which was made possible by your own cordial concurrence; and I inscribe your names on this page in recognition of your great services to the people of North Carolina and in token of my friendship.
S. A. Ashe.
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/historyofnorthca11ashe
V
PREFACE
AT different times in the past the public were led to hope that Judge Murphey, Governor Graham or Governor Swain would prepare a History of North Carolina, but these dis- tinguished investigators into historical subjects had not the leisure, or they were deterred by the labor that such a work would entail. Fortunate would it have been had the litera- ture of the State been enriched by such a contribution from any one of those illustrious citizens.
And yet it is to be observed that it is only in more recent years that the great mass of original documents bearing on our history has been collected and made accessible to students. The publication by the State of twenty-six vol- umes of a thousand pages each of this material has thrown such light on matters formerly obscure that the story of our people can now be much more accurately written than ever before.
It was the fortune of the writer to have been familiar with these documents before they were made public by the State, and to have carefully considered those of any par- ticular import. An investigator into original sources of North Carolina history for many years, he was naturally the co-laborer of Colonel Saunders in his great work, and he was also somewhat concerned in preparing the Prefatory Notes of the State Records. It is then with some confi- dence that he offers the result of his protracted labors to the public.
As this work is based almost exclusively on the State publications, nearly every statement relating to North Caro- lina has for its support a contemporancoas document.
Every one owes something to the community of which he is a member, and the author in performing the self-imposed task of preparing this History of North Carolina feels that he is only paying a small part of the natural obligations resting on him as a citizen of the State. In the execution of his design he has sought to present the past with unswerv- ing fidelity. Animated by an ambition to do his work so
vi
PREFACE
thoroughly that posterity will value it, he has closely investi- gated all subjects. and. as far as practicable, has brought together the circumstances bearing on transactions concern- ing which there have been differences of opinion.
The history of North Carolina abounds with incidents that illustrate the high patriotism of our people, their man- hood, their constancy and their endurance. It has been with pride that the author has sought to perpetuate the record of those events and to enforce on posterity the lessons they inculcate, while preserving the memory of those useful citizens who have contributed to the public welfare.
1
The author makes acknowledgment to Dr. Stephen B. Weeks for valuable suggestions. for his assistance in read- ing proof and for his indefatigable labor in verifying refer- ences. It is largely due to his critical acumen, to his scholarly taste and to his unsparing labor that this volume will be found so free from defects.
Acknowledgment should also be made to Mr. Charles L. Van Noppen. the publisher, for his zealous interest. He has not considered the cost but has been animated by a patriotic purpose to be instrumental in the production of a work which he hopes will gratify the people of the State.
THE AUTHOR.
RALEIGH, N. C., June 1, 1908.
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vij
CONTENTS
THE FIRST EPOCH-1584-91
RALEIGH'S EXPLORATIONS AND COLONIES
CHAPTER I CONTEMPORANEOUS DOCUMENTS
Extracts from contemporaneous writings relative to the discovery of Virginia .-- Explorations .- Localities .- Attempted settlements at Roanoke, and the fate of the Lost Colony .-- The Croatans.
CHAPTER II EXPLORATIONS, 1584
England claims rights in America .-- Sir Humphrey Gilbert .- Walter Raleigh's charter .- The landing of Amadas and Barlow .- The spot uncertain .- The savages kindly .- Explorations .- Fortunate return .- The new land named Virginia .-- Conditions in America. 22
CHAPTER III
LANE'S COLONY, 1585-86
Lane's colony .- Arrival at Wokokon .- Secotan visited .- Aquasco- goc burned by Grenville .- Disembarkation at Hattorisk .- Settle- ment at Roanoke .- Fort Raleigh .- Explorations .- Manteo friendly. -Wanchese hostile -The peril of famine .- Lane penetrates the Chowanoak; seizes Skyco: ascends the Moratoc .- Food exhausted .---- The Indian conspiracy .- The hostiles gather at Dasamonquepeuc .- Lane strikes a blow and secures safety .--- The arrival of Drake .- The departure of the colonists .- Arrival of Grenville's fleet .- Fifteen men left to hold possession. . 29
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER IV WHITE'S COLONY. 1587-91
Raleigh's embarrassments .- Conveys an interest in Virginia to Thomas Smith. John White, and associates .- The citie of Raleigh in Virginia .- White's colony departs .- Howe murdered .- White de- spoils the fields of the hostiles .- Baptism of Manteo .- Birth and christening of Virginia Dare .- White returns to England .- The Armada .- White's first attempt to return to Virginia .- Raleigh makes further conveyance of his interest .- White sails in February, 1591 .- Finds colony removed .- Mace's voyage .- Elizabeth dies -- Raleigh arrested for treason .- The settlement at Jamestown .- Fate of the Lost Colony. 39
