USA > New Hampshire > Hillsborough County > Manchester > The Manchester, New Hampshire, directory 1860 > Part 2
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14
Fat.
15 SUN.
14 36 7 35: 1 29 8 29 9 5
16 Mon. 4 37 7 34 2 171 9 34 10 3 17 Tues. 4 38.7 34 3 6:10 28 10 58
18 |Wed
4 39 7 33; rets |11 15 11 38
11 + Thur. 4 39 7 32 8 23:11 58
20 fer1. 4 40 7 32 8 51: 0 19 0 38
21 1 :**. 4 41:7 31 9 19 0 58 1 17 22 SUN. 4 42 7 30 9 46| 1 36
1 55 23 Mon. 4 43|7 29 10 14 2 14 2 35
24 |Tues. 4 44 7 28 10 42
4 45 7 27 11 11
4 46 7 26 11 56 4 51
5 33
27 Fri.
4 47 7 25 morn
6 18
6 59
28 Sat.
4 49 7 24 0 41| 7 41 8 18
29 SUN.
14 49 7 23 1 25 8 56 92: 30 Mon. 4 50 7 22. 2 10| 9 53 10 14
31 Tues. 4 51 7 21: 2 55 10 36 10 50
Lre.
h. m. b.
m. 'b. h. m. h. m.
8 SUN. 9 Mon. 10 Tues.
4 30 7 38 10 34
4 31 7 38 10 54
4 32 7 38 11 14
3 16 3 35 357 4 20
11 Wed. 4 33 7 37 11 43
4 35 7 36 0 41: 7 13 7 53
2 57: 3 22 3 47 4 19
25 Wed.
26 Thur.
0 29 0 47
AUGUST, 1860.
MOON'S PHASES.
Full Moon, 1st day, Oh. 49m. afternoon. Last Quarter, 9th day, 4h. 39m. afternoon. New Moon, 16th day, 5h. 35m. afternoon.
First Quarter, 23d day, 8h. 5m. morning. Full Moon, 31st day, 4h. 13m. morning.
D. Mo
Days of week.
SUN Rises. Sets.
Moon HIGH WATER. Mora. Eve. Tises.
CUCUMBERS. - When a cucumber is taken from the vines, let it be cut with a knife, leaving about the eighth of an inch of the cucumber on the stem ; then slit the stem with a knife from its end to the vine, leaving a small portion of the cucumber on each division ; and on each separate slit there will be a new cucumber as large as the first. Those wishing to raise large quantities of this article for pickles will do well to try tbe experiment.
A PAPER giving an account of Ton- louse, France, says: "It is a large town containing sixty thousand inhabitants built entirely of brick " ! This is equalled only by a known description of Albany, which runs thus : " Al- bany is a city of eight thousand houses and twenty thousand inhabi- tants, with their gable ends to the street "!
The Wisconsin Board of Educa- tion recently resolved to erect a huild- ing large enough to accommodate five hundred students three stories high, exclusive of the basement!
Ir won't do for a man to bump his head against an iron post, even with a brick 'n his hat, unless he conscientiously believes that his head is the hardest.
MEMORANDA FOR AUGUST,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
3
h. m. h. m.
h. m.
h. m .: h. m.
1
Wed.
4 52 7 20 rises |11 16 11 32
2
Thur.
4 53 7 19 7 41 11 49
3
Fri
4
Sat.
4 55.7 16: 8 29
0 35
0 50 1 19
6
Mon.
4 57 7 149 19
1 33
1 48
7
Tues.
4 58 7 13: 9 43 4 59:7 11 10 13 5 0:7 10 10 43
2 38
2 57
9 10
Thur. Fri.
11
Sat.
12
SUN.
5
3'7
47
5
1
1
8 4
8 45
14
Mon. Tues.
Wed.
5
77
2
1
sets
7 19
11 40
18
Sat.
19
SUN. 5 11 6 56!
