USA > North Carolina > History of North Carolina V. I, Pt. 1 > Part 2
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CHAPTER XXVI
THE MECKLENBURG RESOLVES, MAY 31, 1775
The Mecklenburg declaration .- Historical statement .- Documents and observations .- Conditions in May .- Mecklenburg aroused .- The
xvi
CONTENTS
great meeting at Charlotte .- Colonel Polk proclaims the resolves .- Independence declared .- The old government annulled .- The leaders in Mecklenburg .- The effect elsewhere .- At Salisbury .- At New Bern .- Bethania .- Reconciliation still desired -Apprehensions .- Thomas Jefferson .- The Regulators .- The patriots in the interior .- The clashing in Anson .- New Hanover acts .- Governor Martin's plans .- McDonald arrives .- New Hanover impatient .- Fort Johnston burned .-- The Revolution progresses,-Dunn and Boote confined. 437
CHAPTER XXVII THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL, 1775-76
The spirit of resistance .- Martin's proclamation .- The Congress. -The leaders .-- The conditions .- The people divided .- Efforts to gain the Regulators .- Proceedings of Congress .- Franklin's confed- eration .- Independence not the object .- The first battalions .- The minute men .- County courts .- The test .- The money of the Revolu- tion .- To provide necessaries .-- Congress adjourns .-- Enlistment of troops .- The safety of Wilmington .- The plan of subjugation .- Arrival of Highlanders .-- Provincial council .- Tories and Whigs .- The Indians placated .-- The Scovellites .- The Snow campaign .- Howe marches against Dunmore .- Norfolk destroyed .- Armed ves- sels built .- The ministerial troops .- In England. . 472
CHAPTER XXVIII THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL, 1775-76-Continued
Martin prepares to act .- He sends commissions .- The rising .- The Western patriots .- Caswell marches .- At Wilmington .- At Cross Creek .- The Tories embody .- Moore at Rockfish .- McDonald marches .- Moore's Creek .- The battle .- Death of Grady .- The spoils .- Trouble in Currituck .- The effects of the victory .- In Vir- ginia .- In North Carolina .- Mary Slocumb's ride .- Reports of Caswell and Moore. 496
SIXTH EPOCH-1775-83 THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER XXIX THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL, 1775-76-Continued
The Provincial Congress .- The spirit of independence .- In the Continental Congress .- At Halifax .- The committee .- The un- daunted spirit to declare independence .-- The delegates instructed. -North Carolina leads the way .- The captured Tories .- The
xvii
CONTENTS
drums and colors .-- War measures .- On the water .- The Tories .- Four new battalions .- For defence of Cape Fear .- Militia drafts .- Civil affairs .- The members of the congress. 513
CHAPTER XXX THE COUNCIL OF SAFETY, 1776
Attempt to frame the Constitution .- Fundamental principles .- The problems involved .- The temporary government .- Congress ad- journs .- The first invasion .- General Lee .- Clinton's disappointment. -The fleet arrives .- The ardor of the Whigs .- Clinton offers par- don .- No hostile movement .- The descent on Brunswick .- The regiments land .- The fleet sails .- The Council of Safety .- The at- tack on Fort Moultrie .- North Carolina's gallant troops .- Affairs at home .--- The Continentals. . 527
CHAPTER XXXI INDEPENDENCE
Independence declared .- Lee's' resolution .- The declaration .- - The North Carolina deputies .- The declaration proclaimed .- The address of the council .- Religious teachings in Anson .- James Hun- ter a patriot .- The Indians hostile .- Rutherford crosses the moun- tains .- Washington district annexed .- The movement against the Indians .- Rutherford successful .- The Surry regiment .- Moore's expedition .- The Tories active .- Salt-making .- The British abandon Cape Fear .- A winter campaign threatened. . 540
CHAPTER XXXII THE CONSTITUTION OF 1776