SECOND EPOCH-1629-63 PERMANENT SETTLEMENT
CHAPTER V
CHARTERS AND COLONIAL OFFICERS
The charters .- The concessions .-- The Lords Proprietors and their successors .- The Palatines .- The governor, speakers of the Assembly, and chief justices. 50
CHAPTER VI
BEGINNINGS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT IN ALBEMARLE
Conditions in America .- Virginia under the treaty with Parlia- ment .- Roger Green's explorations .- The king of Roanoke Island. -Permanent settlement on the Carolina Sound .- The Restoration. -- The Cape Fear explored .- Berkeley receives instructions as to Carolina .- The name Albemarle .- The Quakers .- The grant of the Lords Proprietors .- William Drummond, governor of Albemarle .- The second grant. . 55
CHAPTER VII SETTLEMENT ON THE CAPE FEAR
The settlement on the Cape Fear .- Hilton's explorations .- The New England Association .- The first settlement .- Sir John Yeamans. governor .- Conditions at Charlestown .- Yeamans sails from Barba- does,-An Assembly at Cape Fear .- An Indian war .- Dissatisfaction. -- The Cape Fear River abandoned .- A new Charlestown on Ashley River .- Slavery in the colonies .- The Indian inhabitants. . 72
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CONTENTS
THIRD EPOCH-1663-1729 PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT
CHAPTER VIII
ADMINISTRATIONS OF DRUMMOND AND STEPHENS, 1664-69
The settlement of Albemarle .- Governor Drummond .- The first Assembly .-- Conditions at Albemarle .- The concessions .- Cessation of tobacco planting .- An Indian war .- Changes in the Proprietors. -Stephens governor .-- The great deed .- Act of Assembly .- The
marriage act. 88
CHAPTER IX
CARTERET'S ADMINISTRATION, 1670-73
The Fundamental Constitutions .- Changes introduced by them .--- The first meeting under the Grand Model .- Carteret governor .- The Grand Model in practice: The precincts .- The nobility .- The Palatine's Court .- The Quakers .- First dissatisfaction .- Carteret sails for England .- John Jenkins deputy-governor .- Visits from
Edmundson and Fox. 98
CHAPTER X
ADMINISTRATIONS OF JENKINS AND MILLER, 1673-78
The navigation acts .-- The Board of Trade .- The people murmur. -Other causes of dissatisfaction .- An Indian war .-- The tobacco duty resisted .- The administration compromises .- Miller arrested .- Eastchurch goes to England .-- Governor Jenkins deposed .- East- church appointed governor .- Bacon's rebellion in Virginia .- A gov- ernment by the people .- Eastchurch deputizes Miller .- Opposition to the navigation acts .- Durant resolves to revolt .- Miller acts resolutely. - Durant returns to Albemarle. - The crisis arrives .- The revolt proceeds. II2
CHAPTER XI
ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARVEY. JENKINS, WILKINSON AND SOTHEL. 1679-89
The revolt successful .- A government by the people .- Victory brings moderation .- Quiet succeeds the storm .- The revolt against arbitrary power and the navigation acts .- The Proprietors dila-
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CONTENTS
tory .- The increase of Albemarle .- The Proprietors acquiesce. -Seth Sothel sent to govern .- John Harvey governor .- Miller flees .- Durant dominant .- Biggs retires to Virginia .- The Quakers appeal to the Proprietors for protection .- Harvey dies; suc- ceeded by Jenkins .- Culpepper tried. but acquitted .- Shaftesbury in exile .- Albemarle to observe the law .- Wilkinson governor .- Sothel arrives .- John Archdale visits Albemarle .- A view of the situation .- Sothel becomes a tyrant .- He is expelled. 126
CHAPTER XII
ADMINISTRATIONS OF LUDWELL, JARVIS, ARCHDALE, HARVEY AND WALKER, 1689-1704
Philip Ludwell, governor of North Carolina .- Gibbs's claim .- Thomas Jarvis appointed deputy .- Ludwell governor of all Caro- lina .-- His instructions .-- Changes in the system .- Conditions in Al- bemarle .- Proprietors prepare rent roll .-- Ludwell gives effect to the Great Deed .- Thomas Harvey deputy-governor .- John Archdale governor of Carolina .- The arrival of the Huguenots .- Erection of Bath County .- The line between Carolina and Virginia in dispute .-- Pirates harbor in all the colonies .- Parliament directs that gov- ernors should be approved by the king .- Henderson Walker gov- ernor .- Changes in Albemarle. 141
CHAPTER XIII
THE EXCLUSION OF THE QUAKERS
Albemarle at the opening of the new century .- Religious affilia- tions .- The Quakers .- Nathaniel Johnson governor of Carolina .- The Church Party in South Carolina .- Major Daniel succeeds Hen- derson Walker .- The Quakers excluded from office .- The Constitu- tion ignored .- A new church law .--- Daniel removed .- Succeeded by Cary .- The colony grows .- Virginia disputes the boundary .- John Porter's voyage to England .- He obtains redress .- New elements in the controversy .- Porter breaks with Glover .- Two govern- ments contending .- Both call the Assembly .- Glover departs to Vir- ginia .- Cary in possession .- The government orderly. . . 154
CHAPTER XIV THE CARY REBELLION
The Palat nes .- Their sufferings at sea .- They march through the forest .- De Graffenried's Swiss .- New Bern founded .- Hyde arrives in Virginia .-- Invited to Carolina .- Glover's influence .- The Quakers excluded .- His authority denied .- The new Assembly.
