History of Cheshire and Sullivan counties, New Hampshire, Part 92

Author: Hurd, D. Hamilton (Duane Hamilton)
Publication date: 1886
Publisher: Philadelphia : J. W. Lewis
Number of Pages: 1200


USA > New Hampshire > Sullivan County > History of Cheshire and Sullivan counties, New Hampshire > Part 92
USA > New Hampshire > Cheshire County > History of Cheshire and Sullivan counties, New Hampshire > Part 92


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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were the result of the efforts made by the Rev. Mr. Conant and associates, particularly the Rev. Jesse Lee, who was a Methodist prior to the dismissal of Mr. Conant. This religious denomination, when placed in the same position as the Methodists and Universalists regarding the use of the town meeting-house, vacated the same and held their meetings in the hall of the school-house, which stood near by. The society agitated the subject of a meeting-house exclu- sively their own for several years, till finally, in 1834, they had one completed, and it was dedicated November 25th, in that year. This building is now standing, and is occupied for the purposes and by the society that erected it. This society has the names of 167 members on its rolls. The Methodists commenced to be a power in religious matters in Winchester about 1800. The first settled minister of that denom- ination in town was Rev. Jesse Lee. In 1805 they commenced to build a house for them- selves, though it was never completed. It was never seated, and had no conveniences for warm- ing. In 1826 this society built a meeting- house, which they occupied for about sixteen years, when they constructed the present church now occupied by them. The building erected in 1826 is now standing, having been removed from the site of the present church to the east, just across the road. It is now occupied in part by the town as an engine-house, the balance for storage purposes by private individuals. This society has the names of one hundred and twenty-seven members now on its rolls. The Universalists have continued to worship in the town meeting-house, though under a contract. About 1842 they extensively repaired the build- ing, filling in the open space between the gal- leries, which were upon the east and west ends of the house and upon the south side, in a manner to divide the old meeting-house into an upper and lower room. The upper room thus secured they have occupied for church purposes since. The Universalist denomination had its beginning in Winchester with the beginning


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WINCHESTER.


of the present century, and from the fact that the Universalists of New England held a convention here in 1803, at which they adopted " Articles of Faith," and christened them " The Winchester Confession of Faith," this society and Winchester have always and are at the present of historical interest to this denomination. This society has the names of two hundred and thirty members on its rolls. The Catholics have a church edifice at Ashue- lot, which they erected in 1871, and have con- tinued to occupy till the present. This denomi- nation numbers two hundred and fifty upon its rolls of church membership. In 1810 dis- eussions upon the aggressions of England, par- ticularly upon the sea, had developed a feeling of retaliation throughout the whole country, but nowhere so strong as in New England, and the General Court of New Hampshire called upon the towns within her borders to provide themselves with military stores and ammunition. In response to this demand, Winchester voted, at a meeting held on the 13th day of June, 1810, " To raise one hundred and twenty dollars to provide ammunition and camp-kettles agreeable to an act of Court," and then voted to set the house to deposit town stores in front of the burying-ground. But no- where does it appear that she was called upon further than to provide these materials against an emergency. No matters of historical interest transpired in Winchester from the date of the church controversy and its settlement till July 2, 1850, though the town had made constant progress in wealth, population and business enterprises. At this date an addition was made, largely at the instance of Alvin Scott, whose interests would be better served and whose property would be enhanced in value, to the territory of Winchester from the northwest corner of Richmond. The act of annexation reads as follows :


" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives in General Court convened, That the tract of land contained within the following boundaries, to


wit : Beginning at the northwest corner of the town of Richmond and running southerly on the line di- viding Richmond from Winchester. three hundred and forty rods to the south line of the road leading from Hollis Narromore's house; thence north 58° east to Swanzey line, south, at the north side of the new road leading from Swanzey to Winchester ; Thence on Swanzey south line three hundred and forty rods to the corner between Swanzey and Rich- mond, be and hereby is disannexed and separated from the town of Richmond and is annexed to and made a part of said town of Winchester as fully and amply to all intents as though it had been contained in and comprehended by the original grant, charter or incorporation of said Winchester."


