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22. Arthur Lloyd, The Slave Controversy, 1831-1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), p. 65.
23. Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin (Cincinnati: R. Clarke & Co., 1880), pp. 12-14. This book was written in later life and its authority rests largely on Coffin's memory of events long past.
24. Ibid., p. 25.
25. Ibid., pp. 32-68.
26. Addison Coffin, "Early Settlement of Friends in North Carolina, Traditions and Reminiscences," MS., Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College. Addison Coffin was possessed of a lively imagination and should be read with some caution.
27. See Chapter V.
28. Addison Coffin, op. cit., p. 126.
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29. Levi Coffin, op. cit., p. 13; Addison Coffin, op. cit.
30. Some were taken from North Carolina as free persons, but others were taken as the property of the yearly meeting. Still others were purchased and then taken to free territory to be manumitted. See case of Black Jim, Chapter VI.
31. This is a tradition recounted by Kathryn Hoskins, "How the Underground Railway Originated," Greensboro Daily News, Greensboro, N.C., August 7, 1932.
32. Memorial to Richard C. Mendenhall, d. August 5, 1851, Mendenhall File, B20, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
33. NCYMM, 3, 1851, pp. 123-124.
34. The meeting was laid down in 1854. Stephen B. Weeks, Southern Quakers and Slavery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896), table following p. 330.
35. Ibid., pp. 256-259.
36. Ibid., p. 263.
37. Census or Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States, as Corrected by the Department of State, in 1840, (Washington, 1841), (fascimile, New York, n.d.).
38. Weeks, op. cit., table following p. 330.
39. Addison Coffin, op. cit., p. 143.
40. "A Slaveholder" to Isham Cox, Drawer 13, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
41. Isham Cox, "A Brief Account of the Life and Travels of Isham Cox, Written by Himself," n.d., unpublished MS., Drawer 13, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
42. J.G. de Roulhac Hamilton, op. cit., 10, p. 14.
43. Levi Coffin to Emory D. Coffin, Cannon-Coffin Drawer, File 10, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
44. NCYMM, November 9, 1849.
45. Ibid., October 24, 1777.
46. Ibid., November 8, 1849.
47. Ibid., The Yearly Meeting Message, November 7, 1843. The quotations are from the Bible. Mark 13:21-22: "And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or lo, he is there; believe him not: for false Christs and false prophets shall rise .. . " John 10:11-12: "I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for his sheep. But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd,
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NOTES
whose sheep they are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep and fleeth ... " Quakers equated salaried ministers with the "hirelings" here described.
48. NCYMM, Statistical Report, 1983.
49. Weeks, op. cit., pp. 289-290.
50. Minute Book, June 3, 1861.
51. Ibid., September 16, 1861.
CIVIL WAR AND AFTER
1. Hugh T. Lefler and Albert Newsome, The History of a Southern State, North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of N.C. Press, rev. ed., 1963), pp. 421-425.
2. North Carolina Yearly Meeting Minutes (NCYMM), November 5, 1861.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Harold D. Moser, "Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation," North Caro- lina Historical Review, 44, no. 1 (January 1967), p. 55.
6. Lefler and Newsome, op. cit., p. 396.
7. North Carolina Census, 1860, Pasquotank County, Schedule 2; Perquimans County, Schedule 2.
8. Ibid. Guilford County, Schedule 2. Cyrus Mendenhall, son of Richard Mendenhall, is described in Richard J.M. Hobbs, "Lines of Descent of the Branch of the Mendenhall Family Who were Ancestors of Nereus Mendenhall," ms., Chapel Hill, 1963.
9. NCYMM, November 6, 1855. The report on slavery lists one slave held by heirship, one under "peculiar circumstances." In 1859, there were "one or two instances of owning by heirship," in 1860, two by heirship. These reports were for the entire yearly meeting and thus indicate the extreme rarity of ownership of slaves by Quakers.
10. North Carolina Census, 1860, Guilford County, Schedule 2.
11. Hobbs, op. cit. Allen Jay, op. cit., pp. 233-239. See also Damon D. Hickey, "Let Not Thy Left Hand Know: The Unification of George C. Mendenhall," The Southern Friend, 3, no. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 3-24.