8 13
0 39
20
Mon. 5 12 6 55
Tues. 5 13 6
54
9
17
1 53
2 15
22
Wed. 5 14 6 52|
9 48
2 37
3 2
23
Thur. 5 15 6 51:10 39
3 55
24 Fri.
5 16 6 49 11 30
8
25
Sat.
5 17 6 48 morn
7 24
8
27
28
Tues. 5 20 6 42| 1 59
9 32
9 53
29 Wed.
5 21,6 41 2 25 10 15 10 32
30 Thur. 5 22 6 39 3 30 10 50 11 6
31 Fri.
5 23 6 33 rises 11 22 11 37
2
4
2 20
3 19
3 41
4
7
27 8 morn
7
0
7 6 37
7 23
13
5
5
67
4
1 54
9 16
9 47
15
16
Thur.
5 5
Fri.
9 6 59 15 10 6 58
7 46
0
0 20 0 57 1 34
1 15
21
26
SUN. 5 18,6 46: 0 21 Mon. 5 19 6 44 0 49
8 36
9
0 4
4 23 5 54
5 6 59
2 48 10 21 10 36.
10 58|11 20
17
5 5
1 7 9 11 13
4 34 5 52
5 13
0 21
5
SUN.
4 54.7 18 8 5 0 5
4 56 7 15 8 54!
1 4
Wed.
8 7
8 45
3.28
SEPTEMBER, 1860.
MOON'S PHASES.
Last Quarter, 8th day, 6h. 22m. morning. New Moon, 15th day, 1h. 24m. morning. First Quarter, 21st day, 6h. 40m. afternoon. Full Moon, 29th day, 8h. 45m. afternoon.
MEMORANDA FOR SEPTEMBER,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0. Mo
Days of week.
SUN Rises. Sets.
Į Moon rise3.
ELIGE WATER. Eve.
-
1
2 SUN.
3 Mon.
4
5
6
7
8
SUN. . 5 33,6 23 11 46: 4 43: 5 27 Mon. 5 34 6 21 morn 6 11; 6 55
9 10
11 | Tues. 5 35'6 19 0 44 7 86 8 17
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ironed it dry with a good hot iron, re- 20 5 45 6 2 10 22| 313 21 Fri. 3 44 peating the operation on all suspected places, and those least used. It does not injure the pile or color of the car- 22 Sat. 15 47 5 58'morn 5 32' 6 11 5 46 6 0 11 14 4 15 4 53 23 SUN. 24 Mon. 5 48 5 56| 0 16 6 50 7 27. pet in the least, as it is not necessary to press, heat and steam being the 25 Tues. 5 49 5 54 1 18 8 4 8 82 26 Wed. 5 50 5 52 2 21 9 0'9 21' Thur. 5 51 5 50 3 21 9 43 10 1 15 53 5 49, 4 21 10 18 10 34 agents; and they do the work effectu- ally on worms and eggs. Then the 27 28 Fri. camphor will doubless prevent future Sat. 15 54 5 47| rises 10 41 11 6 30 | SUN. 5 55 5 45 6 56 11 21 11 56 .; depredations of the miller."
