USA > North Carolina > Toward freedom for all : North Carolina Quakers and slavery > Part 14
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owned, but his son, the historian's grandfather, held strong antislavery convic- tions and joined the Quaker exodus to Indiana, where he settled in the Quaker community at Knightstown. See Mary Ritter Beard, The Making of Charles A. Beard (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), pp. 9-10.
60. H.M. Wagstaff, ed., Minutes of the North Carolina Manumission Society, 1816-1834, the James Sprunt Historical Studies (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1934), 22, nos. 1, 2, p. 19.
61. P.M. Sherrill, "The Quakers and the North Carolina Manumission Society," Trinity College Historical Society Papers (1914), 10, p. 47.
62. Wagstaff, op. cit., pp. 153-154.
63. Levi Coffin, op. cit., pp. 75-76.
64. Report of Phineas Nixon and John Fellow to the meeting for sufferings, 1826. Item 61.
65. Wagstaff, op. cit., pp. 128-129.
66. P.M. Sherrill, op. cit., p. 33
Acts Passed by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, the Ses- sion of 1830-1831 (Raleigh, 1831), 5, p. 11.
67. Benjamin Lundy, The Life, Travels and Opinions of Benjamin Lundy, by his Children (Philadelphia, W.D. Parrish, 1847), pp. 22-23.
68. Ibid., p. 206.
69. Ibid.
70. Wagstaff, op. cit., p. 6.
71. Ibid., p. 124.
72. Ibid., p. 207.
COLONIZATION IN HAITI AND AFRICA
1. William L. Saunders, ed. The Colonial Records of North Carolina (Raleigh, 1890), Chapter 457, 1796.
2. Charles E. Silberman, "Chattel Law and the Negro," Fortune 69 (May 1964), p. 142.
3. John S. Bassett, Slavery in the State of North Carolina (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1899).
4. William S. Gaston to the standing committee, December 3, 1809. Correspon- dence of the meeting for sufferings (Hereinafter: Item). Item I.
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NOTES
5. Samuel Ashe, Biographical History of North Carolina from Colonial Times to the Present, (Greensboro, N.C .: C.L. Van Noppen, 1906), 2, p. 105.
6. Gaston, December 3, 1809. Item 1.
7. The standing committee appointed agents in each quarterly meeting to handle slave matters.
8. Meeting for Sufferings, A Narrative of Some of the Proceedings of North Carolina Yearly Meeting on the Subject of Slavery Within Its Limits (Greensboro: Swain and Sherwood, 1848), 23. The reference is to the Eastern Quarter, where most of the slaves were held, and the "committee" is the standing committee.
9. An unsigned, undated message addressed to The Members of the Society of Friends Throughout the United States. Item 234.
10. Benjamin Lundy, The Life, Travels and Opinions of Benjamin Lundy, by his Children (Philadelphia: n.p., 1847) p. 29.
11. Minute Book of the meeting for sufferings, pp. 11-12. Hereinafter referred to as Minute Book.
12. Ibid., p. 22.
13. Ibid., pp. 11-12.
14. Phineas Nixon and John Fellow to the meeting for sufferings, 1826. Item 61.
15. Ibid.
16. A possible reference to those who went to Haiti from North Carolina in 1825.
17. Phineas Nixon and John Fellow to the meeting for sufferings. Item 61.
18. This is possibly President Jean Boyer himself, although the name Bayar appears clearly on the letter.
19. B. Bayar to Pineas Nixon, May 8, 1827. Item 95.
20. Nathan Mendenhall to Thomas Wistar, July 6, 1826. Item 43.
21. Signed by Jonathan Evans, Clerk. Item 55.
22. John Cooke to Richard Mendenhall, April 31, 1827. Item 93.
23. August 23, 1827. Item 103. Actually, Haiti had declared her independence from France in 1804.
24. Nathan Mendenhall to (Illegible) Jervais, August 9. Item 138.
25. Samuel Radcliff to Nathan Mendenhall, December 11, 1825. Item 146.
26. Ibid.
27. Conversation with Hugh Moore at Greensboro, N.C., 1981.
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28. Benjamin Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, May 31, 1832. Item 186.