Making the constitution .- Divergencies .- The conservatives .- The results of the election .- Johnston burned in effigy .- The con- gress meets .- The committee moves slowly .- Proceedings in the convention .- Citizenship established .- The principles of government. -Sovereignty of the people .- The Orange instructions .- Those of Mecklenburg .- Hooper urges the Delaware plan .- In the committee room .- The draught reported .- The bill of rights .- The religious test .- Thoroughly considered .- The Virginia constitution .- A rep- resentative republic .- Public schools .- The religious test adopted. -- The instrument conservative .- A new administration installed. 556
CHAPTER XXXIII CASWELL'S ADMINISTRATION. 1776-80
Caswell's administration .- Military movements .- Political power. -- The first Assembly .- Tories banished .- Sheppard's regiment .- Conditions within the State .- The task of the patriots .- Johnston
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xviii
CONTENTS
dissatisfied. -- Loyalists depart. - Arrival of Lafayette. - Trade through Ocracoke inlet .- The Continental Line join the Grand Army. -Brandywine .- Germantown .- Death of Nash .- New battalions. 570
CHAPTER XXXIV
CASWELL'S ADMINISTRATION, 1776-80-Continued
The second session of the Assembly .- Articles of confederation .- Valley Forge .- Supplies from North Carolina .- The North Carolina line destitute .- Feeling in England .- Treaty with France .- The sec- ond Assembly .- Dr. Burke in congress .- The battalions consoli- dated .- Nine months' Continentais .- Defection prevalent .- The North Carolina brigade .- The judges appeal to the people .- At the adjourned session .- For the southern campaign .- Importations con- tinued .-- The fall of Savannah .- Militia for the South .- Ashe sur- prised at Briar Creek .- Boyd's defeat .- Light horse at the North. -Sumner and Hogun brigadiers .- The hardships of the officers .- Prices and taxes .- Internal perils .- Movements of troops .- Battle of Stony Point .- The second Assembly .- Efforts to increase the Continental force .- Tory movements .-- Battle of Stono .- Davie wounded .- Battle at Savannah .- Hogun ordered South. . . 584
CHAPTER XXXV NASH'S ADMINISTRATION, 1780-81
The confiscation act .- Lillington's brigade .- The fall of Charles- ton .-- The prisoners suffer .- Death of Hogun .- The delayed re-en- forcements .- Tarleton's quarters .- Invasion apprehended .- Caswell major-general .- De Kalb's re-enforcements arrive .- Gates to com- mand .- Activity of Rutherford .- Ramseur's Mill .- Rutherford pur- sues Bryan .- Plans of Cornwallis .- De Kalb encamps on Deep River .- Davie's enterprise .- Gates advances .- Battle of Camden .- Death of De Kalb .- Gallantry of Gregory and Dixon .- Gates's ride. -The disaster .- At Charlotte .- Sumter's negligence .- Davie in ad- vance .- The spirit of the people .- New supplies .- Preparations for defence .- The Assembly acts .- The Board of War .- Smallwood supersedes Caswell. . 607
CHAPTER XXXVI NASH'S ADMINISTRATION, 1780-81-Continued
Cornwallis moves to Charlotte .- Davie's gallant defence .- The activity of the Mecklenburgers .- Governor Martin's proclamation .- Movement on Augusta .- Ferguson marches westward .- The fron- tiersmen assemble-Battle of King's Mountain .- Death of Chronicle. -The victory give- great joy .- Its effects .- Cornwallis retires .- His gloomy outlook .- Le-lie in Virginia .- Moves to Camden .- Gates moves forward .- Cornwallis's disappointment .- Arrival of Greene .- His activity .- His forward movement .- The new year .- The Coun-
xix - XX
CONTENTS
cil Extraordinary .- Caswell reinstated .- Four new continental bat- talions .- No party divisions .- During Caswell's administration .- Nash's administration .- Dr. Burke's zeal to correct abuses .- Sam Johnston declines the presidency of congress. . 629
CHAPTER XXXVII NASH'S ADMINISTRATION, 1780-81-Continued