12. Allen Jay, op. cit., p. 234.
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13. Ibid., p. 236. Some of the poetry was published in Friends Review (Rich- mond, Virginia), edited by Delphina's friend, Judith (Mrs. John) Crenshaw.
14. Box 20 Delphina E. Mendenhall's Poetry, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
15. Record of Wills, D File 01111, 45-53, Guilford County, North Carolina, recorded 8th day, second month, 1859, probated May Term, 1860.
16. "An Act to Prohibit the Emancipation of Slaves by Will," North Carolina. Laws Passed by the General Assembly, 1860-1861 (Raleigh, 1862), p. 69.
17. Hobbs, op. cit., and Allen Jay, op. cit., p. 236. Jay says Delphina and the slaves were turned back by the Virginia police.
18. Delphina E. Mendenhall to John B. Crenshaw, March 31, 1863, W.H.S. Wood Papers, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
19. Ibid., November 24, 1863.
20. Ibid., July 25, 1864.
21. Ibid., March 31, 1863.
22. Ibid., August 1, 1864.
23. Ibid., November 28, 1864. See also Hobbs-Mendenhall Papers, no. 2493, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Per- haps it is inaccurate to refer to the permits which she received as "passports," although she does so in her letters.
24. Delphina E. Mendenhall to John B. Crenshaw, November 28, 1864, Wood Papers.
25. Ibid .; Hobbs-Mendenhall Papers.
26. Ibid.
27. Delphina E. Mendenhall to John B. Crenshaw, November 2, 1865, Wood Papers.
28. Ibid.
t
29. Box 20, Delphina E. Mendenhall's Poetry, Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College.
30. Mary Mendenhall Hobbs in Allen Jay, op. cit., pp. 168-169.
31. Addison Coffin, op. cit., p. 143.
32. Weeks, op. cit., pp. 310-316.
33. Ibid., p. 313.
135
NOTES
34. Greensboro Daily News (Greensboro, N.C.) April 21, 1968 and May 26, 1968.
35. Three black persons were admitted to Guilford College simultaneously in 1962. Two were from Kenya and one was from North Carolina.
36. NCYMM, 1983.
37. Weeks, op. cit., p. 318.
Bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
Manuscripts Materials in the Friends Historical Collection at Guilford College: Yearly Meeting Minutes
North Carolina Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. 1704-1804; 1813-1865. The minutes from 1805-1812 are missing.
Quarterly Meeting Minutes
Cane Creek Quarterly Meeting. 1760-1865. Contentnea Quarterly Meeting. 1793-1865. Deep Creek Quarterly Meeting. 1819-1865. Eastern Quarterly Meeting. 1796-1865.
New Garden Quarterly Meeting. 1788-1865. Perquimans and Little River Quarterly Meeting. 1708-1792. Southern Quarterly Meeting. 1820-1865. Western Quarterly Meeting. 1760-1790. Westfield Quarterly Meeting. 1804-1832.
Monthly Meeting Minutes
Back Creek Monthly Meeting. 1792-1865. Cane Creek Monthly Meeting. 1751-1865. Center Monthly Meeting. 1835-1865; Ministers and Elders, 1793-1865. Contentnea Monthly Meeting. 1814-1865. Core Sound Monthly Meeting. 1733-1841. Deep Creek Monthly Meeting. 1778-1865. Dover Monthly Meeting. 1815-1865.
137
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Great Contentnea Monthly Meeting. 1774-1833 (Women's); 1786-1787 (Men's). Holly Spring Monthly Meeting. 1818-1865. Hopewell Monthly Meeting. 1824-1849. Lost Creek Monthly Meeting. 1816-1865. Marlboro Monthly Meeting. 1816-1865. Neuse Monthly Meeting. 1841-1865. New Garden Monthly Meeting. 1754-1865. New Hope Monthly Meeting. 1795-1846.