29. Ethel Stephen Arnett, William Swaim, Fighting Editor, (Greensboro: Pied- mont Press, 1963). This story was given to Mrs. Arnett by the late J.E. Murrow, who attributed it to his grandfather, William B. Hockett.
30. William Jay, An Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization Society (New York: Leavitt, Lord and Co., 1835).
31. P.J. Staudenraus, The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961) 187. Washington, p. 173; Madison, p. 183; Iredell, p. 108.
32. Richard Mendenhall to R.R. Gurley, November 13, 1826, mentions David Lindsay as postmaster and treasurer. Papers of the American Colonization Society, 1, p. 148. These papers are in the Library of Congress. Hereinafter, Papers of A.C.S.
33. John C. Ehringhaus to R.R. Gurley, September, 1826. Papers of the A.C.S., 1, p. 61.
34. Staudenraus, op. cit., pp. 50-51. This was the Mercer Act.
35. Stephen B. Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896), p. 230.
36. Minute Book, 23, July 10, 1826.
37. Nathan Mendenhall to Josiah Parker, September 4, 1826. Item 51.
38. September 8, 1827. Item 106.
39. October 10, 1827. Item 108.
40. February 28, 1828. Item 142. This assertion is misleading. Five hundred dollars was a modest sum compared to the thousands spent by the Colonization Society.
41. January 14, 1825. Item 4.
42. The Greensborough Patriot, Greensborough, N.C., June 14, 1826.
43. The African Repository and Colonial Journal, 2 (October, 1826).
44. Ibid., 1 (October 1825) pp. 244-246. (Extract from the New York States- man.)
45. NCYMM, November 9, 1819. The 1848 report of the meeting for sufferings gives 1818, but the yearly meeting action is recorded in the minutes for 1819.
46. David White to Richard Mendenhall, December 5, 1825. Item 19.
47. Minute Book, November 6, 1826, p. 27.
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NOTES
48. Ibid., September 4, 1827, p. 33. The Brig Doris sailed February 24, 1827.
49. Item 139, August 29, 1828. The trustees of the Eastern Quarter sent a four- page letter to the meeting for sufferings at Jamestown protesting the high with- holding rate applied to Negro wages. They argued that it denied the former slaves the right to use their money as they chose and virtually forced them to emigrate.
50. Papers of the A.C.S., Il, p. 230.
51. Josiah Parker to Richard Mendenhall, January 14, 1827. Item 83.
52. John Kennedy to R.R. Gurley, Papers of the A.C.S., Il, pp. 321-323.
53. John Kennedy to R.R. Gurley, Papers of the A.C.S., III, p. 342.
54. John McPhail to R.R. Gurley, Papers of the A.C.S., III, p. 491.
55. July 29, 1827. Item 100.
56. August 23, 1827. Item 103.
57. August 21, 1827. Item 102.
58. John Kennedy to R.R. Gurley, Papers of the A.C.S., VI, pp. 1084-1086.
59. Papers of the A.C.S., VI, p. 987.
60. John McPhail to R.R. Gurley, Papers of the A.C.S., VI, p. 1149.
61. Nathan Mendenhall to R.R. Gurley, Papers of the A.C.S., VIII, p. 1255.
62. Record Book of the meeting for sufferings. Item 241.
63. John McPhail to Nathan Mendenhall, June 12, 1828. Item 134.
64. This is possibly the John C. Stanly who was manumitted by a special act of the North Carolina General Assembly in 1798. See John Hope Franklin, The Free Negro in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of N.C. Press, 1943), p. 31.
