History of Sussex and Warren counties, New Jersey, with Illustration and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers, Part 19

Author: Snell, James P; Clayton, W. W. (W. Woodford)
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Philadelphia : Everts & Peck
Number of Pages: 1140

USA > New Jersey > Sussex County > History of Sussex and Warren counties, New Jersey, with Illustration and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers > Part 19
USA > New Jersey > Warren County > History of Sussex and Warren counties, New Jersey, with Illustration and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers > Part 19

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Everything considered, it is remarkable that so few crimes were committed by the slaves. Pilfering, though common, was of a petty nature, and perpe- trated mostly to obtain some disallowed luxury. Murder, arson, and the like were extremely rare; still more so cases of blacks murdering whites. Some of the first offenders in the latter regard were burned alive.11 This mode of punishment, as well as the ra- pidity of its execution after the commission of the crime, may have had a salutary effect in restraining the passions of the colored race.

* Act of 1714 (Neville's " Lawn," I. p. 19).

+ See also the Governor's speech to the Amenilly In 1707, in the " Journal and Votes of the House of Representatives of New Jersey, 1703,"

p. 128.

# " Woodbridge and Vielalty," p. 74.

2 1bid., p. 218.

I In Somerset County, Jacob Van Neat's slave was burned At the slnko at Millstone, the county-seat, almut 17M, a few days after the murder; and In l'erth Amboy, at an early ilny, two alaves wore bornod within two weeks of the perpotrullon of their offenses.

Yet, as a rule, the negroes were peaceably disposed. And it may be noted, as an evidence in favor of the gentleness and amenity of domestic slavery in our country, that when the slaves were invited by the British, during the Revolution, to abandon their homes and seek refuge within their lines, very few of them responded. There were, in fact, slaves enough in the country to have decided the contest adversely to us had they generally joined the armies of our ene- mies.

The first legislative action having for its object the abolition of slavery in this State was taken Feb. 24, 1821. It was then enacted that the chiklren of all slaves in New Jersey born subsequent to July 4, 1804, should have their freedom upon attaining to the ages of twenty-five and twenty-one years for males and females respectively. Under the operations of this philanthropic action slavery gradually declined.

IV .- ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN NEW JERSEY -- STATISTICS-LAST SLAVES.

The aet entirely abolishing slavery in New Jersey was passed April 18, 1846. We give the following statistics of slaves in Sussex County, taken from the census returns for sixty years, from 1790 to 1850, in- clusive : 1790, 430; 1800, 514; 1810, 478; 1820, 378; 1830, 51; 1840, 13; 1850, 1. This last slave in Sus- sex County was Caesar Soults, an aged and faithful servant belonging to the Dewitt estate, in Walpack. When the law abolishing slavery was passed he re- fused to accept his freedom, choosing rather to remain at his old home and with those who had always treated their slaves kindly. Caesar died March 11, 1860, be- fore the eensus for that year was taken. Some two or three years before his death Mr. Peter Dewitt, now of Somerville, N. J., kindly provided for the board and care of the faithful old servant in the family of Ab- salom Reamer, a respectable colored man in the neighborhood, where he spent the remainder of his days, being frequently visited and cared for by Mr. Dewitt personally. Mr. Dewitt says, speaking of that uncertain quantity, the age of a colored person, "1 was never able to learn the correct date of bis birth. My grandfather used to say that when he was a young married man just beginning to farm, Cæsar was a boy old enough to plow, and from that circumstance 1 judge he was in the neighborhood of one hundred years old when he died."

The last slave in Warren County-John Wooly-is still living, in Oxford township, near Belvidere. He belonged to the estate of the late Philip Mowry, de- eeased ; and upon the death of Mr. Mowry, who left no will, the heirs made provision for him in the sum of four thousand dollars, the interest of which is used for his support. He is now quite aged, probably ninety years old, and is taken care of by one of the sisters of Mr. Mowry, who resides on the estate.

SUSSEX AND WARREN COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY.

CHAPTER XII.

THE IRON INTERESTS OF SUSSEX AND WARREN COUNTIES .*

I .- EARLY HISTORY OF THE IRON INTEREST.

