USA > North Carolina > A syllabus of North Carolina history, 1584-1876 > Part 5
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SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina, (sessional) ; Revised Statutes of 1836.
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LXII. STATE PROBLEMS, 1790-1836, II BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL PROBLEMS
1. The Tennessee Land Warrants.
a. The Military Reservation.
1. Boundaries ; military grants ; paper money.
2. The Act of Cession (1789) ; North Carolina policy to 1824; land office frauds.
3. The attitude of Tennessee.
4. The Congressional Reservation Line.
5. The University and the land warrants.
2. The Georgia Boundary Controversy.
a. The South Carolina cession of 1787; the federal cession of 1802.
b. The County of Walton and its northern boundary.
c. The Joint Commission of 1787; the protest of Georgia; the Congressional Investigation.
3. The South Carolina Boundary Completed.
a. The colonial surveys.
b. The line of 1803.
4. Opening of the Cherokee Lands.
a. The Indian treaties 1777, 1785, 1791, 1798, 1819, 1836.
b. Method of settlement; use of the Cherokee Land Fund.
c. Removal of the Cherokees.
d. "The Eastern Band of Cherokees."
5. The Tennessee Boundary Dispute.
a. The cession of 1789.
b. The boundary Commission of 1821; uncertain line; Hangover Ridge and Fodder Stack; State Ridge and Main Ridge.
REFERENCES : Battle, History of the University Vol. I, pp. 378-379; Goodloe, North Carolina and Georgia Boundary, (Booklet, April, 1904) Royce, the Cherokee Nation of Indians (Annual Report, American Bureau of Ethnology, 1883) ; Moon, Legends of the Cherokees (Annual Report, American Bureau of Ethnology, 1900) ; Marr, Old Charley, or The Removal of the Cherokee Indians from Western North Carolina (North Carolina Education, January, 1912).
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina; Whiting, Land Laws of Tennes- see; Belding vs. Hubbard (103 Federal Reporter 532) ; Stevenson vs.
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Tam (116 Federal Reporter 147) Annals of Congress, (Ninth Congress and session, Appendix, pp. 967-991.)
LXIII. STATE PROBLEMS, 1790-1836, III
GENERAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA
1. Population.
a. Decline in relative rank.
b. Relative increase of whites and negroes.
c. The migration to the West and the Southwest.
d. Small increase in population 1830-1840.
2. Decline in Land Values, 1815-1830.
3. Trade and Commerce.
4. The Currency.
5. Taxation.
6. Education.
SOURCES : The Census of the United States; Reports of the Treasurer 1790-1836; Legislative Reports on Internal Improvements and Educa- tion; Proceedings of Railway and Constitutional Reform Conven- tions.
LXIV. STATE PROBLEMS, 1790-1836, IV INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS
1. The relation of the Geography of North Carolina to Commerce.
a. The Coast; lack of harbors.
b. The river system inadequate.
c. The three zones.
d. Results ; Small maritime commerce ; Little communi- cation between the sections; Trade diverted to other States.
2. The Early Demands for Internal Improvement.
a. Governor Martin (1783) ; (S. R. XIX, p. 498).
b. Governor Williams (1802) and other Governors.
3. Local Efforts at Internal Improvements.
4. The Genesis of State aid in 1815.
a. Causes.
1. A new sense of public spirit follows the War with England.
2. Increase of taxation and inflation of the cur- rency.
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3. Failure of private enterprises.
4. Example of other States.
5. Emigration.
b. Archibald D. Murphy ; Report on Internal Improve- ments (1815).
c. Surveys authorized.
d. State subscriptions to the Roanoke and the Cape Fear Navigation Companies (1815).
5. The Internal Improvement Fund and the Board of In- ternal Improvements (1819).
a. Murphy's Memorial of 1819.
b. Sources of the Fund.
1. Cherokee Lands (1819).
2. Dividends from Bank Stock (1821).
c. The Board and its Powers.