Old Neck, Perquimans, Sutton's Creek Monthly Meetings. Minutes of the standing committee. 1757-1822. Perquimans Monthly Meeting. 1680-1802. Piney Grove Monthly Meeting. 1802-1815. Spring Monthly Meeting. 1815-1865. Springfield Monthly Meeting. 1790-1865. Sutton's Creek Monthly Meeting. 1795-1835. Symon's Creek Monthly Meeting. 1803-1854. Union Hill Monthly Meeting. 1818-1834. Wells Monthly Meeting. 1774-1794.
Materials in the Archives of North Carolina Yearly Meeting (Conservative) at Rich Square Monthly Meeting, Woodland, North Carolina:
Jack Swamp Monthly Meeting. 1816-1865. Rich Square Monthly Meeting. 1760-1830.
Further materials in Friends Historical Collection, Guilford College: Meeting for Sufferings of North Carolina Yearly Meeting
Correspondence of the Meeting for Sufferings of North Carolina. 1824-1857. Minute Book of the Meeting for Sufferings of North Carolina. 1824-1865. Letter from the North Carolina Yearly Meeting for Sufferings to the London Meeting for Sufferings (c. 1835). In Vol. Il of the North Carolina Yearly Meeting Minutes.
Standing Committee of North Carolina Yearly Meeting
Correspondence of the Standing Committee of North Carolina Yearly Meeting. 1809-1824.
Minutes of the Standing Committee of North Carolina Yearly Meeting. 1759-1823.
Other Quaker Manuscripts
Briggs, Alpheus. "A History of North Carolina Yearly Meeting," handwritten book, 1937.
Coffin, Addison. "Early Settlement of Friends in North Carolina, Traditions and Reminiscences," 1894. (Typed copy prepared for the North Carolina Friends Historical Society.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
. Postal card to J. Waldo Woody giving route of the Underground Railroad, 1894.
Coffin, Charles F. "Tribute to the Memory of My Mother," January, 1908. File 10 (Cannon-Coffin).
Coffin, Levi. Letter to Emory D. Coffin, 1849. File 10, (Cannon-Coffin).
Cox, Isham. "A Brief Account of the Life and Travels of Isham Cox, Written by Himself." MSS. Drawer 13.
Letter from "A Slaveholder" to Isham Cox, Drawer 13.
North Carolina Yearly Meeting. Antislavery petitions to the North Carolina General Assembly, 1772 ("Address to the Throne of Great Britain," submit- ted to the North Carolina House of Burgesses), 1779, 1787, annually 1790- 1798, 1803, 1811, 1812, 1814, 1815, 1817, 1823, 1831, 1832, 1834, 1838.
North Carolina Yearly Meeting (Women's). Antislavery petition to the Congress of the United States, 1838.
Old Neck Preparative Meeting, Wells-Perquimans Monthly Meeting, extracts from the minutes regarding slavery.
W.H.S. Wood Papers. Contain correspondence between Delphina E. Menden- hall and John B. Crenshaw, and other Quaker letters from the Civil War period.
Other Manuscripts
American Colonization Society, Papers of Vols. I-XV of Letters Received, 1825-1829; Minutes, 1825-1829; Letters Received, 1834. The papers of the American Colonization Society are in the Library of Congress.
Guilford County, North Carolina. Record of Wills, A, p. 424, File 0415. Will of Thomas Wright, probated May 1816. Guilford County Court House, Greens- boro.
Guilford County, North Carolina. Record of Wills, D, File 01112, pp. 45-53, February 8, 1859. Will of George C. Mendenhall. Guilford County Court House.
Hedrick, Benjamin Sherwood. Papers of, the Treasure Room, Duke University. Hobbs, Richard J.M. "Lines of Descent of the Branch of the Mendenhall Family
Who were Ancestors of Nereus Mendenhall," Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1963. Richard J.M. Hobbs was the grandson of Nereus Mendenhall and a great grandson of George C. Mendenhall. The manuscript is in the hands of Dr. Grimsley T. Hobbs, son of Richard J.M. Hobbs.
Legislative Papers, North Carolina Department of Archives and History, Raleigh:
Petitions for Emancipation, 1759-1864.
Slave Papers, Perquimans County, 1759-1864.
Slave Papers, Pasquotank County, 1799-1818.
"Reasons in Support of Error," a paper presented to the Perquimans County Court, signed by W.A. Milton, n.d.