65. December 6, 1832. Item 193.
66. December 7, 1832. Item 194.
67. Ashmun to Caleb White and Phineas Alberton, September 2, 1828. Item 141.
68. Ibid.
69. Nicholas Halasz, The Rattling Chains (New York: D. Mckay and Co., 1966), V.
70. Ibid., pp. 178-179.
71. Jonas Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, March 11, 1832. Item 181.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
72. Minute Book, November 3, 1832, pp. 81-82. The information seems to have been false. Daniel Howe asserts: "No provision can be found in this constitution (of 1816) forbidding the coming into this state of negroes and mulattoes. That was reserved for another convention to put into another constitution, adopted thirty-five years later, when the virus of slavery had well-nigh poisoned the whole nation." The Laws and Courts of Northwest and Indiana Territories, Indiana Historical Society Publications 2, no. 1, p. 33. Public feeling against black immigrants was apparently high, and it was commonly believed that a law forbade immigration.
73. Jonas Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, May 20, 1832. Item 184.
74. Benjamin Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, June 3, 1832. Item 187.
75. George Swaim to Nathan Mendenhall, June 3-21. Item 188.
76. The Friend (Philadelphia, December 1, 1832), 6, no. 9, pp. 65-66.
77. Ibid., and Jonas Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, August 2, 1832. Item 191.
78. Ibid., p. 66. The informant would have been Joseph Robertson.
79. Minute Book, November 3, 1832.
80. George Swaim to Nathan Mendenhall, June 3-21, 1832. Item 188.
81. Benjamin Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, August 2, 1832. Item 191.
82. David White to Jeremiah Hubbard, May 31, 1836. Item 228.
83. Halasz, op. cit., 115.
84. Josiah Forster to Jeremiah Hubbard, June 21, 1834. Item 208.
85. A copy of the circular signed by Elijah Coffin, George Carter and Thomas Evans in the Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College. Item 179.
86. NCYMM, 1838, p. 46.
QUAKERS IN COURT
1. North Carolina Yearly Meeting Minutes (NCYMM), November 5, 1822.
2. Deed of gift, James Griffin to Trustees of Friends, 13th of 8th month, 1822, Perquimans County, North Carolina. Attested by Isaiah Symons. Correspond- ence of the meeting for sufferings (Item).
3. Meeting for Sufferings, A Narrative of Some of the Proceedings of North Carolina Yearly Meeting on the Subject of Slavery Within Its Limits (Greensboro: Swain and Sherwood, 1848), p. 28.
123
NOTES
4. Ibid.
5. Guilford County, North Carolina, Record of Wills, Book A, p. 424, probated May, 1816. File 0415. Minute Book of the meeting for sufferings (Minute Book), December 11, 1824.
6. Aaron White to meeting for sufferings, 1826. Item 69.
7. Phineas Nixon to B. Gardner and George Swaim, October 26, 1826. Item 27.
8. Minute Book, November 7, 1826.
9. Owen Stanton to Caleb Winslow, October 20, 1810. Item 121.
10. Addison Coffin, "Early Settlement of Friends in North Carolina, Traditions and Reminiscences," 1894. Ms. Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
11. NCYMM, November 3, 1818.
12. Described in Minute Book, December 11, 1824.
13. Helen C. Catterall, Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro (Washington: Carnegie Institute, 1926), p. 62.