REFERENCES : Morgan, State Aid to Transportation in North Caro- lina, (North Carolina Booklet, January, 1911); Weaver, Internal Improvements in North Carolina (Johns Hopkins Studies, Series XXI, Nos. 3, 4.)
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina, (sessional) ; Hoyt, The Papers of Archbald DeBow Murphy, I, 100-119, 127-128, 131-132, 135-136, 138-141, 146, 148-150, 156-157, 159, 163-164 ,170-171, 178-180, II, 19-29, 35-47, 83-87, 96-195.
LXV. STATE PROBLEMS, 1790-1836, V INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS (2)
1. State Aid (1815-1836).
a. The Surveys (Expenditure).
b. Direct appropriation to Navigation Companies and Roads (Total Amount).
c. Subscription to Stocks (Total Amount).
2. History of the State-Aided Corporations.
a. Navigation Companies.
1. The Cape Fear Navigation Company (Suc- cessful).
2. The Roanoke Navigation Company (Not Prosperous). .
3. The Tar River Company (Failure).
4. The Neuse River Navigation Company (Failure).
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5. North Carolina Catawba Company (Charter Forfeited).
6. Yadkin Navigation Company.
b. The Canals.
1. The Club Foot and Harlowe's Creek Canal (Failure).
c. Roads.
1. Buncombe Turnpike.
2. Plymouth Turnpike.
3. Other Roads, chiefly in the mountain region.
3. Failure of Early Internal Improvement Policy.
a. Lack of experience.
b. Lack of concentration due to sectional spirit.
c. Appropriations insufficient.
d. Railway agitation.
4. The Movement for Railroads.
a. The Numbers of Carleton.
b. Railway Conventions.
5. The Crisis in Internal Improvement.
a. Demand for aid to Railways.
b. The growth of the West.
c. Financial problems (1825-1835).
d. Sectionalism.
REFERENCES : Morgan, State Aid to Internal Improvements (Booklet January, 1911) ; Weaver, Internal Improvements in North Carolina (Johns Hopkins Studies, Series, XXI, Nos. III, IV.)
SOURCES : Caldwell, The Numbers of Carleton; Reports of the Boards of Internal Improvements and of Railway Conventions; Laws, (ses- sional).
LXVI. STATE PROBLEMS, 1790-1836, VI
THE MOVEMENT FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION
1. Prevalence of Illiteracy (Coon, Documentary History of Public Education in N. C., vol. 1, pp. XI-XV).
2. Influences which Retarded Schools.
a. Individualism and the aristocratic ideal.
1. Lack of public spirit.
c. Finance.
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3. Dawn of the Public School Idea.
a. The colonial precedents.
b. The Constitution of 1776, section 41.
1. Early interpretations; State aid to Academ- ies; Tuition for the Poor (Coon, Vol. I, XXII-XXV).
c. Views of early Governors.
4. Reports of Archibald D. Murphy and John M. Walker, 1816 and 1817 (Coon, I, 105-111; 123-164).
a. The theory of popular education.
b. A system outlined.
c. The Poor vs. the Well-to-do.
d. Method of support.
5. Literary Fund Established (1825).
a. Sources of the Fund.
b. The Literary Board.
6. Early Ideals and Plans of Public Education.
7. The State University.
a. Charter and organization.
b. Curriculum.
c. Discipline.
REFERENCES : Coon, Documentary History of Education in North Carolina, Vol. I, preface; Weeks, Calvin H. Wiley or Beginnings of Common School Systems in the South; (Report of the U. S. Commis- sioner of Education 1896-1897, Vol. II) ; Smith, History of Education in North Carolina; N. C. Day Program 1905.
SOURCES : Coon, Laws of 1825, ch. I; Hoyt, Murphey Papers, I, 91-92, 101-102, II,48-56, 63-83.
LXVII. STATE PROBLEMS 1790-1836, VII
FINANCIAL CONDITIONS (1). THE CURRENCY
1. Forms of State Money.
a. The State Currency of 1783-85.
b. The Certificates.
c. Depreciation.