29
MOTHS IN CARPETS. - An expe- b. b. 10 1 b. m. rienced housekeeper writes : " Cam- b. m., b. m. phor will not stop the ravages of the Moro. Sat. 5 24 6 36 0 201 moths after they have commenced 5 26 6 35 7 42 6 58 11 52 5 27 6 33 15 28 6 31 8 1 35 eating. Then they pay no regard to 7 20 Tues. 8 4 1 19 0 34 0 49 1 52 1 Wed 5 29 6 30 8 42 2 28 the presence of cam phor, cedar, or to- bacco: in fact, I rather think they 2 10 Thur. 5 30 6 28| 9 161 2 50| 3 12 Fri. 5 31 6 261 9 50 4 0 enjoy the latter, if anything else than humanity can. Nor will the dreaded Sat. 5 32 6 25 10 48 3 36 and inconvenient taking up and beating always insure success ; for I tried it faithfully, and, wbile nailing Wed. ,5 36,6 17| 1 59 8 50. 9 23 it down, found several of the worms Thur. 5 37 6 16 3 14 9 49 10 15/ 'alive and kicking.' that had re- mained under the pile unharmed. I Fri. 5 38 6 14 4 30 10 37 10 59 conquered them wholly in this way: Sets |11 19 11 89! Sat. 5 39 6 12 I took a coarse crash towel, and SUN. 5 40 6 11: 6 35 11 58 Mon. 5 41'6 9 7 15 0 17: 0 36 wrung it out of clean water, and Tues. 5 42 6 7 7 55 0 55 1 15' Wed. 5 43 6 5 8 36 1 36. 1 59 spread it smoothly on the carpet, then Thur. 5 44 6 4 9 29 2 22 2 47|
THE man who has nothing to boast ef but his illustrious ancestors is like a potato, - the only good belonging to him is under ground.
OCTOBER, 1860.
MOON'S PHASES.
Last Quarter, 7th day. 6h. 20m. afternoon. New Moon, 14th day, 9h. 52m. morning. First Quarter, 21st day. 9h. 26m. morning. Full Moon, 29th day, 2h. 5m. afternoon.
-
MEMORANDA FOR OCTOBER,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
D.
SUN
Moon rises.
HIGH WATER. Morn. Eve. 1
-
1
Mon.
2
Tues. 5 57 5 42 6 45 0 10
3
Wed.
4
Thur. 5 59 5 39| 7 49, 1 12 1 31
5 Fri.
16
6
Sat.
SUN. 6 3 5 34 10 28 3 24 3 52
7
8 Mon.
9
Tues.
Wed.
Thur. 6 8 5 28 1 56| 8 21 8 56
12
13
14
SUN.
15
Mon.
16
17
Wed. 6 14 5 17: 7 10 0 40. 1 1
18
Fri.
19 20
| Sat.
21 SUN. 6 19 5 11 11 16: 3 52 4 21 22 | Mon. 6 21 5 10 morn| 4 51 5 25 Tues. 6 22 5 8. 0 15 6 0, 6 34 23
21
25
26 27
28 29
30
31| Wed. 6 32 4 57| 5 45|
THE SEXES. - The number of b. m. h. m. h. m. b. in., h. m. males born is greater than the females, 0 23 by about two per cent. At twenty years of age this preponderance is en- 5 58 5 40 7 17 0 38 tirely lost, and there are more females than males. At forty years the bal- 0 54 1 5 38 8 42 1 51 2 12 auce is again the other way, and there 6 25 36 9 35' 2 34 2 57 are more males than females. At seventy the sexes are about even, and the ultimate age of the human being 6 45 33 11 37, 426 5 1 6 65 29 0 46 7 4 7 43! is reached without any decided ad- vantage to either sex.
10 11
Fri. Sat.
6 10 5 24 4 20 10 11 10 34
16 11 5 22| sets 10 52 11 10
6 12 5 20, 5 24 11 35 11 59
Tues. 6 13 5 19 6 15: 0 7:
TO RESTORE THE ELASTICITY OF CANE-SEAT CHAIRS, &C. - Turn up the chair, and with hot water and sponge wash the cane-work well; if, necessary, add soap. Let it dry in the air, and it will be tight and firm as new.