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CONTENTS
-Hyde succeed -.- The Cary administration declared a usurpation. -Partisan legislation .- Hyde embodies men .- Cary prepared .- Roach aids Cary .-- The people divide .- Governor Spotswood seeks to mediate .- His agent threatens Cary .- Cary prepares to engage, but fails .- Hyde's moderation .- Cary and Porter sent to England. . 169
CHAPTER XV
THE TUSCARORA WAR
The Indians disquieted .- Lawson's activities .- Lawson executed. -The cause of the Indian war .- The massacre .- Preparations for defence .- Active war .- Gale's mission successful .- Barnwell acts vigorously .- War measures .- Barnwell makes a truce .- Barnwell's Indians return to South Carolina .- Hostilities renewed .- The death of Hyde .- Pollock's truce with King Blount .- James Moore arrives. -He takes Fort Nohoroco .- Many Tuscaroras depart for New York. -Major Maurice Moore arrives .- Effects on the settlers .- Harmony in the colony .- Governor Eden .- South Carolina imperilled .- Aid sent .-- The Cores renew hostilities. 179
CHAPTER XVI
EDEN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1714-22
The Assembly of 1715 .- The Church of England established in the colony .- Other laws .- The precincts .- Partisan disagreements .- "Blackbcard" harbors in Pamlico Sound .- Complicity of Knight .- Moseley and Moore search the records .- Knight exonerated. resigns and dies .- Moseley punished .- Revolution in South Carolina .- The dividing line .- Colonel Pollock president .- William Reed succeeds him .- Edenton .- Carteret Precinct .- A blow at nepotism. .. . 196
CHAPTER XVII
ADMINISTRATIONS OF BURRINGTON AND EVERARD, 1724-31
Governor Burrington explores the Cape Fear .- Opposition to him. -Burrington displaced .- Sir Richard Everard .- Antagonism be- tween Assembly and governor .- Altercations of Burrington and the governor .- The ministers .- The settlement of the Cape Fear .- The Assembly sustains Burrington .- He appeals to the Proprietors .- Personal controversies .- The dividing line with Virginia .- Purchase by the Crown .-- Carteret retains his share .-- Everard breaks with Gale .- The lords of trade .- The currency act .- The end of the Proprietary government .- Conditions in North Carolina .- No public schools .- Few ministers .- The Baptists .- Industries .- Population .- Social conditions. . 208
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CONTENTS
FOURTH EPOCH-1729-65 NORTH CAROLINA AS A ROYAL PROVINCE
CHAPTER XVIII
BURRINGTON'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION, 1731-34
The Board of Trade .- The seal .- Everard's enemies .- Burrington appointed governor .- The province during the interim .- Burrington arrives .- Opposition to the royal instructions .-- The first royal Assembly .- Matters of controversy .- Currency act declared void .- The quit rents .- Fees of officers .- The Assembly affronted .- The basis of political action .- Burrington's instructions .- He dispenses with the Assembly .- Appoints new councillors .- Schoolmasters .-- The general court .- The governor erects new precincts .- His action disregarded .- New conflicts .- Burrington's arbitrary conduct. -- He is removed .- The second Assembly .- Chief Justice Little arraigned .- The governor addresses the house .- The third Assembly .- Burrington attempts to vindicate himself .- He rules without council or Assembly .- The difficulties of the situation .- Altered patents .- His opinion of the people .- Controversial docu- ments .- His progressive action .- Dividing line between the Caro- linas .- Landgrave Smith's grant .- Questions settled and unsettled .- The province grows .- Religious conditions .- The last Assembly to meet Burrington .- No act passed during his administration. . 224
CHAPTER XIX
JOHNSTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1734-52