14. Ibid.
15. Minute Book, December 11, 1824.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., November 4, 1825.
18. Ibid., May 9, 1827.
19. Ibid., October 31, 1828.
20. Ibid., November 9, 1830. Not listed in North Carolina Reports.
21. Ibid., April 11, 1831.
22. Catterall, op. cit., p. 62.
23. Ibid., p. 5.
24. Joseph Fishkin to George C. Mendenhall, February 24, 1827. Item 88.
25. Asa Folger to Barzilla Gardner, November 4, 1825.
26. Asa Folger to Nathan Mendenhall, July (7?), 1826. Item 41.
27. Nathan Mendenhall to Asa Folger, July 16, 1826. Item 44.
28. Manumission Paper for Hagar executed by Reston Lamb, April 23, 1786. Item A-1.
29. David White to Richard Mendenhall, December 5, 1825. Item 19.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
30. Aaron White to meeting for sufferings, Minute Book, November (?), 1826, p. 28.
31. Minute Book, November 4, 1831.
32. Aaron White to meeting for sufferings, (?), 1826. Item 69.
33. Ibid.
34. Minute Book, August 24, 1821.
35. John C. Stanly to Nathan Mendenhall, December 9, 1832. Item 195.
36. Ibid., December 19, 1832.
37. Thomas Kennedy to meeting for sufferings, September 21, 1826. Item 50.
38. North Carolina Reports 12, Cases at Law Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of North Carolina, Thomas P. Devereaux, ed., December Term, 1826 to June Term, 1828 (Raleigh, 1916), p. 120.
39. Ibid., 12, July Term 1827, p. 123.
40. Ibid., Catterall, op. cit., p. 52.
41. The statute of 1830 prescribed bond of $1,000 per slave emancipated and required that the person leave the state in ninety days. However, slaves over fifty who had been manumitted for meritorious service were not required to leave. Acts Passed by the General Assembly of North Carolina, 1823-1831 (Raleigh, 1832), p. 12.
42. The author is indebted to Dr. Algie 1. Newlin, author of The Newlin Family, Ancestors and Descendents of John and Mary Pyle Newlin (Greensboro, 1965) for personal information about John Newlin of Saxapahaw.
43. James Davis to Joshua Stanley, (?), 3, 1846. Item 231.
44. James Davis to Thomas Kennedy, Minute Book, January, 31, 1851.
45. North Carolina Reports, 34, 1851, p. 41.
46. James Davis to Thomas Kennedy, Minute Book, January 31, 1851.
47. Nathan Mendenhall to Asa Folger, July 16, 1826. Item 44.
48. Legislative Papers, North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Petition File, 1800-1859. (Legislative Papers)
49. John S. Bassett, Slavery in the State of North Carolina (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Studies in History and Political Science, 1892), p. 10.
50. Legislative Papers, Petition File, 1800, 1859. Yet, on February 11, 1811, Perquimans had granted the freedom of Mills to Caleb Winslow. Evidently, he had been picked up and perhaps reclaimed by Winslow to prevent his being
125
NOTES
sold. Under the law of 1777, the county courts were competent to judge meri- torious service. See Slave Papers, Perquimans County, 1759-1864, North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh.
51. Message to New England Meeting for Sufferings from North Carolina Meet- ing for Sufferings, November 6, 1833. Item 211. This is one of many such refer- ences.
52. Slave Papers, Perquimans County, 1759-1864.
53. Slave Papers, Pasquotank County, 1814.
54. Slave Papers, Perquimans County, 1759-1864.
55. Zuber, Richard L., Jonathan Worth, A Biography of a Southern Unionist (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), p. 12.
56. Charles H. Nichols, Jr. "A Quaker Schoolmistress of the Old South," Bulle- tin of the Friends Historical Association, Spring 1950), 39, p. 10.
57. Message to the meeting for sufferings from a meeting of the trustees of the Eastern Quarter held at Little River, August 29, 1828. Item 139.
58. Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution (New York: Knopf, 1956), pp. 414-418.
59. Item 139.
60. NCYMM, November 3, 1817.
61. Ibid., November 2, 1818.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., November 11, 1819.
64. Acts Passed by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina at the Session of 1830-1831 (Raleigh, 1831), 5, p. 11.
65. Bassett, op. cit., p. 10; Stampp, op. cit., in general.
66. Bassett, op. cit., p. 16.
67. Ibid., p. 13.
68. NCYMM, 1815, pp. 140-141. Ibid., 1817, pp. 157-158. Ibid., 1823, pp. 209-211. Ibid., 1831, p. 115 (of 1832 minutes).
69. Ibid., 1816, pp. 148-150. Ibid., 1823, p. 171. Ibid., 1849, pp. 13-14.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