The battle of Cowpens .- Cornwallis pursues Morgan .- The death of Davidson .- Invasion of the State .- Greene crosses the Dan .- The endurance of the troops .- Cornwallis at Hillsboro .- On the Cape Fear .- The movements of the armies .- Pyle's massacre .- Greene at Troublesome Creck .- Battle of Guilford Court House. -- Cornwallis moves east and Greene pursues .- Cornwallis reaches Wilmington. Greene goes to South Carolina .- Craig occupies Wil- mington .- Death of Harnett .- Cornwallis's plans .- Cornwallis marches to Virginia .- The inhabitants distressed .- At Edenton .- The Whigs rally .- Greene in South Carolina .- Death of Major Eaton .- Cartel of exchange agreed on .- Atrocities lead to threats of retaliation .- Gregory defends the Albemarle region. . 648
CHAPTER XXXVIII BURKE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1781-82
Conditions in North Carolina .- Major Craig at Wilmington .- The Assembly meets .- Burke governor .- Action of Assembly .- Governor Burke's zeal .- Fanning embodies the Tories .-- Pittsboro taken .- Conditions in Bladen .- Wade's vietory .- Cornwallis's plans. --- South Quay captured .- New continental battalions .- Craig in- vades the eastern counties .- Lillington forbidden to fight .- New Bern taken .- Tory atrocities .- Battle of Elizabethtown .- Governor Burke's plans .- Fanning defeats Wade .- The governor captured .- The battle of Cane Creek .- Butler surprised at Brown Marsh .- The battle of Eutaw Springs .- The gallantry of the North Carolinians. 675
CHAPTER XXXIX MARTIN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1781-83
Rutherford marches to Wilmington .- Cornwallis surrenders .- Wilmington evacuated .- Rutherford disbands his army .- Fanning not suppressed .- The Assembly at Salem .- The Tories active .- Gov- ernor Martin's action .- The return of Burke .- He assumes the ad- ministration .- Fanning's brutality .- Progress of events .- Burke seks a re-election .- Alexander. Martin chosen .- New legislation .- The Moravians .- Depreciation of the currency .- The Continental Line .- Indian hostilities renewed .- Leslie remains at Charleston .- The deplorable condition of the army .- Charleston evacuated .- The number of troops furnished by North Carolina .- The capture of Lord Montagne .- The condition in 1783 .- Governor Martin's ad- dress .- The sovereign State. 609
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xxi
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, VOL. I
First map of the North Carolina Coast 3 From DeBry's engraving from John White's drawing, now preserved in the British Museum.
The Lost Colony 43
Redrawn from an original Indian map first published in Brown's "Genesis of the United States.'
A New Map of Carolina. by Philip Lea ( 1695) 145 From the "Charleston Year Book for 1883," from an original in the library of Captain William A. Courtenay.
Lawson's map of North Carolina 16g
Reduced and redrawn from the original in Lawson's "New Voyage to Carolina," London, 1709.
Map showing the Evolution of Settlement and Location of Races
Drawn by Samuel A. Ashe and Stephen B. Weeks. 377
Theatre of Operations in the Southern Campaign, 1780-83 .. 619 Reprinted by special permission from "General Greene, by Francis Vinton Greene, copyright 1893, by D. Appleton and Company.
Map of North Carolina in 1783, showing the Evolution of the Counties, Revolutionary Battlefields, and Lord Gran- ville's Line, 1743-76 . . 725
Drawn by Samuel A. Ashe and Stephen B. Weeks.
Captain Samuel A'Court Ashe . Frontispiece From the Williams engraving from a photo published by Van Noppen in the "Biographical History of North Carolina.'
Sir Walter Raleigh I From Knight's "Gallery of Portraits" ( 1836), from engrav- ing by Posselwhite after a portrait in the Collection of the Duchess of Dorset.
Indian Village 27
From DeBry's engraving from White's original painting now in the British Museum.
Cooking Fish, Indian Method 34
From DeBry's engraving from White's original painting now in the British Museum.
Great Seal of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina 51
From the copy published by Capt. William A. Courtenay in the "Charleston Year Book for 1883" from the original in the British Public Record Office.
xxii
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Great Seal of the Colony of Albemarle 88 From an original found in the court house in Edenton, now preserved in the Hall of History in Raleigh.