THE aggressive, defensive, inventive, and progres- sive power of a state or a nation, if it has not always been so, is in the present age of the world measured very well by its employment and consumption of one of the most common as well as most useful metals, iron. In every age it has been used by some portion of the human family, and history, ancient as well as modern, serves to show that the state or nation pro- ducing or consuming most iron in the arts of peace and of war has been the most highly civilized and powerful, as well as enjoying, from its nse in various forms, the most comforts of life. Now that our coun- try, "the United States of America," only a century old, ranks second in population in the list of civilized nations, it is a remarkable fact that it is also only second in the production of this great staple, and the child is now born who will live to see the production of iron in its various shapes in this country far ex- ceed that of any other country,-perhaps double.

But, while we speak somewhat boastingly of our present status, it will be interesting to take a glance backward over our history as colonies and as a union of States and mark the progress made; and in doing so I shall confine myself mainly to the counties of Warren and Sussex, it being, as I understand, the main object of the compilers of this History to col- lect such data as will serve to illustrate the iron in- terest from its earliest commencement in what was then Morris County, now Sussex and Warren Coun- ties, covering a period of over one hundred and thirty- seven years.

The first account we have of pig iron being made is at Oxford Furnace (then Morris County), then known as Upper Greenwich. Two men, Axford and Green, came into this section as early as 1730. The first named located near the present Oxford Iron- Works, Green settled near the beautiful little lakelet bearing his name, and some of their descendants are still living in the same localities.

A few years later iron ore was discovered near the present workings of the Oxford Iron Company, and Jonathan Robeson, of Philadelphia, commenced the erection of a small blast-furnace in 1741, and by March 9, 1743, made the first pig iron therefrom. The weekly product, tradition says, was from thirteen to fifteen tons, some of which was cast into cannon- balls, some into ships' ballast, some converted into bar iron at the neighboring forges on the Musconetcong River, and some cast into chimney-backs, many of which are yet to be seen in the old houses, having the lion and the unicorn with either the motto, "Honi Soit qui Mal y pense," or "Dieu mon Droit," with

the words "Oxford Furnace, 1758," or such other year as the casting may have been made in. The earliest date the writer has ever seen was 1747, and the oldest pig of iron now known is of 1755.

The balance of the pig iron annually produced was Carted to Foul Rift, on the Delaware River, south of Belvidere, and from there shipped in lots of from ten to fourteen tons to Philadelphia, and thence for a market, it is said, to England. The boats carrying this iron were, and still are, known as "Durham boats," taking their name from the Durham Furnace, nine miles below Easton, Pa., where they were used at an earlier period for the same purpose, that furnace having been put in operation probably a few years earlier than Oxford (I venture to digress from the special object had in view at the commencement to say that Messrs. Cooper & Hewitt are now making pig iron on the old site, at Durham, from one stack, at the rate of five hundred tons a week, where one stack one hundred and forty years ago made not over sixteen tons per week). The original stack is still standing at Oxford, and in use and modernized, somewhat larger interior, and, with the aid of steam, hot blast, and anthracite fuel, frequently produces more iron in a single day than was at that early period produced in a week.

This period preceding the Revolutionary war, from 1743 to 1775, when the colonies had only from one million and a half of population in 1743 to about three millions in 1775, with small villages and families very far apart, seemed to require very little iron; its real and true value was comparatively unknown, and yet it was, as it ever has been, an indispensable metal. At the first period named, 1743, there was no village in New Jersey containing five hundred population. The roads being generally new and rough, with a scarcity of money either in specie or in currency, very little progress was made in developing the min- eral wealth of the country. Very much of the then small trade had to be carried on by barter, and it was no uncommon occurrence for pig iron to be sold for bar iron, and bar iron for beef and grain to supply the workmen at the furnaces of the early period. Under these difficulties, iron-works in this country increased very slowly, and many that did start were obliged to succumb to the inevitable.

II .- ANDOVER MINE AND FURNACE.

One of the early mines opened was that at Andover, now in Sussex County. In 1714 a large tract of land, including the mine, was located by William and John Penn; subsequently it passed into the hands of an English company from Sussex, in England. The rich ore from the mine at an early day was taken to old Andover (now Waterloo), and there manufac- tured into bar iron. From thence it was taken down the valley of the Musconetcong to Durham, and thence shipped in flat-boats down the Delaware to Philadel- phia.