Thur. 6 15 5 16 8 7 122 1 45
6 17 5 14 9 3' 2 11 2 35
6 18 5 13 10 7: 2 58 3 25
NOT BOUGHT, BUT SOLD. - The Buffalo Express tells a good story of a Wed. 6 235 7:1 15 7 8 7 4) Quaker who was charged the exor- bitant sum of seventeen dollars for a Thur. 6 245 5 2 15. 8 10: 8 35 Fri. 6 25 5 4: 3 161 9 1' 9 21 Sat. 6 27 5 2 4 17 9 42 9 56 16 28 5 1 5 18 10 10 10 31 SUN. Mon. 6 29 5 0| rises 10 53 11 0 Tues. 6 31 4 58| 4 38 11 28 11 48 horse and buggy for a short drive, and, upon being presented with the bill, remarked, " Thou mistakest me, I do not wish to purchase thy estab- | 0 2 | lishment, but only to hire it."
A MISER grows rich by seeming poor; an extravagant man grows poor by teeming rich.
.
Days of week. Rises. dets.
5 56 5 43 6 13 11 52
'6 55 31 morn: 5 42 6 23
6 95 26 3 3 922 9 49
NOVEMBER, 1860.
MOON'S PHASES.
Last Quarter. 6th day , 4h. 32m. morning. New Moon, 12th day, 7h. 51m. afternoon. First Quarter, 20th day, 4h. 8m. morning. Full Moon, 28th day, 6h. 53m. morning
D. Mo
Days of weck.
SUN
Eve. HIGH WATER. Morn
PAYABLE AT SIGHT. - " Bob, have you seen Mr. Brown lately ?" " No, Jim, I haven't-why?" "Why, I have a note of his, and, being short ofi funds, should like to find him."! " The note is good, is it not?" "Oh, yes ! as good as gold, I suppose; but there's a difficulty, nevertheless. It reads ' At sight, I promise to pay,'&c. Now, I don't say anything against the note, but blow me if I have had a sight of him since he gave it to me, and probably won't have as long as I live."
Thur. 6 51 4 39 6 49 0 27 0 48
" Do YOU KNOW," said a friend to Fri. 6 52 4 33: 7 50: 1 10 1 31 Sat. Jerrold, " that Jones has left the stage ! 16 53 4 37. 8 56; 1 53: 2 14 SUN. 6 54 4 36 10 3. 2 35 2 57 | and turned wine-merchant?" " Oh, Mon. 6 55 4 3 11 9, 3 19: 3 42 , yes!" Jerrold replied ; " and I'm told Tues. 6 57 4 35 morn 4 9' 4 37 | that his wine off the stage is better 16 58 4 34 0 36 5 5 5 33 than his whine on it."
20 21 22
Wed
6 59 4 33 1 4 6 1 6 34
Thur. 23 | Fri. 24 ; Sat.
25 SUN.
26 j Mon. 7
27 1 Tues 7 5 4 29 6 14 10 26 10 46 28 | Wed. 17 6 4 29 risesil1 6 11 27
7 8 4 29 5 28 11 48 29 | Thur,
30 : Fri. 7 9 4 28 6 22 0 7 027
MEMORANDA FOR NOVEMBER,
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
Thur.
2
Fri. Sat.
3
4 SUN.
5 Mon
6
7
8
9 10
Fri. Sat. SUN.
6 48 4 45 2 9 7 43 8 17
6 44 4 41 3 24 8 48 9 19
6 46 4 43 4 40 9 45 10 11 Mon. 6 47 4 42| sets 10 34 10 57 Tues. 6 48 4 41| 4 49 11 20 11 43 Wed. ,6 50 4 40: 5 48| 0 5!
14
15
h. m.th. m.l 16 33 4 55
h. m. b. m. ! In
h
6 34 0 15| 0 39
6 34 4 54 7 31' 0 58: 1 18
6 35-4 53: 8 29. 1 39| 2 0 6 36 4 51| 9 27| 2 22 2 44 6 38 4 50 10 36 3 9 3 34
6 39 4 49 11 45| 4 2: 4 31
Tues Wed.