Mendenhall. Hobbs-Mendenhall Papers, Southern Historical Collection of the
139
BIBLIOGRAPHY
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. This collection contains corre- spondence and other matters of historical interest, principally about George C., Richard C., and Delphina E. Mendenhall.
Weeks, Stephen B., Stephen B. Weeks Collection, Southern Historical Collec- tion of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Contains the Author's Copy of Southern Quakers and Slavery, with correspondence following publication, reviews and editorial comment.
Public Documents
North Carolina. The State Records of North Carolina, by Walter Clark, ed. Vols. 11-14, Raleigh, 1895-1896; vols. 15-26, Goldsboro, 1898-1905.
North Carolina. Davis's Revisal of the Laws of North Carolina. Newbern, North Carolina, 1773. N.V.
North Carolina. North Carolina Reports. Cases at Law Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of North Carolina, Thomas P. Devereaux, ed., vols. 12-15 (1826-1834), Raleigh, 1826-1834.
North Carolina. General Assembly. Acts Passed by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina at the Session of 1830-1831. Raleigh, 1831. Vol. 5.
North Carolina General Assembly. Laws Passed by the General Assembly, 1860- 1861. Raleigh, 1862.
North Carolina. The Colonial Records of North Carolina, William B. Saunders, ed. Vols. 1-10, Raleigh, 1886-1890.
U.S. Census Office. First Census of the United States, 1790. Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the year 1790. Washington, 1908.
U.S. Census Office. Census of 1820, published by the Authority of an Act of Congress, Under the Direction of the Secretary of State. Washington, 1841. (Fascimile)
U.S. Census Office. Seventh Census, 1850. Washington, 1853.
U.S. Census Office. Eighth Census; Population of the United States in 1860. Washington, 1864.
U.S. Federal and State Constitutions, by Francis N. Thorpe. Vols. 2 and 5. Boston, 1906.
Books and Pamphlets
Cartland, Fernando. Southern Heroes. Cambridge, Mass .: Riverside Press, 1895. Coffin, Levi. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin. Cincinnati: R. Clarke and Co., 1880. Edmundson, William. A Journal of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry of that Worthy Elder, and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, William Edmundson. Dublin S. Fairbrother, 1715.
Evans, Joshua. Journals of the Lives, Religious Exercises and Labours in the Work of the Ministry of Joshua Evans and John Hunt, in Friends Miscellany, vol. 10. Edited by John and Isaac Comly. Philadelphia: Byberry. Printed by J. Richards, 1837.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
Evans, William and Thomas, ed., Friends Library, vol. 13. Philadelphia: J. Rake- straw for the editors, 1849 (series 1837-1850). Includes: Fothergill, John, An Account of the Life and Travels of John Fothergill.
Jordan, Richard. A Journal of the Life and Religious Labours of Richard Jor- dan, a Minister of the Gospel in the Society of Friends ..
Fries, Adelaide. Records of the Moravians in North Carolina, vols. 1-8 (1752- 1837). Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton Printing Co., 1922-1954.
Griffith, John A. A Journal of the Life, Travels and Labours in the Ministry of John Griffith. London: J. Phillips, 1779.
Hoag, Joseph. Journal of the Life of Joseph Hoag, an Eminent Minister of the Gospel in the Society of Friends. New York: Auburn, Knapp and Peck, printers, 1861. (First printed 1832)
Hunt, Nathan and William Hunt. Memoirs of William and Nathan Hunt. Phila- delphia: U. Hunt, 1858.
Jay, Allen Autobiography of Allen Jay, born 1831, died 1910. Philadephia: The John C. Winston Co., 1910.
Lefler, Hugh T., North Carolina History as Told by Contemporaries; edited by Hugh Talmadge Lefler (2d ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948.
Lipscomb, Andrew A. (ed.). The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 1. Washing- ton: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903.
Mangum, Willie P. The Papers of Willie Mangum. Vol. 5, 1847-1894.
Meeting for Sufferings. A Narrative of Some of the Proceedings of North Caro- lina Yearly Meeting on the Subject of Slavery Within its Limits. Greensboro, North Carolina: Swain and Sherwood, 1848.