* Furnished chiefly by Col. Charles Scranton.

THE IRON INTERESTS OF SUSSEX AND WARREN COUNTIES.

The development of this mine primarily led to measures for the investigation of the mineral resources of Sussex County, and resulted in the great variety of mifferals now mined in different sections within its boundaries.

The English company erected a furnace and forge, -the former at Andover, and the latter at Waterloo, -- and in these was worked the ore of the Roseville as well as of the Andover mine. A correspondent of the Newton Herald and Democrat writes in August, 1871: "We were shown by the Hon. William M. Ilitl' a pig of iron from the old Andover furnace. It is said to be about one hundred and fifty years oldl, is six feet in length, six inches broad by four inches thick, and weighs about three hundred pounds."

This mine remained in the hands of the English company till 1778, when it passed into the possession of the colonies, and its iron was converted into cannon- balls and steel for the artillery of the American army .* In the early part of the present century John Ruther- ford, a large real estate operator, owned the mine; he disposed of it about 1840 to Andrew Slockbower, who, in turn, sold it to the Trenton Iron Company. They sold it, several years ago, to the Andover Iron Com- pany, in whose possession it still remains. In the early part of 1871, Messrs. Eagle & Schults leased it of the company for a term of two years, with the privilege of ten.

The present base of operations is about one mile northeast of Andover, in an opening made a number of years since a short distance from the old mine. A new shaft has been sunk from the opening on the hill, and a tunnel excavated in the side of the hill below to connect with it. The ore is magnetie and very rich. At the places where it is taken it is mixed with " lean" ore from other mines, and produces an excel- lent quality of iron. Specimens of lead and silver ore are found in this mine, but not in sufficient quan- tities to render working profitable.

Itt .- THE OXFORD FUItNACE.

After having been started by its founder, this fur- nace was carried on in turn by Messrs. Roberdan, Showers & Campbell for a number of years, and then by Conrad Davis, Esq., of this county, for three years, from 1806 to 1809. From this period, 1809, to 1831 it was idle, its ownership having in the me n time passed to Morris Robeson, Esq., son of the founder, who only carried on the business with the mills, store, and farms connected therewith. After his death his widow, Mrs. Tacy Robeson, leased the furnace and mines for n term of ten years, from 1831 to 1842, to Messrs. William Henry, John Jordan, Jr., and John F. Walle ( llenry, Jordan & Co.), who at once began to reopen the mines and get ready for the manufac- ture of stoves, which business they carried on until 1839, they then selling out their unexpired lease, good-

will, and fixtures to Messrs. George W. and S. T. Scranton, who confined the work to the make of pig iron used almost exclusively for car-wheels, Mr. Henry withdrawing in order that he might give his time and mind to starting a new furnace at what is now known as Scranton, with anthracite coal as fuel. A few months after this change Mr. Henry's partner died, and it resulted in George W. and Selden T. Seranton, with Philip II. Mather, Esq., of Easton, Pa., and Sanford Grant, Esq., of Belvidere, visiting the present site of the city of Scranton with Mr. Henry, and there forming the nucleus of an establishment, taking into consideration all of its ramifications, second to none in the world.

The firm of George W. & S. T. Seranton continued until 1844, when the writer of this became a partner. Meanwhile, the business grew at Seranton, both George W. and S. T. Scranton moving to that place. The writer in 1847 bought their entire interest at Ox- ford, and in 1849 purchased of the late Hon. William I'. Robeson his entire estate about Oxford, and, taking into partnership again his two brothers and Hon. William E. Dodge, the new firm of Charles Scranton & Co. erected, in addition to their other work, a ear- wheel foundry, which they carried on until 1858, when both the writer of this and William Dodge sold their entire interest to George W. and S. T. Scranton. It should be stated right here that the first car-wheels made, in 1850, were carted from Oxford to Scranton over the beech-woods route, sixty-eight miles, in order to give the Lackawanna and Western Railroad Com- pany cars to commence running coal-trains to Ithaca for the opening of its business, and for the equivalent of three cents per pound, delivered (the writer has a vivid recollection of teaming in those days). In 1858, Col. George W. Scranton was elected to Congress, and S. T. Seranton resigned as president of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company and removed to Oxford to take charge of the new purchases.