6 40 4 48 morn 5 9 5 47
Thur. 6 42 4 461 0 54: 6 28|7 10
11 12 13
-
16 17 18 19
7 0 4 32 2 9 7 8: 737
THEY that govern most make 17 2 4 31 3 10 8 7: 881 7 34 30 4 10: 9 0 9 22 : least noise. You see, when they row 4 4 3). 5 11: 9 45 10 5 . in a barge, that they who do drudgery work splash and puff and sweat; but he that goveins sits quietly at the stern, and searce is seen to stir.
Oh, square thyself to usel a stone that may fit in the wall is not left in the way.
Rises. Sets.
rise+
DECEMBER, 1860.
MOON'S PHASES.
Last Quarter, 5th day, 1h. 5m. afternoon. New Moon, 12th day, Sh. 3m. morning. First Quarter, 20th day, 1h. 25m. morning. Full Moon, 27th day, 10h. 33m. afternoon.
D. Mo
Days of week.
SUN Rises. Sets.
Moon rises.
HIGH WATER. Eve. Morn.
A FACT FOR SMOKERS. - While on business, Huntington was never seen without a cigar in his mouth, and was never well. Since entering prison, smoking is prohibited, and iz three months he has gained fifteen pounds in flesh, and good health in proportion.
Ir is told of Charles Lamb, that one afternoon having taken a scat in a crowded omnibus, a stout gentleman looked in, and politely asked, " All| full inside?" "I don't know how it may be with the other passengers." answered Lamb, " bnt that last piece of oyster pie did the business for me! "
DR. BARNES being inclined to sleep a little during a dull, prosy ser- mon, a friend who was with him joked him on his having nodded now and then. Barnes insisted on his having been awake all the time. " Well, then," said his friend, " can you tell me what the sermon was abont?" " Yes, I can," he answered; "it was about an hour too long !"
"WHY don't you limit yourself ?" said a physician to an intemperate person ; " set down a stake that you will go so far and no farther." "So I do," gaid the toper; " but I set it so far off that I always get drunk before I get to it."
MEMORANDA FOR DECEMBER,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
h.
m. h. m.
h. m.
h. m.
Th. m.
1
Sat.
7 10.4 29|
79
1 6
2 SUN.
7 11 4 29
8 28
1 27
1 48
3 Mon.
7 12 4 29
9 37
2 8
2 28
3 14
4 Tues.
5 Wed.
7 14 4 28 11 581 3 401
1 7
6
Thnr.
7 15 4 28 morn 4 38|
5 9
7 Fri.
7 16'4 28, 1 10 5 47 6 24
8 |Sat. 9 SUN.
7 18 4 28 3 40, 8 20 8 56
10 |Mon.
11 Tues. Wed.
12
13 Thur.
14 |Fri.
7 22 4 28 6 38 0 13
0 33
15 |Sat.
7 24 4 29| 8 53| 1 31: 1 49
16 SUN. 17 Mon.
7 24 4 29 9 541 2 8
7 25 4 30 10 55 2 45
3 3
18 |Tues. 19 Wed.
7 25 4 30 11 55 3 21| 3 43
20 Thur.
7 26 4 31' 0 56: 4 56: 5 26
22 Fat.
7 27 4 31 1 53: 5 56 6 31 7 27 4 31: 2 52 7 5 7 88
23 SUN.
24 |Mon. 25 Tues.
7 28 4 32: 5 2 9 12: 9 38. 7 29 4 33 6 7 10 4 10 27
27 Thur.
28 |Fri.