From this date the boundaries of Winchester have remained unchanged. Recapitulating, we find Winchester as it now is, to be made up of a portion of the original grant, a portion of what was originally Northfield, a smaller portion of what was originally Warwick (Roxbury or Gardiner's Canada) and a still smaller portion annexed from Richmond.


From this date to the commencement of the War of the Rebellion Winchester's history was uneventful. But when it became manifest that treason, with arms in its hands, threatened the existence of the general government, and was determined at all hazards to secure a dismem- berment of the republic, Winchester, true to herself and in keeping with her traditions, took an advanced position amongst her sister towns in the State, to sustain and for the maintenance of the general government. At a meeting held on May 11, 1861, she adopted the following resolutions, which were presented by Marshal Kingman :


" Resolved, That the present crisis of our country's history calls for the united efforts of every loyal and patriotic citizen to sustain our State and National governments in their most active and energetic ef- forts to suppress treason, now existing in a portion of the United States.


" Resolved, That we hail with joy the alacrity with which some of our young men have responded to the call of our Governor, for the enlistment of a military


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HISTORY OF CHESHIRE COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.


force to assist in the maintenance of our National Government.


" Resolved, That the Selectmen of this town be in- structed to furnish each soldier now enlisted or that may hereafter enlist in the military service of the State, who are citizens of this town, with such a com- plete outfit as they shall deem necessary, and furnish each with such an amount of ready money as they may deem necessary, not exceeding ten dollars.


" Resolved, That all soldiers who are citizens of this town, who have already enlisted or may here- after enlist in the service of the Government, shall be paid eight dollars per month during their time of service, and that this town will support and main- tain the families of all such as may enlist in the Country's military service, during their absence on duty.


" Resolved, That the selectmen are hereby author- ized to borrow, for the use of the town, such sum or sums of money as shall be necessary to carry out fully the above resolutions."


It was voted unanimously to adopt the reso- lution, thus pledging the town to an active and energetic support of such measures as the State might adopt for the support of the general government in this issue. On the 9th of Au- gust, 1862, the town adopted the following resolution :


" Resolved, That the town of Winchester pay to each Volunteer the sum of two hundred dollars when mustered into service, that may enlist to fill up our quota for the first call for 300,000, and one hun- dred and twenty-five dollars when mustered into service to each Volunteer that may enlist to fill up our quota for the second call for 300,000 men and provide that there is a company formed for one year so as to prevent a draft, each Volunteer shall receive two hundred dollars when mustered into the service of the United States."


A committee of five was chosen to solicit enlistments. This committee consisted of George W. Pierce, Ellery Albee, Theodore Ripley, H. A. Murdock and Ira W. Russell. On the 23d of August, 1862, the town voted to increase the bounty heretofore voted to be paid the nine months' men by the sum of seventy-five dollars, thus making the bounty two hundred


dollars to each volunteer for nine months. September 19, 1863, it was " Voted, that the town pay drafted men or their substitutes three hundred dollars each ten days after they are mustered into the United States service, or fur- nish substitutes who are accepted and sworn in- to the service," and on December 5, 1863, it was further voted to " pay a bounty of three hundred dollars to Volunteers to fill the quota of the town." On the 25th of the same month it was voted "to advance the town, State and United States bounties to those who may enlist to make up our quota under the last call, and that the selectmen be instructed to borrow a sufficient sum of money to carry out the above vote," and at this meeting the selectmen were instructed to buy or hire substitutes enough to fill the quota of said town under the last call of the United States for volunteers. On February 27, 1864, the town voted to pay the re-enlisted men from the town who were accredited to our quota the sum of three hun- dred dollars. On the 16th of June, 1864, the town " Voted that the Seleetmen be authorized to procure the enlistment of as many volunteers as they may think necessary to apply on the anticipated call of the Government for more soldiers from this town, and pay such bounties as they think necessary," and on September 1, 1864, it was voted that the town pay three hun- dred dollars for one year's men, six hundred dollars for two years' men and nine hundred dollars for three years' men (citizens) to fill the quota of the town on the last call of the Presi- dent. Under the several calls of the general government for soldiers, the following enlisted to fill the town's quota and were mustered and assigned to regiments:


Nathaniel D. Davis, Company A, Second Regiment. George G. Davis, Company A, Second Regiment. Jno. W. Hammond, Company A, Second Regiment. Elbridge E. Jewell, Company A, Second Regiment. Geo. L. Pickett, Company A, Second Regiment. Chas. H. Shrigley, Company A, Second Regiment. Wm. H. Thorning, Company A, Second Regiment. Amasa W. Bowen, Company D, Second Regiment.


577


WINCHESTER.


Myric M. Burpee, Company D, Second Regiment. Abel W. Colegan, Company E, Second Regiment. Wm. Calkins, Company D, Second Regiment. Lorenzo Calkins, Company D, Second Regiment. F. H. Chamberlain, Company E, Second Regiment. Herbert E. Cook, Company D, Second Regiment. Asa Deming, Company E, Second Regiment. Wm. Dow ning, Company C, Second Regiment. Jas. W. Felt, Company B, Second Regiment. Luther W. Fassett, Company E, Second Regiment. Eli Thayer, Company E, Second Regiment. Wm. L. Sprague, Company D, Second Regiment. Albert E. Sholes, Company I, Second Regiment. Chas. P. Hill, Company I, Third Regiment. George Bell, Company I, Third Regiment. Mitchell Bridge, Company I, Third Regiment. Elijah Hammond, Company I, Third Regiment. Arthur Hammond, Company I, Third Regiment. L. D. Hammond, Company I, Third Regiment. Freeman A. Lewis, Company I, Third Regiment. Wm. L. Weeks, Company I, Third Regiment. James Cooney, Company H, Third Regiment. Patrick S. Farren, Company C, Third Regiment. Geo. W. Newbold, Company I, Third Regiment. Edward O'Han, Company D, Third Regiment. John Hughes, Company C, Fourth Regiment. John Nichols, Company A, Fourth Regiment. Emers Gould, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Samuel E. Goss, Company F, Fifth Regiment .. Frederick Barrett, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Orrin B. Curtis, Company F, Fifth Regiment. James T. Eaton, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Gregory Henfin, Company F, Fifth Regiment. George Hubbard, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Chas. B. Lawrence, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Nelson Wood, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Amasa Amidon, Company H, Fifth Regiment. Adrian Arew, Company G, Fifth Regiment. Joseph Booth, Company B, Fifth Regiment. John C. Clifford, Company H, Fifth Regiment. James Hagan, Company E, Fifth Regiment. Caswell J. Hall, Company I, Fifth Regiment. Charles Myers, Company H, Fifth Regiment. John Murphy, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Rienzi O. Rich, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Thomas Riley, Company E, Fifth Regiment. James Sullivan, Company F, Fifth Regiment. Joseph Woodard, Company E, Fifth Regiment. John L. Winch, Company B, Fifth Regiment.