In 1863 the Oxford Iron Company was incorporated, since which time the company has ereeted an addi- tional blast-furnace, having a capacity to produce twelve thousand tons of pig iron yearly, a rolling- mill, machine-shop, foundries, nail-factory, etc., with a capacity to produce from ores smelted here two hun- dred and forty thousand kegs of nails per annum, and giving employment to about seven hundred and fifty men and boys, who, with the families of the former. make up a population of about three thousand souls. The company use in this manufacture about sixty thousand tons of anthracite coal per annum, about thirty thousand tons of iron ore ( which is mined here), and ten thousand tons of limestone, or much more of cach mineral than was used in all New Jersey when the writer commenced work here, in 1838.

The Franklin Iron-Works are of a later origin. The original company, known as the Boston Frank- linite Company, built a small charcoal furnace, which they operated, not very successfully, till 1867. In that

Seo history of the Revolution in this work.

SUSSEX AND WARREN COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY.

year the property was purchased by William E. Dodge, Moses Taylor, John I. Blair, Joseph H. Scranton, and others who were stockholders of the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Company of Scranton, Pa. In 1872 the company was reorganized under a new charter, and is known as the Franklin Iron Company. In January, 1874, this company put their present furnace in blast.

IV .- COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PAST AND PRESENT.

Oxford was the only blast-furnace in Warren County up to 1846, Messrs. Cooper & Hewitt erecting two at Phillipsburg in 1847, and later erected a third furnace, now owned by the Andover Iron Company. In 1873 the Pequest Company erected a furnace in Oxford township, now owned by Messrs. Cooper & Hewitt ; and in 1874 another was erected, at Hackettstown, now owned by Joseph Wharton, Esq., of Philadel- phia; so that there are in Warren County, at this time, seven blast-furnaces, having an annual capacity to produce as follows :

Furnaces. 3

Tons.

The Andover Iron Company

50,000

The Oxford Iron Company ..

2 16,000

The Pequest Iron Company

10,000

The Warren Furnace Company

1 11,000

Total

87,000

And in Sussex County :

The Franklin Iron Company. 1 21,000

The Musconetcong Iron Company in Stanhope 2 35,000

Total.

143,000

This in a territory embracing about seven hundred, and fifty square miles, in what was a part of Morris County up to 1753. Nearly as much pig iron is now made yearly as was made in the whole Union in 1835, and at least twenty times as much as was made in the shape of pig iron by all the colonies in 1743, the period first alluded to.

There were several charcoal blast-furnaces erected in Sussex County between 1760 and 1844,-viz., the Andover, 1760; the Franklin, 1772; the Hamburg, 1834; the Wawayanda, 1836,-all of which have passed away, and forges at Squire's Point, Change- water, Imlaydale, Hughesville, and Greenwich, in Warren County, and at Andover, Stanhope, Water- loo, Sparta, and numerous other points in Sussex County, none of which are now operative. These in the early periods used pig iron, and later iron ore, making bars direct from the ores.

I should perhaps remark right here that a very large amount of iron ore (probably over fifty thousand tons yearly ) is mined in Sussex and Warren Counties and shipped to Pennsylvania for smelting, besides a large amount of zine ores, and at this time there is used by the Warren Foundry and other foundries and rolling-mills in the two counties over forty thousand tons of pig iron yearly.

improved machinery brought into use in agriculture, on a farm of say two hundred acres the weight of iron and steel in use in 1838 was about ten to twelve hundred pounds, compared with about one and three- quarter tons at present, and from a consumption per capita per annum, in 1838, of about thirty-five pounds, it will reach, in the years 1880 and 1881, fully two hundred and twenty pounds, or an aggregate of five million five hundred thousand net tons! so that, what- ever modus operandi, sort of locomotion or transporta- tion or style or composition of architecture on sea or land we have had in the past, or may have in the future, we most certainly are now living in the iron and steel age.

CHAPTER XIII.

SUSSEX AND WARREN COUNTIES IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.

I .- THE SITUATION IN 1861.