2. Process of Redemption.
a. The Certificates.
1. The Sinking Tax of 1788 (Laws 1788 ch. 1).
2. The Reissues of 1792, 1794, 1799 and 1802 (Laws 1789, ch. V; 1794, ch. XVI; 1799, ch. III; 1802, ch. VII).
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3. Land Grants (Laws 1794, ch. XVI), the per- manent method of redemption; completed by 1822.
b. The State Currency.
1. The Sinking Tax of 1783 (suspended 1789).
2. Co-operation of the Banks.
3. The Banks of New Bern and Cape Fear Chartered, 1804. a. Charters.
1. Authorized Capital.
2. Debts and Note Issue.
3. The State Subscription of Stock (1807).
b. Effects on the Currency.
1. Excess of Bank Notes and the State Cur- rency over Specie.
2. Depreciation of the State Currency.
3. Remedy; the tax on bank stock (1809) ; A State Bank.
4. The State Bank of North Carolina (1810).
a. Terms of the Charter.
1. Capital.
2. Debt and Note Issue.
3. The State Subscription.
4. State Dividends and the State Currency.
b. The Amended Charter of 1811.
5. Final Retirement of the State Currency.
a. The Federal standard of currency recognized (1809).
b. The Federal standard the official standard in State affairs (1816).
REFERENCES : Bullock, Essays in the Monetary History of the United States, pp. 199-203; Blair, Historical Sketch of Banking in North Carolina, (in Knox, A History of Banking in the United States) ; Sumner, History of Banking in the United States, passim, (History of Banking in All Nations, Vol. I.)
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina (Sessional) ; Haywood's Man- ual of the Laws of North Carolina (1814) ; Potter, Taylor and Yancey Laws of North Carolina (2 Vols.) (1821) ; Debate on a Bill Directing a Prosecution against the several Banks of the State (Raleigh, 1829.)
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LXVIII. STATE PROBLEMS 1790-1836, VIII FINANCIAL CONDITIONS (2). THE BANKS
1. Inflation of Bank Notes.
a. Increase in Banking Capital 1804-1811.
b. The Note Issues.
c. Suspension of specie during War of 1812; resump- tion 1817; high standing of N. C. Bank Notes.
2. Speculation.
a. Recharter of the Banks of Newbern and Cape Fear (1814).
1. The enlarged capital.
2. The State's subscription.
3. The Treasury Notes.
4. Increase of Bank Notes.
3. The Crisis of 1819.
a. Return of Bank Notes for redemption.
b. Suspension of specie payments ; Litigation.
c. Methods of the Banks to secure specie.
d. The State lends help.
1. Purchase of additional Bank Stock (1820).
2. Treasury Notes.
3. Subscription to stock by the Literary Fund.
e. The Second Bank of the United States enforces specie payments ; The Banks call in loans ; Disso- lution of the Banks impending.
4. The Legislative Investigation of 1828.
a.
'The minority recommend dissolution of the Banks and confiscation of property ; Reasons.
b. The course of Swain and Gaston.
c. The vote of Thomas Settle, Speaker of the House.
5. Solution of the Banking Problem.
a. Subsequent conflicts between the Radicals and the Conservatives.
b. Extension of the Charters of the Banks to 1838.
c. The Bank of the State of North Carolina (1834).
d. The dissolution of the State Bank and the Bank of Newbern; recharter of the Bank of the Cape Fear.
e. Benefits of the early Banks.
1. Retirement of the State Currency.
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2. Profits of the State's investment.
f. Comparison of past and present standards of bank- ing.
6. Significance of the Bank issue in politics; Radicalism and Conservatism ; Andrew Jackson.
REFERENCES : Pittman, A Decade of Our History (N. C. Review, April, May, 1910) ; Boyd, Public Finance of N. C. since 1790, (MSS.)