Philip Ludwell, first governor of North Carolina, 1689 . 192 From an original portrait now in the possession of his de- scendant, Mrs. Bennehan Cameron. Christopher Gale, Chief Justice 192 . From the engraving by E. Witzler from the original.
Book-plate and Autograph of Edward Moseley . 192
From the originals in the Weeks Collection of Caroliniana.
Bath Church, Beaufort County, built 1734
·
192
From a recent photograph.
Title Page of the First Printed Revisal of the North Carolina Laws . 273
From the oldest known copy of the first book printed by the first printer on the first press in North Carolina; from the original in the Weeks Collection.
Arthur Dobbs, governor of North Carolina, 1754-65 284 Front a mezzotint in the Weeks Collection by MacArdell, from the portrait by William Hoare.
Hugh Waddell, officer in the old French War and General in the Regulation 284
From an etching by Albert Rosenthal from an original miniature painted by Gainsborough. now owned by Col. A. M. Waddell, Wilmington, N. C.
St. Paul's Church, Edenton. built about 1735 28.4
From a recent photograph.
The Court House, Edenton, built about 1750 284
From a recent photograph.
The North Carolina Gazette, printed by James Davis, New Bern, October 18, 1759 . 291
A facsimile reproduction, exact size. of the oldest known issue of the first newspaper printed in North Carolina; from the original in the American Antiquarian Society Library, Worcester. Mass.
Edmund Fanning, prominent in the Regulation troubles . . 326 From an etching by Albert Rosenthal.
Monument to the Regulators, located on the Battlefield near Burlington, N. C. . 326 From a photograph.
North Carolina Currency, 4d., under the act of April 4, 1748 326 From an original in the Hall of History, Raleigh.
North Carolina Currency, $1212, under act of April 2, 1776 . 326 From an original in the Weeks Collection.
Governor's Palace, New Bern : built 1767-70; first occupied June, 1770 331
From an old print.
William Hooper. signer of the Declaration of Independence . 540 From the engraving by Williams, published by Van Noppen in the "Biographical History of North Carolina" after a copy by Lambdin of the original by Trumbull. The Lamb- din copy is in Independence Hall.
MAPS AND IILLUSTRATIONS xxiii
Joseph Howes, signer of the Declaration of Independence 540 From the drawing by J. B. Longacre from an original por- trait published in Sanderson's "Lives of the Signers.' John Penn. signer of the Declaration of Independence .
From the engraving by H. B. Hall from a drawing in the
540 collection of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmett, now in New York Public Library.
Samuel Johnston, president of the Halifax Congress of April, 1776 540
From an original portrait by James Peele, owned by the State of North Carolina.
Robert Howe, major-general in the Revolutionary War 571 From a half-tone in Davis's "History of the Cincinnati in North Carolina," from a very old and faded picture found in New York by Mr. Marshall De Lancey Haywood and marked "Gen. Howe, American."
Maurice Moore. Colonial lawyer, politician and judge . 57I From the Rosenthal etching from an original miniature in the Hall of History.
Abner Nash, Governor, 1780-81 57I
From the Rosenthal etching from an original in the Hall of History.
Alexander Martin, Governor of North Carolina, 1781-85 . 571
From the Rosenthal etching from a portrait in oil owned by the estate of the late Colonel James Martin of Winston- Salem, N. C.
General Joseph Graham, Revolutionary patriot . 629 From a copy of an oil painting from life by Sully, the copy now owned by Hon. A. W. Graham, Oxford, N. C. Colonel William Polk, Revolutionary patriot . 629
From an engraving on steel by William Sartain, published in Polk's "Leonidas Polk."
Colonel Joseph McDowell, Quaker Meadows, Revolutionary patriot 629
From an engraving by Hollyer, published in Draper's "King's Mountain.'
Colonel Joseph Winston, Revolutionary patriot 629
From an etching on copper by J. R. Stuart, from an original etching in gold on glass. published in Draper's "King's Mountain.'