E. P. Pierce, assistant surgeon, Sixth Regimeut. John Hays, Company F, Sixth Regiment. James Houligan, Company F, Sixth Regiment. James Mulligan, Company F, Sixth Regiment. Joseph Worrell, Company F, Sixth Regiment. J. Whittemore, Company H, Sixth Regiment. Stephen Franklin, Company K, Sixth Regiment. Henry Blake, Company A, Sixth Regiment. John Burns, Company G, Sixth Regiment. James O. Donnell, Company A, Sixth Regiment. William Davis, Company F, Sixth Regiment. Louis Eldred, Company C, Sixth Regiment. Henry Geoffray, Company A, Sixth Regiment. James Haven, Company I, Sixth Regiment. William Hill, Company I, Sixth Regiment. Edward Howard, Company A, Sixth Regiment. Patrick Lynch, Company A, Sixth Regiment. John Murphy, Company F, Sixth Regiment. William Martin, Company I, Sixth Regiment. Peter Olson, Company B, Sixth Regiment. Paul Syne, Company A, Sixth Regiment. William Stevens, Company A, Sixth Regiment. William Smith, Company C, Sixth Regiment. Henry Thompson, Company A, Sixth Regiment. Michael Willey, Company G, Sixth Regiment. Mathaias Evans, Company I, Seventh Regiment. Fred. C. Festland, Company I, Seventh Regiment. John Bridges, Company C, Ninth Regiment. Edward Crosby, Company E, Ninth Regiment. Richard Daley, Company E, Ninth Regiment. John B. Duchand, Company C, Ninth Regiment. Francis Granville, Company H, Ninth Regiment. John Glancy, Company C, Ninth Regiment. Ruldof Hintman, Company K, Ninth Regiment. George H. Marsh, Company G, Ninth Regiment. Lucan Martenelle, Company K, Ninth Regiment. James Roberts, Company F, Ninth Regiment. Michael Sweney, Company A, Ninth Regiment. Henry Underwood, Company B, Ninth Regiment. W. A. Fosgate, Company B, Fourteenth Regiment. T. A. Ripley, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. L. Combs, Company C, Fourteenth Regiment. Wm. Combs, Company C, Fourteenth Regiment. G. G. Marden, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. J. F. Hunt, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. G. Norwood, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. G. Howard, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. N. Graves, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. N. B. Fosgate, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment.


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HISTORY OF CHESHIRE COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.


F. H. Wood, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. H. E. Baldwin, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. D. T. Swan, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. O. Colburn, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. J. H. Bolton, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. J. Buffum, Jr., Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. F. H. Buffum, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. W. W. Ball, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. A. Ball, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment.


L. E. Bent, Company F, Fourtoenth Regiment. 1. Eaton, Jr., Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. P. Hays, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment.


H. E. Hutchins, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. L. E. Howard, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. W. A. Morey, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. J. H. Moore, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. V. Q. D. Murdock, Company F, Fourteenth Regt. R. E. Murdock, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. G. H. Nims, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. Pratt, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. G. F. Perry, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. C. P. Reede, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. F. Roark, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. E. O. Smith, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. D. H. Thompson, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment H. F. Thayer, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. H. L. Wilbur, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. H. A. Wood, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. H. F. Pratt, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. J. H. Doolittle, Company G, Fourteenth Regiment. H. Colburn, Company F, Fourteenth Regiment. W. A. Doolittle, Company C, Fourteenth Regiment. F. B. Shepherd, Company G, Fourteenth Regiment. S. P. Fairbanks, Company A, Eighteenth Regiment. L. S. Pickell, Company D, Eighteenth Regiment. C. W. Verry, Company F, Eighteenth Regiment. G. W. Pierce, surgeon, First Cavalry.


L. A. Thayer, Company B, First Cavalry. A. H. Bolles, Company C, First Cavalry. N. A. Bryant, Company C, First Cavalry. James H. Eaton, Company C, First Cavalry. George H. Munn, Company C, First Cavalry. John E. Morse, Company C, First Cavalry. Lucius P. Scott, Company C, First Cavalry. S. E. Hines, Company A, First Heavy Artillery.


This list does not include all who enlisted from Winchester during the war, as many are known to have enlisted in neighboring States,


and others were unassigned to regiments, and for the present their official records cannot be found.


From the close of the War of the Re- bellion there has been no special matter of historical importance in the affairs of the town of Winchester. She has paid a debt of forty-two thousand dollars, a legacy of the war. She has improved her highways, bridges and public buildings. Her population has increased, whilst her citizens have ad- vanced in wealth, prosperity and intelligence. Her population in 1767 was 428; in 1773, 646; in 1780, 1103; in 1790, 1209; in 1800, 1413; in 1810, 1478 ; in 1820, 1849; in 1830, 2052; in 1840, 2065; in 1850, 3296; in 1860, 2225 ; in 1870, 2097 ; in 1880, 2444.