Moulton, Phillips P. The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
North Carolina Yearly Meeting. Faith and Practice of North Carolina Yearly Meeting of Friends. Greensboro, North Carolina, 1982.
Olmstead, Frederick Law. A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States. 1856. Original issue.) (Same title with a biographical sketch by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr., and an introduction by William P. Trent.) New York: G.P. Putnam, 1904.
. A Journey in the Back Country. New York: B. Franklin, 1970. (Original issue 1860.)
Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom. London: S. Low, Son and Co., 1861.
Osborne, Charles. Journal of that Faithful Servant of Christ, Charles Osborne, Containing an Account of the Many Trials and Exercises in the Service of the Lord, and in Defense of the Truth, as it is in Jesus. Cincinnati: Printed by Achilles Pugh, 1854.
Salley, A.S., ed. Narratives of Early Carolina, in John F. Jameson, Original Nar- ratives of Early American History. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1959, c. 1937.
141
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Early Periodicals of Special Interest
African Repository and Colonial Journal 20. (Washington, D.C.) 1835. The Genius of Universal Emancipation (Baltimore) 1821-1836. The Greensboro Patriot (Greensboro, N.C.) 1826-1841.
The Philanthropist (Mt. Pleasant, Ohio) 1814-1816.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Books and Pamphlets
Adams, Alice D. The Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery in America, (1808-1831). Boston: Ginn and Co., 1908.
Anscombe, Francis. I Have Called You Friends. Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1959.
Arnett, Ethel Stephens. William Swaim, Fighting Editor. Greensboro, North Carolina: Piedmont Press, 1963.
.Greensboro, the County Seat of Guilford, written under the direction of Walther Clinton Jackson. Greensboro, North Carolina: Uni- versity of North Carolina Press, 1955.
Ashe, Samuel. Biographical History of North Carolina from Colonial Times to the Present. Vol. 3. Greensboro, North Carolina: C.L. Van Noppen Press, 1906.
Bailey, Hugh C. Hinton Rowan Helper: Abolitionist-racist. Birmingham: Uni- versity of Alabama Press, 1965.
Barck, Oscar T. and Hugh T. Lefler. Colonial America. New York: Macmillan, 1958.
Barrett, John C. The Civil War in North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
Brayshaw, A. Neave. The Quakers, Their Story and Message. New York: Macmillan, 1938.
Barnes, Gilbert. The Antislavery Impulse, 1830-1844. New York: D. Appleton- Century Co., Inc., 1933.
Bascom, Henry B. Methodism and Slavery. Frankfort, Kentucky, Hodges, Todd and Pruett, Printers, 1845.
Breyfogle, William. Make Free, the Story of the Underground Railroad. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1958.
Brinton, Howard. Children of Light. New York: Macmillan, 1938.
Cadbury, Henry J. The Church in the Wilderness, North Carolina Quakerism as Seen by Visitors. Greensboro, North Carolina: North Carolina Friends Historical Society, 1948.
Catterall, Helen H. Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro. Vol. 2 Publication No. 374, Papers of the Department of Historical Research, Carnegie Institute. Cases from the courts of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee. Washington: Carnegie Institute, 1926.
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Child, Lydia Maria. Isaac Hopper. Boston: J.P. Jewett and Co., Cleveland, Ohio, Jewett, Proctor and Worthington, etc., 1853.
Connor, R.D.W. Makers of North Carolina History. Raleigh: Thompson Publish- ing Co., 1911.
Davis, David Brian. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1966.
Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy and the Struggle for Negro Freedom. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966.
Donnan, Elizabeth. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America. New York: Octagon Books, 1965. (First published in Washington, 1930)
Drake, Thomas E. Quakers and Slavery in America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950.
Filler, Louis. The Crusade Against Slavery, 1830-1860. New York: Harper, 1960. Franklin, John Hope. The Free Negro in North Carolina. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1943.
Fries, Adelaide and J. Kenneth Pfohle. The Moravian Church, Yesterday and Today. Raleigh: Edward Broughton and Co., 1926.
Gara, Larry. The Liberty Line, The Legend of the Underground Railroad. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1961.
Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery. New York: Pantheon, 1965.