29 Sat.
7 29 4 35 6 23.
| 0 14
30 SUN.
7 30 4 861 7 28 0 33 0 52
31 Mon.
7 30 4 37 8 40, 1 11: 1 30
7 44
7 17 4 28. 2 23: 7 4|
7 19 4 28: 4 57| 9 25 7 20 4 28| 6 14 10 19|10 44
7 21 4 28| sets |11 7 11 31
7 21 4 28 5 31 11 50
7 23 4 29 7 44 0 53: 1 12
2 561
7 26 4 30 morn 4 6 4 31
21 Fri.
7 28 4 32: 3 57 8 12| 8 42
26 Wed.
7 29 4 31| rises 10 50 11 12 7 29 4 34: 5 11 11 34 11 54
9 54
7 13 4 28 10 46| 2 51
THE YEAR 1860
Constitutes the latter part of the 84th year of the Independence of the United States of America, and the 6573d of the Julian Per od : and the 5620th according to the Jews, and the 5864th according to Usher. and the 7368th according to the Septuagint, since the creation of the world ;. the 2613th of Rome, according to Varro ; and the beginning of the 1277th of the Hezira, the years of which are purely lunar.
ECLIPSES IN THE YEAR 1860.
There will be four Eclipses this year, two of the Sun and two of the Moon.
I. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun, Jan. 22, invisible in North America, but may be seen at Cape Horn and in the South Pacific Ocean. This Eclipse begins,. Jan. 22d, 5h. 10m. A. } Mean time
And ends, " 10h 15m A , at Boston. II. A Partial Eclipse of the Moon, Feb. 6, visible in all parts of North America, as follows : -
First contact with the Penumbra, Feb. 6th, Th. 16m. A. ) First contact with the Shadow, .... " 8h. 7m. A. ! Mean
time
Middle of the Eclipse,. 66
66 9h. 44m. A.
at
Moon leaves the Shadow,. 66 " 11h. 11m. A.
Boston. Moon leaves the Penumbra, . 7th, Oh 13m. M. Magnitude of the Eclipse (moon's diameter = 1). 0.809.
III. A Total Eclipse of the Sun, July 18th, visible as a partial one at Boston.
Begins on the Earth generally,. . July 18th, 7h. 9m. M. )
Mean
Cen: ral Eclipse begins, . ..
66 8h. 13m. M. | time
Centre Eclipse at noon,. 66 9h. 21m. M. at
Ceutral Eclipse ends generally,. . 11h. 9m. M. Boston.
Ends on the Earth generally, .... Oh. Sm. A.
This Eclipse will be central and total in Oregon, northern part of: British America, Spain, and the Barbary States. It will be partial iu the United States, most of Europe, and part of Africa.
IV. A Partial Eclipse of the Moon, Aug 1, invisible in the United States.
First contact with the Penumbra, Aug lat, 95. 59m. M. )
Mean
First contact with the Shadow, ....
' 11h. 24m. M. |
time
Middle of the Eclipse, .
66 Oh. 40m. A.
at
Last contact with the sh dow .. ... 66
1h. 56m. A.
Boston.
Last contact with the l'enumbra ..
3h. 21m. A.
This Eclipse will be visible in China.
THE SEASONS.
Spring begins,
March 20th, 9h. 5m. Morn.
Summer =
June 21st, 5h. 45m. Morn.
Autumn ",
Sept. 221, 7h. 52m. Eve.
Winter
Dec. 21st, 1h 51m. Eve.
CYCLES OF TIME.
Dominical Letters,
AG | Solar Cycle,
21
Epact,
7 | Roman Indiction, 3
Golden Number, .
18 | Julian Period,
6373
CHRONOLOGICAL.
31
VISIBILITY OF MERCURY. - This planet will be visible early in the morn- ing in the East, May 1. Aug. 25, and Dec. 15. It will also be visible in the West, soon after the Sun is below the horizon, March 13, July 11, and Nov. 9.
MORNING AND EVENING SPARS. - Venus will be the Evening Star until July 18 : after which it will be the Morning Star. Mars will be the Morning Star until July 14; after which it will be the Evening Star. Jupiter will be the Evening Star until July 31; after which it will be the Morning Star. Saturn will be the Morning Star until feb. 11; after which it will be the Evening Star until August 23 ; it will then be the Morning Star.