The first post-office was established in town in 1811, with Henry Pratt as postmaster. Jonas Bruce succeeded him April 16, 1813. Henry Pratt was reappointed December 1, 1817. Philip Ripley was appointed March 27, 1820. Calvin Burnap was appointed Febru- ary 19, 1831 ; Horace Peirce, July 10, 1841 ; Calvin Burnap, August 29, 1842 ; Allen Cross, April 9, 1849 ; Abel Hammond, November 26, 1852; Jolin Severance, April 2, 1853; John A. Powers, December 22, 1856; William H. Gurnsey, June 28, 1861; George H. Snow, September 8, 1885.


A post-office was established at West Win- chester January 4, 1833, with Horace Chapin as postmaster. He was succeeded by John G. Capron, September 1, 1836. Alvin W. Ball was appointed September 30, 1841 ; Jotham W. Finch, May 4, 1847; Samuel P. Fair- banks, January 19, 1849; John G. Capron, June 4, 1849 ; De Los C. Ball, April 8, 1852. The name of the office was changed to " AAshue- lot " February 10, 1854, at which date De Los C. Ball was reappointed. Edwin L. Putnam was appointed August 14, 1855; Horace Chapin, October 26, 1855 ; Jason C. Plummer, August 19, 1857 ; John L. Thayer, November 12, 1860 ; John L. Nickerson, May 5, 1862;


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WINCHESTER.


William Dickenson, November 7, 1864; Wright Wood, February 15, 1859; and Henry H. Pratt, April 20, 1882.


The town supports twenty schools, under the town system, at a cost of six thousand dollars, including the expenses of the High School. This last is conducted under the provisions of the so-called Claremont Act. Its graduates are qualified to enter any of the higher institutions of learning in the country. It has two public libraries,-one at Winchester village proper, with three thousand volumes, that are being increased each year by town appropriations ; the other, a free library, called the " Dickenson Free Lib- rary," located at West Winchester. This has over five hundred volumes, and it is being increased each year by subscriptions and dona- tions.


The Masonic fraternity have Philesian Lodge, No. 40, located at Winchester village; also, Prohibition Division S. T., No. 1, and the Grand Army of the Republic, " Edward N. Tafft Post, No. 19." The Winchester Na- tional Bank is located at this village. It was first chartered as a State bank, under the title of the Winchester Bank, July 3, 1847. It was converted to a national bank, under the title of the Winchester National Bank, in 1865. As a State institution, its capital was one hundred thousand dollars, and it commenced operations with this amount as its capital when it became a national bank. In 1884 it in- creased its capital to two hundred thou- sand dollars. It was rechartered in 1885 for twenty years. The Security Savings-Bank is also located in this village. It was chartered by the State August 3, 1881. Its deposits and surplus amount to one hundred and fifteen thousand dollars. Its treasurer, Miss J. Grace Alexander, is probably the first lady ever en- trusted with such a position. The Ashuelot Railroad, which was in process of construction in 1850, and was the cause of the large increase of population, as shown by that census, passes through the town, following the course of the


Ashuelot River. It has stations at Winches- ter, Ashuelot and Pisgah.


It runs one mixed train each way daily from Keene to South Vernon, Vt., and two passen- ger trains. The road is owned and controlled by the Connecticut Railroad Company. The American Telegraph Company have offices both at Winchester and Ashuelot, as also has the New England Telephone Company. Winches- ter village has twenty stores, eight manufactories of boxes, pails and buckets, three blacksmith- shops, two livery stables, one hotel, two lawyers, one dentist and four physicians. The factory of Messrs. Dickenson, Seaver & Co. is located there ; its products consist of pails and buckets. They employ thirty-five hands and consume about two thousand cords of second-growth pine per annum. The mills of Dickenson & Baker are located on the Ashuelot River at this place. Their products are dimension lum- ber of pine, oak, hemlock and chestnut, and amounts to about six hundred and fifty thousand feet annually, employing twenty men. A. M. Howard's Box Manufactory employs thirty hands, with an annual out- put of four hundred thousand boxes. C. M. Norwood & Company's Box Manufactory also gives employment to fifteen hands, producing three hundred thousand boxes annually. The Winchester Box Manufactory employs twelve hands and produces annually two hundred and fifty thousand boxes. Dickenson & Munsel manufacture boxes, giving employment to fifteen hands, who produce three hundred thousand boxes yearly. Smith & Metcalf give employ- ment to eight men, and annually produce one hundred and fifty thousand boxes. Ashuelot, two miles west of Winchester village, has two stores, one hotel, a steam saw-mill, two blacksmith-shops and two livery stables. The Ashuelot Manufacturing Company is located here, and manufactures Union and Moscow beavers. The mill is of twelve sets of cards and gives employment to two hundred and fifty hands ; they produce four hundred