Halasz, Nicholas. The Rattling Chains, New York: D. Mckay Co., 1966.
Helper, Hinton Rowan. The Impending Crisis in the South. New York: A.B. Bur- dick, 1959. (First published 1857.)
Hinshaw, William Wade. Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy. Vols. 1-7. (Compiled by T.W. Marshall. Edwards Bros., distributors; Friends Book and Supply House, Richmond, Ind.) Ann Arbor: 1936-1962.
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Johnson, Guion G. Ante-Bellum North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1937.
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.The Quakers in the American Colonies. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1911.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lefler, Hugh T. and Albert R. Newsome. North Carolina, The History of a Southern State. (Rev. ed.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
Litrell, Mary P. A History of Rich Square Monthly Meeting of Friends, 1760-1960. MS. Woodland, North Carolina, c. 1960.
Lloyd, Arthur Young. The Slave Controversy, 1831-1860. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1939.
Macy, Jesse. The Anti-Slavery Crusade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919. Moore, J. Floyd. Sources of Quaker History in North Carolina. Greensboro, North Carolina, 1967. n.p.
Newlin, Algie I. The Newlin Family, Ancestors and Descendants of John and Mary Pyle Newlin, with the collaboration of Harvey Newlin. Greensboro, North Carolina, 1965. n.p.
Peele, W.J. Lives of Distinguished North Carolinians. Raleigh: The North Carolina Publishing Society, 1898.
Phillips, Ulrich B. Life and Labor in the Old South. Boston: Little and Brown Co., 1929.
. American Negro Slavery. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1918.
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Russell, Elbert. The History of Quakerism. New York: Macmillan, 1942. (2d ed. Friends United Press, Richmond, Ind., 1979).
Smith, C. Henry and Cornelius Krahn. The Story of the Mennonites. (3d ed.) Newton, Kansas: Mennonite Publishing Office, 1950.
Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution. New York: Knopf, 1956.
Stadenraus, P.J. The African Colonization Movement, 1816-1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
Stockard, Sally. The Founding of Guilford County, North Carolina. Knoxville: Guad-Orgen Co., 1902. (Republished by Guilford County Genealogical Society, Greensboro, North Carolina, 1983.)
Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1952. (First published in 1851.)
Thomas, Allen C. and Richard H. Thomas. The History of Friends in America. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1905.
Trueblood, D. Elton. The People Called Quakers. New York: Harper and Row, 1966.
Weeks, Stephen B. Southern Quakers and Slavery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1896.
Weatherhead, W.D. American Churches and the Negro. Boston: n.p., 1957.
Wiley, Bell Irvin. Southern Negroes, 1861-1865. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965. (First published by Rhinehart, N.Y., 1938.)
Wish, Harvey. Slavery in the South. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1964.
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TOWARD FREEDOM FOR ALL
Zuber, Richard L. Jonathan Worth, a Biography of a Southern Unionist. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965.
Articles
Aptheker, Herbert. "The Quakers and Negro Slavery," Journal of Negro History 25 (1940): 331-362.
Bailey, Joshua S. "Address at the Centennial Celebration of the Erection of the Twelfth Street Meetinghouse," Bulletin of the Friends Historical Association (1917): 58.
Bassett, John S. "Slavery and Servitude in the State of North Carolina," Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 14 (1896): nos. 4 and 5.
. "Anti-Slavery Leaders in North Carolina," Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Studies in Historical and Political Science 16 (1896): no. 6.
. "Slavery in the State of North Carolina," Johns Hopkins Uni- versity Studies in Historical and Political Science 17 (1899): nos. 7 and 8.
. "The Case of the State vs. Will," Trinity College Historical Society Papers 2 (1898): 12-20.
Boller, Paul F., Jr., "Washington, the Quakers and Slavery," Journal of Negro History 44 (April, 1961): 83-88.
Cadbury, Henry J. "Negro Membership in the Society of Friends," Journal of Negro History 21 (1936): 151-213.
Cheshire, Rt. Rev. Joseph Blount, "First Settlers in North Carolina Not Religious Refugees," The North Carolina Booklet 5 (April, 1906): 247-263.
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