EXPLANATION OF CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES .*
I. Dominical Letter. - The seven days of the week reckoned as be- ginning on the first of January, are designated by the first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, G ; and the one of these which denotes Sunday is the Dominical letter. Thus, it the year begin on Sunday, A is the dominical letter ; if it begiu on Monday, that letter is G ; it on Tuesday, it is F ; and so on. If there were 364 days, or exactly 52 weeks in the year, the Dominical letter would be always the same; but thel year contains 365 days ; an excess of 1a day over the 52 weeks. The day is taken into the account every year, and the one-fourth makes a day in every four years ; so that the dominical letter falls backward one letter for each of the three years in which the date or number of the year cannot be divided by 4, without remainder, and two letters every fourth year, when the date can be so divided. The years which have 29 days in February, and the two dominical let: ers are called Bissextiles, or leap years, because the day of the month, after February, leaps over a day of the week.
II. The Golden Number. - At the end of every nineteen years, the new and full moons happen at very nearly the same times of the year. The ancients discovered this, and reckoned the nineteen years. or " Cycle of the Moon," as it is called, so that it terminated the year before the Christian era. This Cycle was marked by the Greeks with letters of Gold. To find the golden numb. 7, or number of the year in this Cycle. add 1 to the date ; divide by 19: the quotient is the number of Cycles of the Moon since the hirth of Christ, and the remainder is the golden number.
III. Solar Cycle. - The Cycle of the Sun is the number of years that elapse before the Sundays throughout the year happen on the same days of the month. If there were 364 days in the year, that would happen every year ; if 365, it would happen every seventh year ; but because the one-fourth of a day makes an alteration of a day every fourth year, the Cycle must extend !o 28 years., Nine years of this Cycle had elapsed before the birth of Christ. Therefore, to find the Cycle of the Sun, add 9 to the date ; divide by 28; the quotient is the number of Cycles since the birth of Christ, and the remainder is the Cycle of the Sun.
IV. The Epact is the Moon's age for the first day of January, or the equation between the beginning of the Solar and the Lunar year. The time from one new moon to another is about 294 days. Thus there are,
*Abridged from the Companion to British Almanac.
-
32
CHRONOLOGICAL.
in a year, twelve revolutions of the moon and 11 days over; therefore the 12th new moon will take place 11 days earlier each year than it did the year before. In the lunar Cycle of 19 years, there are 12 new moons n each of 12, and 13 in each of 7; because the 11 days of yearly differ- euce in three years exceed a lunar month by 34 days The following method will answer for the day of the moon's age on the Ist of January till the end of the present century : Take 1 from the golden number, multiply what is left by 11, divide by 30; the remainder is the epact, or woon's age on the first of January.
V. Roman Indication. - The Cycle of Indication has no connection with the motions of the Sun and Moon further than its consisting of 15 years It was established by the Emperor Constantine, in the year 312, to regulate certain payments by the subjects of the empire. To find it for any year, subtract 312 from the date, divide by 15, and the remainder is the indication.
ON THE CALENDAR, AND ITS SUCCESSIVE REFORMS.
The divisions of time, such as they are presented in the Calendar, are composed of days, weeks, months, and years. The modes of determining the e divisions have been various amongst the nations of antiquity, and there are still variations in these modes in the modern world.
The manner of reckoning the DAYS by the ancient Jews, and which suhsists amongst that people at the present time. is, to commence the day at a certain hour of the evening, and to finish it on the next ere- ning at the same hour. Thus their sabbath begins on the afternoon of Friday, and is completed on the afternoon of Saturday. The Roman Catholic Church also commences its festivals in the evening, and this custoui is retained by the Episcopalians in some of their popular obser- vances, such as the eve of St. Johu, and Christmas eve.