Governor Johnston arrives .- Burrington's enemies in the ascend- ant .- Johnston cordially received .- The Assembly and the governor. -Disagreements .- Wilmington incorporated .- Immigrants .- McCul- loh's grants .- Swiss. Irish and Scotch .- The South Carolina dividing line .- Clashing between the governor and the people .- The new Assembly .- The governor appeals for instructions .- Precincts converted into counties .- The compromise .- Progress in the colony. -The chief justice impeached .- He dies .- Edward Moseley chief justice .- The Spanish War .- Expedition to Cartagena .- The decision of the Board of Trade .- The quit rents .- Body of laws .- Blank patents .- The currency .- Governor's salary unpaid .- Matters in dis- pute settled .- Granville. Johnston, and Duplin counties .- The Scotch migration .--- Anson County .- Granville's territory .- The unarmed re- bellion .- The two repudiated acts .- The Assembly of 1747 .- Northern counties not represented .- They refuse obedience .- Spanish invasion. -Beaufort and Brunswick attacked .- New currency act .- Efforts to displace Johnston .-- Local differences .- First printing press .- Yellow Jacket .-- The Palatines .- Wreck of Spanish fleet .-- The contest be- tween the new and the old counties .- The cessation of courts in Albemarle .- The end of Johnston's administration .- Two treasurers.
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CONTENTS
-Growth at the west .- The Germans and Scotch-Irish .- Orange County .- Explorations by Spangenberg. . 247
CHAPTER XX DOBES'S ADMINISTRATION. 1754-65
Dobbs's visit to Point Lookout .--- President Rowan .- County of Rowan .- Old style abolished .- The French claim .- Christopher Gist. -The French invasion .- Innes's regiment .-- Innes commander-in- chief .- Decision of vexed questions .- Dobbs appointed governor .- Instructions to Governor Dobbs .- The constitution reformed .- Dobbs reaches New Bern .--- The growth of the province .- The Indian inhabitants .- The Croatans .- The old counties elect their five mem- bers .- The new Assembly .- Tower Hill .- The French and Indian War .- The frontier settlements .- Fort Dobbs .- The first news- paper .- North Carolina troops in the war .- Major Hugh Waddell. -Fort Duquesne taken .- McCulloh's grant .- Internal matters .- Dobbs County .-- The governor arbitrary -The king's bounty .- Causes of difference .- The house outwitted .--- The Enfield riots .- The Assembly protests .- The governor not sustained .- The court law annulled .- No courts held .- A new Assembly .- The Assembly reso- lute .- The secret session .- The governor makes terms .- Courts re- established .- The Cherokee war .- The western counties desolated .- Fort Dobbs attacked .- Bethabara threatened .- Walnut Cove sur- rounded .- Conditions more peaceful .- King George III .- Some differences reconciled .- At the end of the war .- The council declares its patriotism .-- Population .- The Indians .- Abortive efforts for free schools .- The courts .- Religious conditions .- Republicanism rife .- British views with reference to America .- The right to tax claimed. -The Assembly of 1764-The Weekly Post Boy at Wilmington .- Tryon appointed to relieve Dobbs. - The public agitated .-- The firm stand of the Assembly .- Claims exclusive privilege of imposing taxes .- The Assembly concurs with Massachusetts. 280
FIFTH EPOCH-1765-75
CONTROVERSIES WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY
CHAPTER XXI
TRYON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1765-71: THE STAMP ACT
Governor Tryon's administration .- Unrest in Mecklenburg .- The cause of complaint in Orange .- The Assembly of May, 1765, -- The vestry act .- The stamp act passed .- Desire for inde- pendence imputed to the colonists .- Popular ferment .- Speaker Ashe declares the people will resist to blood .- The Assembly pro- rogued .- Patrick Henry in Virginia .- Barre's speech in Parliament.