WERE it possible to recall the events of 1861 with the same vividness and reality with which they then struck the public mind, the present generation might form some conception of the stirring scenes enacted at the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion,-scenes which only those who participated in them can fully appreciate. Unhappily for the distinctness of the impression, the vision has measurably faded away in the lapse of twenty years ; so that our young people of to-day know these events only by tradition or by the dim light shed upon them in history. The out- burst of patriotism known as the "great uprising" which followed the attack on Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, flowed like a mighty inundation into every State, county, village, and hamlet, and into all the avenues of business, trade, commerce, and social life. The country had been waiting in solemn and anxious pause for the results of secession in South Carolina, and to see what the seceded State would do with the little garrison in her harbor and with the flag of the Union which floated above its ramparts. The mo- ment that flag was struck and that fort fired upon the shock of impending war thrilled the whole country. The pause was at an end: action was now needed ; nor were the people long in deciding what to do. Troops were called for by the President of the United States, and forthwith flags were hoisted and recruiting- stations opened in every town, hamlet, and school- district ; business marched to the sound of the fife and drum, and the air was filled with strains of mar- tial musie. The whole North awoke to meet the call of the government in enlisting, equipping, and send- ing forward troops to decide the momentous question of union or secession by the arbitrament of arms.

New Jersey was not behind the other States of the North in responding to the call. Governor Olden,

In conclusion, the writer of this will state that in his short life he is witness to the fact that, with the | her executive, was patriotic and energetic. He was

SUSSEX AND WARREN COUNTIES IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.

greatly assisted in the selection of officers by a board of examiners composed of Adjt .- Gen. Stockton, Lieut. A. T. A. Torbert, and Gen. William Cook. Lieut. Torbert, who was at an early day assigned for duty at Trenton, rendered from the start most important service in organizing the first New Jersey regiments for the field. Governor Olden was also greatly as- sisted in the labors of his office by Capt. Charles P. Smith, James T. Sherman, formerly editor of the State Gazette, Barker Gummere, clerk in chancery, Col. Charles Scranton, Gen. N. N. Halsted, Hon. Joseph W. Allen, and others, all of whom labored untiringly and without compensation in behalf of the State.

The counties of Sussex and Warren, moved by the same patriotie impulse, began in season to co-operate with the other counties of the State in raising and Rending forward their quotas of troops. When, in preparation for raising the first four regiments called for, twenty-four of the principal banks of the State pledged Governor Olden four hundred and fifty-one thousand dollars, Sussex Bank, at Newton, came for- ward with twenty thousand dollars and Farmers' Bank of Wantage with ten thousand dollars. Six days after President Lincoln's call for the first troops had been issued, Judson Kilpatrick, of Sussex,-a name now known to fame, but then a cadet lieuten- ant in the United States Military Academy at West Point,-addressed an urgent appeal to the Governor to be permitted to share with the troops of his State the dangers and honors of the field. From the beginning to the close of the war these counties bore a most hon- orable and patriotic part in the great service and sac- rifice demanded of the American people to sustain the Union. The names of their soldiers are to be found on the rolls of a large number of regiments of this and other States. Such of those regiments as were most noticeable for the number of Sussex and Warren County men serving in their ranks will be here specially mentioned. It may be proper to re- mark that recruiting began in Newton and Belvidere immediately upon the issuing of the first call by the President for three months' men, on April 15, 1861. On the 18th,-only three days after the call,-Capt. Edward L. Campbell had raised a company in Belvi- dere, consisting of seven officers and fifty privates. On the 19th the company was raised to its full eom- plement, and was taken by Capt. Campbell to Tren- ton, but the State authorities were not ready to mus- ter them into the service. On the 18th of May, Capt. Campbell, with a portion of these men and other recruits, went into the Third Regiment, then organ- ized and mustered into the United States service for three years." In liko manner, Capt. James G. Fitts

* Cupt. Do Witt ('Huton flair, of Belvidere, son of the Hon. John 1. Blair, raised a full company. Immodintely after the news was received of Bring on Snustor, In Warren County, and presentod them, with himself ut their hend, at Trenton: hut no further demand being made for moro troupes, himself nud conunaud, aftor stnying a few days, returned home.

raised a company in Newton, which were not mis- tered, but, with their leader, became Company D of the Third Regiment. These were the earliest compa- nies raised in Sussex and Warren Counties, and the earliest in the State raised expressly for the emer- gency, although there were some militia organizations, already existing, which were a little in advance of them in tendering their services.