SOURCES : The Laws of North Carolina (sessional) or the Revised Statutes of North Carolina (1836) ; Reports of the Treasurer of North Carolina; Reports and Minutes of the Proceedings of the Joint Select Committee relating to the Banks (Raleigh, 1828) ; Debate on the Bill directing a Prosecution of the Several Banks of the State (Raleigh, 1829.)
LXIX. STATE PROBLEMS 1790-1836, IX
FINANCIAL CONDITIONS (3). THE REVENUE SYSTEM
1. Classification of the Revenue.
a.
The unappropriated ( for general expenses).
b. The appropriated (Internal Improvement and Lit- erary Funds).
2. The Unappropriated Revenue; Average Amount.
a. Poll Tax; rates; steady ; constant; failure of many polls to list.
b. Land Tax; rates; instability; decline after 1820; increase of land entered.
c. Licenses ; peddlers, negro traders, stores, etc .; dis- crimination in store tax.
d. Impost.
e. Carriage wheels.
f. Cotton gin tax.
g. Bank tax and dividends.
3. Expenditures from the Unappropriated Revenue.
4. Revenue Crisis 1830-1836.
a. Expenditures greater than income.
b. Revisal of revenue laws.
c. The surplus revenue from the Federal Government.
5. The Administration of the Revenue.
a. Methods of assessment and collection.
b. The Treasurer and the Comptroller.
c. Defalcation of Treasurer Haywood.
d. The revised administrative system (1828).
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REFERENCES : Pittman, A Decade of Our History (N. C. Review, April, May, 1910).
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina, (sessional) ; Revised Statutes of 1836; Reports of the Treasurer.
LXX. STATE PROBLEMS, 1790-1836, X
THE MOVEMENT FOR CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
1. General Deficiencies in the Constitution of 1776.
a. The Executive.
1. Subordinated to the legislature; the Council of State.
2. Annual election.
3. Lack of initiative.
b. The Judiciary.
c. The Legislature.
1. The system of representation; counties and boroughs.
2. Qualification for membership.
3. Scope of legislation.
4. Annual sessions.
5. Expense.
d. Provisions regarding religion.
1. Joseph Henry; William Gaston; John Cul- pepper ; William Taylor ; Josiah Crudup.
e. Slave taxation and the free negro.
2. Sectionalism : The Conflict of the East and the West.
a. Diversity in race, and economic conditions.
b. Inequality in colonial days; the Regulation; the Constitution of 1776.
c. Growth of western and eastern counties in popula- tion ; 1790-1830.
d. Creation of new counties; the dual system; the East finally obstructs the erection of new counties.
3. The Agitation for Reform.
a. The location of the capital.
b. The Convention of 1823 ; cause of failure.
c. The rebuilding of the Capitol.
d. The appeal to the people in 1833; attitude of the East ; legislative amendments vs. the Convention.
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e. The Internal Improvement Convention of 1833; apathy of the legislature; railway agitation re- inforces constitutional reform.
f. The threat of Revolution and the message of Governor Swain (1834) ; the Convention Bill.
4. Influence of Sectionalism in State Problems; Internal Improvements, Education, etc.
REFERENCES : Boyd, The Antecedents of the Convention of 1835 (South Atlantic Quarterly, January, April, 1910) ; Nash, The Borough Towns of North Carolina (Booklet, October, 1906); Ashe, David Paton, (Bulletin of the N. C. Historical Commission) ; Pitman, A Decade of Our History (N. C. Review, April, May, 1910.)
SOURCES : The Debates in the Convention of 1835; Address to the People of North Carolina, (1834) ; Journal of the Convention of 1835; Debates on the Bill to Rebuild the Capital (1832) ; Debates on the Con- vention Question in 1821.
LXXI. THE CONVENTION OF 1835
1. Membership.
2. Powers.
3. Proposed Reforms.
4. Typical Debates.
a. Borough representation.
b. Disfranchisement of free negro.
c. Representation.
d. Biennial elections. e. The thirty-second article.