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CONTENTS
-Sons of Liberty .- An American congress called .- Dr. Houston stamp-master .- North Carolina not represented .- Famine and dis- ease in the province .-- The people set up looms .--- Action at Wilming- ton .- Liberty not dead .- Dr. Houston resigns .- Governor Tryon feels the people .- Deprecates independence .- The reply .- Desire for independence disclaimed .- The act not observed .-- Non-importation. -The people united .- Conditions in England .-- British merchants and manufacturers clamor for repeal .- Pitt .- Camden .- Conditions in America .- No business transacted .- The West settled .- In Gran- ville's territory .- Judge Berry commits suicide .- The rising on the Cape Fear .- The people form an association .- They choose directors. -Fort Johnston seized .- Tryon's house invaded .- The act annulled. -Business; resumed .- The Assembly prorogued .-- The stamps stored. -The act repealed .- London rejoices .- America grateful .- Mayor DeRosset's manly sentiments .- Judge Moore suspended. . . 310
CHAPTER XXII
TRYON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1765-71: THE REGULATION
Murmurs from the west .- The governor's proclamation .- The reform movement .- The general polity of the province .-- Tryon's action .- Purpose of the reformers .- Removal of the Tuscaroras .- The Assembly meets .- November. 1766 .- The burden too heavy to bear .- The address to the king .- The southern treasurer .- No provincial agent .- The governor's palace .- The seat of government. -Presbyterian ministers to perform marriage ceremony .- The Cherokee line .- The Watauga settlement .- The need of currency .- New legislation .- The speakers to be gowned .- Tryon joins in ask- ing for currency .- New custom duties proposed .- The Assembly prorogued .- The Regulators associate .- The meetings .- Oath-bound. -Hillsboro raided .- Consternation of the officers .- Rev. George Micklejohn the peacemaker .- The governor advises an appeal to the Assembly .- Fanning seizes Husband .- The people aroused .- A petition to the Assembly .- Presented to the governor .- His reply. -He reaches Hillsboro .- Sends Harris to collect taxes .- Harris's report .- Hillsboro threatened .- Disturbing rumors .- The agreement. -The voice of Anson .- Trouble in Johnston .- The governor's de- mands .- The army of 1768 .- The Presbyterian ministers support the governor .- The march to Hillsboro .- The Regulators embody .- The governor's terms .- The malcontents disperse .- The court held. -Tryon desires to leave .- Regulators' address .- Resolve of Assem- bly .- Remedial legislation proposed .- Hillsboro riots .- Riot act .- Alamance .- The battle .- The trials and executions. 326
CHAPTER XXIII
SOCIAL LIFE AT THE OPENING OF THE REVOLUTION
In the homes of the people .- Social conditions .- The state church .- The Protestant dissenters .- The Baptist churches .- Pioneers of Methodism .- Education and schools .--- Taxation .- The lawyers .- The Quakers and the militia .- Servants and slaves. 377
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXIV MARTIN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1771-75
Martin's administration .- The Regulator chieftains .- Pardon asked .- The Assembly meets .- Act of oblivion recommended .- The line between the Carolinas .- The quarrel with the governor .- The Assembly dissolved .- Sarah Wilson .- Purchase of Granville's terri- tory proposed .- Governor Martin proposes reforms .- He confers with the Regulators .- The province tranquil .- Martin's view of the commotion .- The house objects to the South Carolina line .- Dis- agreement of the houses over James Hunter .- Fanning's losses .- Changes at the west .- The court bill .- The attachment clause .- The house resolute .- It is dissolved .- Courts by prerogative .- Quincy's visit .- Martin to become Granville's agent .- Colonial af- fair :.- Committee of Correspondence .- The act of oblivion again fails .- The house affronts the governor .- The courts cease .- The governor seeks conciliation .- Temporary courts of oyer .- The one shilling tax .- Harvey urges a convention .- Continental affairs .- Tea destroyed at Boston .- Parliament closes the port of Boston .-- The McDonalds come to the Cape Fear. 396
CHAPTER XXV
MARTIN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1771-75-Continued
Organized resistance .- The Committee of Correspondence .- William Hooper .- The Wilmington meeting .- The cause of Boston the cause of all .- Parker Quince .- The first convention .- The counties organize .- Governor Martin's proclamation .- The conven- tion held .-- The resolution .- Non-importations .- Tea not to be used. -The revolutionary government .- Committees of Safety .- In- structions to delegates .- Governor Martin's attitude .- Goes to New York .- The Continental Congress .- The revolution pro- gresses .- Cornelius Harnett .- The Edenton tea party .- Governor Martin returns .- The Transylvania colony .- The second convention called .- Proceedings on the Cape Fear .- John Ashe .- Robert Howe. -- The Regulators disaffected .- The Highlanders .- Enrolled Loyal- ists .- The Assembly and the Convention .- John Harvey presides .- The American Association signed .- The governor's address .- The house replies resolutely .- The Assembly dissolved .- The last appear- ance of Harvey .- North Carolina at court .- Thomas Barker .- Governor Tryon .- North Carolina favored .- The battle of Lexing- ton .- Martial spirit aroused .- The governor questioned by Nash. -He is alarmed .- The negro insurrection .- He seeks refuge at Fort Johnston. 417
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