Horatio Gates, American officer defeated at Camden 648 From a mezzotint in the Weeks Collection, published by John Morris, London, 1778.
Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis, victor at Camden 648
From the engraving by Holl after the painting by Hoppner which appears in his "Correspondence," edited by Ross, London, 1859.
Danastre Tarleton, British officer defeated at Cowpens 648 From an etching by Max Rosenthal from a print by Blackberd in the Collection of Charles R. Hildeburn.
Daniel Morgan, victor at Cowpens 648
From the engraving by Prud'homme after Herring's draw- ing from Trumbull's sketch.
xxiv
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Nathanael Greene, Major-General in the American army, victor at Guilford C. H. . 658
From the portrait engraved by Naegle and published in Caldwell's "Greene," Philadelphia. 1819.
Battlefield of Guilford Court House. March 15, 1781 658
From a photograph of the field as it now appears, showing memorial arch to Davidson and monument to Penn in fore- ground and memorial arch to Nash in background-looking east toward the American position.
----
SIR WALTER RALEIGH
---
1.
HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA
THE FIRST EPOCH-1584-91
RALEIGH'S EXPLORATIONS AND COLONIES
CHAPTER I
CONTEMPORANEOUS DOCUMENTS
Extracts from contemporaneous writings relative to the discovery of Virginia .- Explorations .- Localities .- Attempted settlements at Roanoke, and the fate of the Lost Colony .- The Croatans.
[Richard Hakluyt, a lecturer on geography at Oxford, began about the year 1580 to devote himself particularly to a study of the geography of America, collecting all manuscript accounts of voyages to that unknown country, translating and publishing them. In 1598 he gave to the world his greatest work. "The Principal Navigations. Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation" ( London, 1508-1600, three volumes). In the third volume of this valuable collection are found the reports and narratives of those concerned in Sir Walter Raleigh's explorations and colonies in Virginia. The author has made such extracts from them as are of particular interest in connection with this work.]
THE FIRST VOYAGE Made to the Coasts of America, with Two Barks, Wherein Were
Captains M. PHILIP AMADAS and M. ARTHUR BARLOW, Who Discovered Part of the Country now Called VIRGINIA, Anno 1584.
Written by One of the Said Captains and Sent to Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight, at Whose Charge and Direction the Said Voyage Was Set Forth.
1584
2
CONTEMPORANEOUS DOCUMENTS
1584
[This account was written by Barlow, and as it is addressed to Sir Walter Raleigh, its preparation was completed after Raleigh was knighted, which was subsequent to the return of the expedition.]
Extracts
Barlow's Narrative, Hakluyt, III, 301
The 27th day of April in the Year of our Redemption 1584. we departed from the west coast of England with two barks well furnished with men and victuals.
The second of July we found shoal water . . . and keeping good watch and bearing but slack sail, the fourth of the same month we arrived upon the coast, which we supposed to be a continent and firm land, and we sailed along the same a hundred and twenty English miles before we could find any entrance or river issuing into the Sea.
The first that appeared to us we entered, though not without some difficulty, and cast anchor about three harquebus-shot within the haven's mouth, on the left hand of the same; and after thanks given to God for our safe arrival thither, we manned our boats and went to view the land next adjoining and to take possession of the same, in the right of the Queen's most excellent Majesty, as rightful Queen and Princess of the same, and after delivered the same over to your use according to her Majesty's grant and letters patent under Her Highness' great seal. Which being performed according to the ceremonies used in such enterprises, we first landed, very sandy and low towards the water side, but full of grapes, etc. We passed from the seaside towards the tops of those hills next adjoining, but being of mean height, and from thence we beheld the sea on both sides to the North and to the South. finding no end any of both ways. This land lay stretching itself to the West, which after we found to be but an island twenty miles long and not above six miles broad.