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HISTORY OF CHESHIRE COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.


thousand yards of cloth each year. The Ashuelot Union Mills are located at Lower Ashuelot. They run four sets of cards and employ seventy-five hands; producing one hundred thousand yards Union beavers annu- ally. The Ashnelot Warp Company runs three thousand four hundred spindles, producing cotton thread, used as the warp in satinet and shoddy goods. They give employment to fifty hands. Thesteam saw-mill of Amos P. Tuffts, at Ashuelot, employs twelve men, producing two hundred thousand feet of pine, hemlock and chestnut lumber annually. The lumber mill of Ansel Dickenson, at Pisgah Station, gives employment to twenty-five hands, pro- ducing one million feet of dimension lumber annually. A box manufactory at this mill employs fifteen hands, producing three hundred and fifty thousand boxes annually. It is under the control of, Mr. Dickenson. Robertson Bros.' paper-mills are located at Pisgah Sta- tion.


They produce annually 700,000 pounds of tis- sue, manilla and toilet paper, giving employ- ment to fourteen hands. The Broad Brook Steam Lumber-Mills, located about two and one-half miles north of Pisgah Station, give employment to thirty-five hands, who produce an annual output of lath, shingles, boards and dimension lumber amounting to one million feet. At various other localities in the town, small lumber-mills, both steam and water, are in constant operation, twenty at least finding either a market or an outlet for their products at Winchester. The Ashuelot River enters the town near its northeast corner, and runs in a general southwesterly direction till it passes the village of Winchester, when it curves " The Bow " somewhat abruptly, and runs to the west and north, passing out of town very nearly in the middle of its western boundary. This river is one of the largest streams that flow into the Connecticut ("ye Great River ") from the New Hampshire side. It takes its rise in Washington, and drains that town, Stoddard, a


portion of Antrim, Sullivan, Nelson, Surry, Keene, Roxbury, Harrisville, Marlborough, Swanzey, Troy, Richmond, a portion of Chester- field, Winchester, Hinsdale and a large portion of Warwick, Mass. It receives during its course through town the waters of Broad Brook, which rises in Chesterfield, runs through the west part of town southwardly, draining the castern slope of Mount Pisgah ; Mirey Brook, that rises on the east side of Mount Grace, in War- wick, Mass., and runs northwardly, receiving the waters of Roaring Brook about two miles from its mouth, and empties into the Ashuelot about one-half a mile below the eentre of Win- chester village, and the waters from many other smaller streams. There are four lakes, or ponds, within the limits of the town; the largest is Round Pond, located in its northwest corner. This body of water is of irregular form, about two and a half miles long by one mile in width. Near this pond is the Kilburn Pond and North Round Pond. Forest Lake, or Humphrey's Pond, as it was called prior to 1883, is situated about two miles northward from the Centre village. This body of water is about one mile in length by three-fourths of a mile in width. This lake has, within a few years, become a favorite resort during the sum- mer season for many of our citizens, who have erected several fine cottages upon its western bank. The streams and ponds of Winchester are well stocked with trout and other fish com- mon to New England waters, whilst, through the efforts of some of our citizens, seconded by the State Fish Commissioners, land-locked salmon and black bass have been introduced. The last have developed wonderfully, and it is not uncommon to take fish of this variety weighing from two to three pounds cach. In the days of the early settlers the true salmon, shad, ale- wives and herring were abundant, frequenting the Ashuelot and its tributaries in large num- bers during the spawning season, returning to the sea in the autumn, only to return again in the spring. But private enterprise, through




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