5. The Vote on Ratification.
REFERENCES : Connor, (H. G.), The Convention of 1835, (Booklet, October, 1908) ; William Gaston (Great American Lawyers, Vol. I;) Creecy, Grandfather Tales of North Carolina History.
SOURCES : Debates in the Convention of 1835; Journal of the Conven- tion of 1835.
LXXII. THE ANTI-SLAVERY SENTIMENT IN NORTH CAROLINA
. 1. The Quakers and Slavery.
a. Votes in the Yearly Meetings.
b. The North Carolina Manumission Society.
c. Methods of Emancipation.
d. Levi Coffin.
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2. Anti-slavery Views of early Baptists and Methodists.
a. Minutes of the Kehukee Association.
b. The Rule of 1816; reasserted in 1846.
3. Religious Instruction of the Slaves.
a. Slave Missions.
b. Chaplains, etc.
c. Estimates of slave membership.
4. Amelioration of the Rights of Slaves before the Law.
a. Jury trial in regular court for capital offence (1793) ; right to challenge jurors (1818) ; com- parison with colonial policy.
b. Killing a slave murder (1791 and 1817).
c. Battery on a slave: State vs. Hale (1823).
5. The Free Negro.
a. Numbers and legal status.
b. Henry Evans, Ralph Freeman, Ed. Chavis, John C. Stanley.
6. Racial relations before 1830.
REFERENCES : Bassett, Slavery in the State of North Carolina (Johns Hopkins Studies, series XVII, Nos. 7-8) and North Carolina Method- ism and Slavery (Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society, Series IV) ; Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery; Weaver, The North Craolina Manumission Society (Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society, series I.)
SOURCES : Laws of N. C .; Reminiscences of Levi Coffin; Biggs, Minutes of the Kehukee Association; Purefoy, History of Sandy Creek Association; Supreme Court Reports.
LXXIII. RISE OF THE PRO-SLAVERY SENTIMENT
1. The Economic Value of Slavery.
a. Cotton.
2. Negro Insurrections.
a. Charleston, 1822.
b. Southampton, Virginia, 1831.
c. Reports and rumors of insurrections in North Carolina.
3. Rise of the Abolitionists.
4. Decisions of the Courts.
a. Contentnea Society vs. Dickinson (N. C. Reports, vol. 12, 155) ; Hucaby vs. Jones (N. C. Reports, vol. 9, p. 120).
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b. State vs. Mann (N. C. Reports, vol. 13, p. 263) ; State vs. Will (1834), (N. C. Reports, vol. 18, 121).
5. Restrictive legislation.
a. Emancipation Law of 1830 (Laws 1830, ch. 9).
b. Instruction of slaves forbidden.
c. Free negroes restricted (Laws 1826, ch. 21) ; (1830, chs. 10, 14).
d. The Convention of 1835 and the Free Negro; State vs. Manuel (N. C. Reports, vol. 20, p. 144).
6. Legislative Resolutions and Debates.
7. The Case of Lunsford Lane.
8. Change of Racial Relations; Survivals of the Anti-slavery Idcal.
REFERENCES : Bassett, Slavery in the State of North Carolina, chs. I, II, V ;- Anti-Slavery Leaders of North Carolina, (Johns Hopkins Studies, 1899) ; Hawkins, Life of Lunsford Lane.
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina (sessional) ; Revised Statutes of 1836; Supreme Court Reports.
LXXIV. CHANGES IN POLITICAL PARTY, 1820-1832
1. The Missouri Compromise.
a. Views of Macon and the Raleigh Minerva; Nation- alism vs. State Rights.
2. Discontent with Political Methods.
a. The Caucus.
b. The Instruction of United States Senators.
3. Economic and Financial Depression.
4. The Presidential Campaigns of 1824 and 1828.
a. The candidates.
b. Local sectionalism and the popular vote.
c. Jackson and North Carolina ; decline of Virginia's leadership in the South; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy.