We remained by the side of this island two whole days before we saw any people of the country: the third day we espied one small boat rowing towards us, having in it three persons. This boat came to the island side, four harquebus-shot from our ships : and there two of the people remaining, the third came along the shore side towards us, and we being then all within board. he walked up and down the point of the land next to us. . . . They are of colour yellowish, and their hair black for the most part: and yet we saw children that had very fine auburn and chestnut coloured hair.
The next day there came into us divers boats, and in one of them the King's brother accompanied by forty or fifty men. . .
See also Goldsmid's edition of Hakluyt, Early English Voyages, II, 169 et seq.
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FIRST MAPL # CAROLINA
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3
VOYAGE OF AMADAS AND BARLOW
1584
His name was Granganimeo, and the King is called Wingina, the country Wingandacoa.
After they had been divers times aboard the ships, myself and seven more went twenty miles into the river that runs towards the city Skicoak, which river they call Occam; and the following evening we came to an island which they call Roanoak, distant from the harbor by which we entered seven leagues :* and at the north end thereof, there was a village of nine houses built of cedar and fortified round about with sharp trees to keep out their enemies, and the entrance into it made like a turnpike; when we came towards it, standing near into the water's side. the wife of Granganimeo, the King's brother, came running to meet us very cheerfully and friendly. .
Beyond this island is the mainland; and over against this island. falls into this spacious water, the great river called Occam by the inhabitants, on which stands a town called Pomeiock. and six days' journey from the same is situated their greatest city called Skicoak.
Into this river falls another great river, called Cipo. . . . Like- wise there descendeth into this Occam, another river called Nomo- pana ; on the same side thereof stands a great town called Choanook. and the lord of that town and country is called Pooneno. This Pooneno is not subject to the King of Wingandacoa.
Beyond this country is there another king whom they call Mena- tonon. Towards the Southwest, four days' journey, is situated a town called Sequotan. which is the Southernmost town of Wingan- dacoa, near unto which six and twenty years past there was a ship cast away. whereof some of the people were saved, and those were white people, whom the country people preserved. And after ten days remaining in an out island, uninhabited, called Wocokon, with the help of some of the dwellers of Sequotan, fastened two boats of the country together and made masts unto them and sails of their shirts and departed. . . . Adjoining to this country aforesaid, called Secotan, begins a country called Pomouik, belonging to another king whom they called Piamacum; and this king is in league with the next king adjoining towards the setting of the sun, and the country Newsiok, situate upon a river called Neus: and these kings have mortal war with Wingina, King of Wingandacoa.
When we first had sight of this country, some thought the first land we saw to be the continent, but after we entered into the haven we saw before us another mighty long sea; for there lieth along the coast a tract of islands, two hundred miles in length, adjoining to the sea, and between the islands, two or three entrances. Wlien you entered between them (these islands being very narrow for
*Twenty-one miles.
4
CONTEMPORANEOUS DOCUMENTS
1584
the most part, as in most places six miles broad, in some places, less ; in few, more,) then there appeared another great sea, containing in breadth in some places forty, and in some fifty, in some twenty over. before you come unto the continent; and in this enclosed sea are above a hundred islands of different bignesses, whereof one is sixteen miles long.
[After remaining in this new country about six weeks making discoveries, and establishing friendship with the natives, these ex- plorers, highly delighted, set sail for England accompanied by two Indians. Wanchese and Manteo, and arrived at home about the middle of September.]
THE VOYAGE made by SIR RICHARD GREENVILLE .for SIR WALTER RALEGH to VIRGINIA in the year 1585
1585% Grenville's Narrative, Hakluyt, III, 307
32 men at Croatoan 20 days
Extracts
The ninth day of April 1585, we departed from Plymouth. our fleet consisting of the number of seven sails; the Tiger, the Roe- buck, etc.
The 23d of June we were in great danger of a wreck on a breach called the Cape of Fear. The 24th we came to anchor in a harbor ; the 26th we came to anchor at Wocokon. The 20th we weighed anchor to bring the Tiger into harbor, where through the unskill- fullness of the master whose name was Fernando, the Admiral struck on ground and sunk. The 3d day of July we sent word of our arrival at Wocokon to Wingina at Roanoak.
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