The following extract from the historical address of Col. Charles Scranton, delivered at Belvidere, July 4, 1876, on the occasion of the centennial celebration, is pertinent in this connection :

"In 1861, when the plot of trenson was laid which threatened the life of our beloved country, and tho sent of government Itself sermed in danger, a young man whom many of you know, tho private sec- rotary of my docensed brother, was in Washington City, where he volunteered as a private in Cul. Lane's company, and served until troopa arrived from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, And New Jersey, when he was honorably discharged, receiving the thanks of the President and Secretary of War Cameron. Copt. Joseph J. Henry was the first volun- teer from Oxford. Warren Co., of this State, In the great civil war, as John McMurray ond Thonina Whito were in the Revolutionary war, andl, although afterwards entering the Ninth New Jersey Volunteers, ho was the first offleer from New Jersey to fall in battle. The late war in so fresh in your memories that I shall ouly briefly refer to it. Sumter was fired on; Its garrison taken prisoners. The call for men to artis was made by President Lincoln. You all know what the response was. Most of you remember the first meeting in youder court-house, where I hnd the honor to preslde ; how Compbell, Kennedy, and others rallied round the old flug and quickly formed a company and moved for Tren- ton. Of the meeting at Phillipsburg, and how Mutchler, Sitgrenves, Schoonover, and others flocked to the standard; ond again at Oxford, how the gallont McAllister, Henry, Warner, Brewster, and other good men and true, joined tho phalanx ; and again at Clinton, under the brave and gallaut Taylor. As aldo to the late lamented good Governor Charles S. Oldon I attooded four meetings in as many days, and we hnul . our quota more than fall beforo wo had a place for the men to quarter. Wo were without uniforms, arma, or equipments. What memorles clus- tor around those days of April and May, 1861, and all through the terri- ble war ! And Inter, as further calls for troops came, how nobly did our county of Warron respond ! You knew these noble, bravo young men. I knew them by the thousand In the Stato. I loved them and cherish their memories. Thousands and thousands fell with their face to tho fool Honry, Brewster, Lawrence, Hilton, Hicks, Armstrong, and scores of other noblo herves from old Warren fell. I shrink from calling tho roll of those honored dead. Our county furnished one thousand four hundred and thirty-soron men, besides those from her to other countles and States, of whom one linudred and seventy-six fell in battle or did of disease contracted in the army, or from inhuman treatment in primis. Of these bravo men who thus ditel some lio in our own cemeteries, somo on the field where they fell, In graves unknown, and though no 'storied urn or animinted bust' or marble shaft or granito pile marke their last renting-placo here on earth, yet their memories will live in story and lilstory, and annually ne their loved ones gathor ton ers tostrow on their tomle, or bedew them with their teors, will thero grow an Increasing love for their memories. Fellow.citizens, auhliora, survivors of the war for the Union, very many of whom it became my duty to give an outfit fur the war, as I seo yon boforo me my heart wurms in admiration of your gallontry, of your honored actions towarils myself while you were in Now Jersey campe. Before this audience I prouounce the fact that, in all the work performed by mo in fooding, clothing, and paying New Jer- wymen who enlisted for the war, no one, so far as I can recollect, over gove Die ODO single cause for reproof. I place this alma on record sa a fact : no volunteer isave one crazy man) ever deserted the campe whoro I acted. Your sulardination and gallantry, with the thousands from other counties and States, undor the gullance of a wise providence di- recting the great mind of the immortal Iducoln and his condfuturs, bas made this nation In truth free."

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History of Sussex and Warren counties, New Jersey, with Illustration and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers, Part 19

Author: Snell, James P; Clayton, W. W. (W. Woodford) Publication date: 1881 Publisher: Philadelphia : Everts & Peck Number of Pages: 1140

Author: Snell, James P; Clayton, W. W. (W. Woodford)
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Philadelphia : Everts & Peck
Number of Pages: 1140