70. Ibid., 1847, pp. 13-14.
71. Nichols, op. cit., reprints the text of this petition, pp. 13-14.
RELOCATION IN THE WEST AND NORTH
1. North Carolina Yearly Meeting Minutes (NCYMM), November 5, 1822.
2. Ibid., 1823, pp. 203-204.
3. Financial Records of the meeting for sufferings. Item 205.
4. Ibid., 1826-1834.
5. Postal card in Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
6. Charles F. Coffin, "Tribute to the Memory of my Mother," January, 1908. File 10 (Cannon-Coffin), Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
7. Photocopy, "Bill of the Road to Richmond," Drawer 3, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
8. Thomas Kennedy to Nathan Mendenhall, February 23, 1826. Item 34 in Correspondence of the meeting for sufferings (Item), Friends Historical Collec- tion, Guilford College.
9. Ibid., July 23, 1827. Item 99.
10. Meeting for Sufferings, A Narrative of Some of the Proceedings of North Carolina Yearly Meeting on the Subject of Slavery Within Its Limits. (Greensboro, N.C., 1848), p. 23.
11. Ibid., p. 31.
12. Ibid., pp. 31-32.
13. Asa Folger to Nathan Mendenhall, July 31, 1826. Item 41.
14. Minute Book of the meeting for sufferings (Minute Book), 25. Joseph Hunt to the meeting for sufferings, January 25, 1828, Minute Book, 41.
15. George Carter to the meeting for sufferings, November 26, 1827. Item 12.
16. George Swaim to Nathan Mendenhall and Richard Mendenhall, June 3-21, 1832. Item 188. See also chapter III.
17. Meeting for Sufferings, op. cit., p. 40.
18. David White to Jeremiah Hubbard, May 31, 1836. Item 228.
19. David White to meeting for sufferings, 10, 1840. Item 238.
127
NOTES
20. Minute Book, 21, May 19, 1826; p. 15, April 10, 1826.
21. John Fellow to Thomas Kennedy, February 23, 1826. Item 34.
22. Thomas Kennedy to Nathan Mendenhall, September 11, 1827. Item 107. Harris is described as a "young man from Indiana."
23. James Peele to Jeremiah Hubbard and Phineas Nixon, October 25, 1834. Item 204.
24. Miles White to meeting for sufferings, October 22, 1834. Item 207.
25. Minute Book, 27, November 6, 1826.
26. Caleb White to meeting for sufferings, October 15, 1834. Item 207A.
27. Minute Book, 83-84, October 31, 1834.
28. Samuel Charles to Jeremiah Hubbard, October 8, 1826. Item 48.
29. William Talbert to Nathan Mendenhall, November 12, 1826. Item 64.
30. Thomas Evans to meeting for sufferings, 1833. Item 190. Stephen B. Weeks mentions such a law, p. 232. Despite repeated references to such a law, the author has been unable to confirm that one existed until the constitution of 1856.
31. Thomas Evans to the meeting for sufferings, 1833. Item 190.
32. Minute Book, 100, August 4, 1835.
33. Ibid.
34. Deed Record K. County Court House, Paoli, Indiana, November 28, 1842. Also, Algie I. Newlin, The Newlin Family, Ancestors and Descendants of John and Mary Pyle Newlin. (Greensboro, 1967) n.p. pp.57-58.
35. "The Story of Little Jane," by Elmina H. Wilson, in Emina H. Wilson Collec- tion, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College, Ms.
36. Jordan Harrison to Nathan Mendenhall, 1827. Item 94.
37. Ibid., September 25, 1828. Item 144.
38. Ibid., 1833. Item 197.
39. Isaac Parker to Jeremiah Hubbard, October 4, 1834. Item 212.
40. John Cooke to Nathan Mendenhall, October 26, 1827. Item 112.
41. Edward Bettle to Nathan Mendenhall, May 21, 1832. Item 185.
42. Samuel Parsons to Jeremiah Hubbard, June 3, 1833. Item 199.
43. Ibid., September 2, 1833. Item 200.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
44. Miles White to meeting for sufferings, October 22, 1834. Item 207.
45. David White to Jeremiah Hubbard, May 31, 1836. Item 228.
46. James Jones to Richard Mendenhall, December 18, 1827. Item 118.
47. Joseph Hoag, Journal of the Life of Joseph Hoag, an Eminent Minister of the Gospel in the Society of Friends. (New York: Auburn, Knapp and Peck Printers, 1861. First published in 1832.)