The civil day now commences at 12 o'clock, midnight, and lasts till the same hour of the following night. The civil day is distinguished from the astronomical day, which begins at noon, aud is couuted up to 24 hours, terminating at the succeeding noon. This mode of reckoning the day is that used in the Nautical Almanac, and it sometimes leads to mistakes with persons not familiar with this manner of compu ation. A little consideration will obviate the difficulty. Thus, January 10, fif eeu hours in astronomical time, is January 11 ; 3 in the morning, civil time. In France and in most of the States of Europe, as with us, the hours are counted up to 12. from midnight till noon, and from noon till midnight. In parts of Italy and of Germany, the day is held to commence about sunset, and the hours are counted on till the next sunset. This mode is very inconvenient to travellers, as the noon of the "Italian hours " at the summer Solstice is 16 o'clock, and 19 o'clock at the winter solstice.
The English names of the days of the WEEK are derived from the Saxons ; and they partly adopted there rames from the more civilized nations of antiquity. The following ingenious origin of the ancient names has been suggested in conuection with astronomical science. The planetary arrangement of Ptolemy was thus : 1, Saturu ; 2, Jupiter : 3, Mars ; 4, the Sun ; 5, Venus; 6, Mercury; 7, the Moon ; each of these planets was supposed to preside, successively, over each hour of the 24 of each day, in the order above given. In this way Saturn would pre- side over the first hour of the first day ; Jupiter over the second hour;
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Mars over the third ; the Sun over the fourth, and so on. Thus the Sun, presiding over the 4th, 11th, and 18th hours of the first day, would pre- side over the first hour of the second day ; and carrying on the series, the Moon would preside over the first bour of the third day ; Mars over the first hour of the fourth day ; Mercury over the first bour of the fifth day : Jupiter over the first hour of the sixth dav ; and Veous over the first hour of the seventh day. Hence, the names of the days yet used in the learned professions throughout Europe. The present English names are derived from the Saxon :
Latin.
English.
Saxon.
Dies Saturni,
Saturday, Seterne's day.
Dies Solis,
Sunday,
Sun's day.
Dies Lunæ, Monday, Moon's day.
Dies Martis,
Tuesday,
Tiw's day.
Dies Mercurii, Wednesday,
Dies Jovis.
Thursday,
Woden's day.
Dies Veneris,
Friday,
Thor's day. Friga's day.
Tito, Woden, Thor, and Friga, were deities of the Pagan Saxons. Thor was the god of thunder, as well as the ancient Jove; and Friga was a goddess, the wife of Wod-n.
Almost all nations have regulated their MONTHS, in great degree. by the revolution of the Moon. Some have endeavored to unite this division with the annual course of the Sun, hy an augmentation of days at the end of each year, or by adding a thirteenth month at the end of every third year. The Jews and the Athenians followed this latter method. The Macedonians, and some nations of Asia, assigned their months 30 and 31 days. The Turks and the Arabs have 29 and 30 days. The months of the Anglo-Saxons were governed by the revolutions of the Moon. Their common year consisted of twelve lunar months, three months being appropriated to each of the four seasons ; but every third year contained an additional lunar montb, which was given to the summer season. The names of their lunar months either had reference to their religious ceremonies, or to the natural appearances of the year.
A considerable variation prevailed generally amongst the nations of antiquity, and still partially prevails, with regard to the commencement of the YEAR. The Jews dated the beginning of the sacred year in the month of March ; the Athenians, in the mouth of June ; the Macedoni- ans, on the 24th of September ; the Christians of Egypt and Ethiopia, on the 29th or 30th of August ; and the Persians and Armenians, on the 11th of August. The Jewish civil year begins on the first day of the month Tisri; the Mahommedan begins on the first of the month Mohz- rem. Nearly all the nations of the Christian world now commence tbe year on the first of January ; but as recently as 1752. even in England, the year did not legally and generally commence till the 25th of March. In Scotland. at that period, the year began on the Ist of January. This difference caused great practical inconveniences, and January and February, and part of W.rch, sometimes bore two dates, as we ofteu find in ord records, as 1711-12 This practice often leads to chronological mist ikes.
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