5. North Carolina and the Tariff of 1828.
a. The legislative resolutions of 1827.
6. North Carolina and Nullification.
a. The legislative resolutions of 1830.
b. The anti-nullification and the anti-tariff resolves of 1832.
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c. Popular meetings.
d. The States Rights minority; views of Nathaniel Macon, Burton Craige, etc.
REFERENCES : Wagstaff, State Rights and political parties in North Carolina (Johns Hopkins Studies, 1906, (pp. 40-54) ; Franklin, The Instruction of the United States Senators in North Carolina (Papers of the Trinity College Historical Society, series VII) ; Dodd, Life of Nathaniel Macon passim; Bassett, Andrew Jackson, (passim).
SOURCES : Hamilton, Letters of Bartlett Yancey, (James Sprunt Historical Publication, Vol. X, No. 2) ; Letters of Macon.
LXXV. RISE OF THE WHIG PARTY IN NORTH CAROLINA
1. Cleavage among the Jacksonian Democrats.
a. Veto of the Maysville Turnpike.
b. Jackson and the tariff.
c. Jackson and the Force Bill.
d. Jackson's financial policy.
2. Willie P. Mangum; a type of the Anti-Jackson movement (Biographical History of North Carolina, vol. V).
3. The Whigs and the West; Significance of the Convention of 1835.
4. The election of 1836.
a. A Whig Governor : Edward B. Dudley.
b. Democratic Electors.
REFERENCES : Wagstaff, State Rights and Political Parties, pp. 68-70; Bassett, Andrew Jackson.
LXXVI. ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER WHIG LEADERSHIP, I
RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION
1. The Movement for Railways in the United States.
2. Railroad Agitation in North Carolina.
a. The Numbers of Carleton (1828).
b. Early surveys.
c. Railroad meetings of 1833; Wilmington, Raleigh, Salisbury.
d. Sectionalism; Railroads, Internal Improvements, and the Convention Movement; The Experi- mental Railroad.
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3. The First Three Railways.
a. The Halifax and Weldon (1833).
b. The Wilmington and Raleigh (1833).
1. Charter 2. Capital 3. Termini (1835).
c. The Raleigh and Gaston.
1. Charter 2. Capital 3. Right of Eminent Do- main.
4. State Aid.
a. The Wilmington and Raleigh.
1. Stock subscription.
2. Bond endorsement.
3. Loans.
4. The Literary Fund.
b. The Raleigh and Gaston.
1. Bond endorsement.
2. Foreclosure of the mortgage.
3. Reorganization of 1848.
REFERENCES : Weaver, Internal Improvements in North Carolina; Korner, Early Railroads of North Carolina (mss in possession of Trinity College Historical Society) ; Morgan, State Aid to Internal Improvements in North Carolina, (in preparation).
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina; Revised Statutes of 1836 and Revised Code of 1855; Legislative Documents.
LXXVII. ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER WHIG LEADERSHIP, II
THE NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD
1. Economic Conditions in the West; the Drought of 1845.
2. Plans for a Western Road.
a. The Danville Connection.
b. A Central Railroad.
c. State aid or private venture.
d. Sectional and party influences.
3. The Contest in the Assembly of 1848. a. General Significance of the Session.
b. The Charlotte and South Carolina Bill.
1. State aid.
2. Attitude of the west.
3. "The Danville Steal."
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c. The North Carolina Railroad Bill.
1. State aid.
2. Leaders.
3. The vote.
4. Provisions of the Charter.
a. Capital stock.
b. State subscription.
c. Organization of the company; directors and offi- cers.
5. Further State Aid; Construction of the Road; Its im- portance in economic and social development.
6. Other Appropriations by the Assembly of 1848-9.
a. The Gaston and Weldon Connection.
b. Reorganization of the Raleigh and Gaston.
c. The Neuse River Appropriation. d. The Fayetteville and Western Plank road.
e. Improvement of the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers.
f. Improvement of the Tar River.
g. The mountain roads.