48. Explained in a letter of Nancy Moore to Philadelphia Meeting for Suffer- ings, July 6, 1826. Item 43.
49. Nathan Mendenhall to Richard Jordan, 1826. Item 43.
50. Samuel Charles to Jeremiah Hubbard and Henry Ballenger, August 10, 1826. Item 48.
51. John Howard to Nathan Mendenhall, October 21, 1826. Item 66. See also case of Stringer vs. Burcham, Chapter V.
52. Thomas Kennedy to Nathan Mendenhall, July 23, 1827. Item 99.
53. Jonas Mace to Nathan Mendenhall, March 11, 1832. Item 181.
54. John Howard to meeting for sufferings, October 13, 1834. Item 201.
55. Elisha Bates to meeting for sufferings, October 18, 1826. Item 62.
56. Richard Jordan to Nathan Mendenhall, July 25, 1826. Item 46. See also William and Thomas Evans, ed., Friends Library (Philadelphia: Printed by J. Rakestraw for the editors, 1849), 13, A Journal of the Life and Religious Labours of Richard Jordan, a Minister of the Gospel in the Society of Friends, pp. 292-349.
57. Nathan Mendenhall to Richard Jordan, October 11, 1826. Item 59.
58. Minute Book, Rich Square Monthly Meeting (Men's) 2, April 20, 1805.
59. Minute Book, 36, November 2, 1827.
60. Authorized copy of power of attorney executed June 13, 1806. Item 5.
61. Minute Book, October 31, 1859. This is a complete summary of the McKim case up to that time.
62. Helen C. Catterall, Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro (Washington: Carnegie Institute, 1926), 2, pp. 220-221, Bookfield vs. Stanton.
63. Minute Book, 47, November 1, 1828.
64. NCYMM, Vol. 3 (Loose, no signature).
129
NOTES
65. Account book of the meeting for sufferings. Item 196A.
66. Minute Book, November 20, 1830.
67. Ibid., April 11, 1835.
68. Ibid., November 9, 1827.
69. Ibid., March 6, 1835.
70. David White to Jeremiah Hubbard, May 31, 1836. Item 228.
71. Minute Book, November 4, 1840.
72. Ibid., letter of September 11, 1858.
73. James Peele to Jeremiah Hubbard, October 25, 1834. Item 204.
74. David Mendenhall to Jeremiah Hubbard, May 31, 1836. Item 228.
75. Meeting for Sufferings, op. cit., p. 40.
76. Francis Anscombe, I Have Called You Friends (Boston: Christopher Publish- ing House, 1959), p. 165.
77. This high figure assumes the accuracy of the report of the Eastern Quarter, November, 1825, that 506 had already gone to Haiti as of that date. It is so stated in the report in the Minute Book, pp. 6-7.
78. George H. Gibson, "Opinion in North Carolina Regarding the Acquisition of Texas and Cuba, 1835-1855," North Carolina Historical Review, 37, no. 2, April 1960, p. 199.
79. Frederick Law Olmstead, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1904), p. 367.
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD AND ABOLITIONISM
1. North Carolina Yearly Meeting Minutes (NCYMM) November 7, 1843.
2. Noble J. Talbert, "Daniel Worth, Tar Heel Abolitionist," North Carolina His- torical Review, 39, July, 1962, p. 290.
3. NCYMM, November 7, 1843. Rich Square Monthly Meeting had brought a proposal to that effect.
4. Lydia Maria Child, Isaac Hopper (Boston: J.P. Jewett & Co., Cleveland, Ohio, etc., 1853), pp. 388-389.
5. Lewis M. Purifoy, "The Southern Methodist Church and the Proslavery Argu- ment," Journal of Southern History, 32, August, 1966, pp.327-328, quoting the
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
Journal of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Nashville, 1846), p. 111.
6. "Address to Members of the Society of Friends on the American Continent," Minutes of the Indiana Yearly Meeting of Anti-Slavery Friends, 1843-1857, September, 1844, pp. 117-124. Quoted by Thomas Drake, Quakers and Slavery in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), p. 169.
7. NCYMM, November 8, 1844.
8. Larry Gara, The Liberty Line, The Legend of the Underground Railroad (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1961), 81. See also Nicholas Halasz, The Rattling Chains (New York: D. Mckay Co., 1966).
9. Halasz, op. cit., p. 216.
10. Ibid., p. 104.
11. U.B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1918), pp. 413-414.
12. Talbert, op. cit., 290; Richard L. Zuber, Jonathan Worth, A Biography of a Southern Unionist (Chapel Hill: University of N.C. Press, 1965).
13. Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis in the South (New York: A.B. Burdick, 1959). First published in 1857.
14. Richard J.M. Hobbs, "Lines of Descent of the Branch of the Mendenhall Family Who Were Ancestors of Nereus Mendenhall," Chapel Hill, 1963. MS. Richard J.M. Hobbs was a grandson of Nereus Mendenhall and a great grand- son of George C. Mendenhall. The manuscript is in the hands of Dr. Grimsley T. Hobbs, Professor of Philosophy at Guilford College and former president of the college, and a son of Richard J.M. Hobbs. A copy of The Impending Crisis in the Friends Historical Collection at Guilford College is inscribed to "William Mendenhall, Book 1860," indicating another probable Quaker reader of the controversial book.
15. J.G. de Roulhac Hamilton, "Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick," James Sprunt Historical Publications (Chapel Hill: North Carolina Historical Society, 1810), 10, pp. 1-42. Twenty years earlier, Judge William Gaston had criticized slavery in a public address at Chapel Hill without stirring up controversy. See also R.W.D. Connor, Makers of North Carolina History (Raleigh: The Thompson Publishing Co., 1911), pp. 17-181.
16. Letter from the London Yearly Meeting to Elihu Coffin and Joshua Stanley of the North Carolina Meeting for Sufferings, February 25, 1849, among the epistles from London Yearly Meeting, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
131
NOTES
17. Minute Book of the meeting for sufferings (Minute Book), November 4, 1853.
18. Ibid., October 31, 1856; September 16, 1861.
19. Abundant literature recounts these events. See Allen C. Thomas and Richard C. Thomas, The History of Friends in America (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1905), p. 5. The North Carolina Yearly Meeting Minutes contain frequent references to this unhappy controversy. See the minute of 1854 when the yearly meeting had to choose between two epistles, one each from compet- ing yearly meetings in Ohio and Baltimore. NCYMM, November, 1854.
20. Letter from Delphina E. Mendenhall to John Greenleaf Whittier, September 4, 1852, box B20, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College. In this letter she introduces herself to the poet. Whittier is said to have referred to her as "a whole quarterly meeting in herself." See Allen Jay, Autobiography of Allen Jay (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1910), p. 238.
21. Elihu Embree published The Emancipator in Jonesboro, Tennessee, for a few months prior to his early death in 1820. See Matilda Wildman Evans, "Elihu Embree, Quaker Abolitionist, and Some of His Co-Workers," Bulletin of the Friends Historical Association, 21 (Spring, 1932), pp. 5-17. Benjamin Lundy published The Genius of Universal Emancipation in Tennessee and Baltimore from 1821 to 1836. Garrison began his publishing career with Lundy in Baltimore. The Life, Travels, and Opinions of Benjamin Lundy, Under the Direc- tion and Behalf of His Children (Philadelphia: n.p., 1847) is largely an account of The Genius of Universal Emancipation. Osborne, a Quaker minister, published The Philanthropist in Tennessee during 1814 and 1816, and later resumed publication in Ohio.
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