6. Leaders of the Internal Improvement Policy.
REFERENCES : Barringer, History of the North Carolina Railroad; Weaver, Internal Improvements in North Carolina; Korner, Early Railroads in North Carolina (mss.) ; Morgan, State Aid to Internal Improvements in North Carolina, (in preparation).
SOURCES : Laws of North Carolina; Legislative Documents.
LXXVIII. ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER WHIG LEADERSHIP, III
THE WHIG POLICY CONTINUED UNDER DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP 1850-60
1. The Democratic Victory of 1850.
2. The Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad. a. The Charter (1852).
b. State Aid (1854).
3. Other Appropriations of 1854.
a. The Western North Carolina Railroad.
b. The Fayetteville and Centre Plank Road.
c. The Neuse Navigation Company and the Yadkin Navigation Company.
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d. Bond Endorsement of 1854.
4. The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal (1856).
5. The Fayetteville and Western Railroad (1858).
6. Appropriations of 1860.
a. The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal.
b. The Chatham Railroad.
c. The Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Loan.
REFERENCES : Laws and Legislative Reports.
LXXIX. ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER WHIG LEADER- SHIP 1836-1850, IV
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS
1. Growth of the Literary Fund; the Surplus Revenue.
2. The School Law of 1838-9.
a. Provisions.
b. The educational campaign of 1839; Arguments for and against Public Education (Coon, vol. I, Introduction ).
3. The School Law of 1840; The office of Superintendent of Common Schools (1852).
4. Growth of Schools to 1860.
5. The Work of Calvin H. Wiley.
6. Other Leaders in Public Education.
7. The University under Presidents Caldwell and Swain.
REFERENCES : Weeks, Beginning of the Common School System in the South, pp. 1418-1452, (Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1896-97, Vol. II) ; Connor, Makers of North Carolina History; North Carolina Day Programme, 1905.
SOURCES : Laws, 1838, 1840; Reports of the Superintendent of Com- mon Schools, 1854-1860; Coon, Documentary History of Education to 1840, Vol. II; The North Carolina Journal of Education (1858-1860.)
LXXX. ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER WHIG LEADERSHIP 1836-1850, V HUMANITARIAN REFORMS
1. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (Laws, 1844, ch. 37).
a. Message of Governor Graham, 1844; William D. Cooke.
b. Appropriations from the Literary Fund.
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c. Local Taxation.
d. The Institution opened.
2. The care of the Blind.
a. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind (Laws, 1846, ch. 48).
3. Asylum for the Insane.
a. The Memorial of Dorothea Dix.
b. James C. Dobbin.
c. The appropriation (Laws 1848, ch. 1) ; Opening of the Institution.
4. Reforms in the Penal Laws.
a. Imprisonment for debt.
b. Movement for a penitentiary.
5. Rights of Married Women (Laws 1848, ch. 41).
6. The Temperance Movement.
REFERENCES : Tiffany, Life of Dorothea Dix ; Connor, James C. Dob- bin, (Biographical History of North Carolina, Vol. VI) ; Mordecai, Law Lectures, p. 482.
SOURCES : Law of North Carolina, 1844, 1846, 1848; Revised Code of 1855; Reports of State Officials and Institutions in Public Docu- ments, 1844, 1846, 1848; Dix, Memorial establishing a State Hospital for protection and care of the Insane entrusted to the General Assembly of North Carolina, (Raleigh, 1848.)
LXXXI. GENERAL PROGRESS, 1840-1860, I INDUSTRIAL CONDITION
1. Domestic Manufactures.
a. Character.
b. Comparative value in 1810.
2. Early Factories.
a. Pioneers of manufacturing.
b. Value of products, 1850 and 1860 (Twelfth Census, Manufacturers, vol. II, p. 660).
c. Leading industries (Eighth Census, Manufactures, pp. 420-435).
3. Mines and Mining.
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