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GENEALOGY COLLECTION
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GENEALOGY 974.7 SM57H V.3
William M. Mullow.
1
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HORATIO SEYMOUR
Horatio Seymour, 20th and 24th governor (1853-4; 1863-4) ; born at Pompey Hill, Onondaga county, N. Y., May 31, 1810; lawyer; military secretary to Governor William L. Marcv; member of assembly, Oneida county, 1842; mayor of Utica, 1843; member of assembly, 1844-5; defeated for governor, 1850; elected, 1852; defeated by Myron Holley Clark, 1854; again elected in 1862 and defeated for reelection by Reuben E. Fenton, 1864; candidate for president in 1868, defeated by Ulysses S. Grant; died at Deerfield, Herkimer county, N. Y., February 12, 1886.
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HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK
POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL
EDITED BY RAY B. SMITH
EXCELSIOR
VOLUME III 1865 - 1896 BY
ROSCOE C. E. BROWN
THE SYRACUSE PRESS, INC. SYRACUSE, N. Y. 1922
COPYRIGHTED THE SYRACUSE PRESS, INC. 1922
1485710
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION, 1865-1920
New York City vs. up-State.
17
Tammany's growth in power.
18
Eminent leaders of both parties.
19
The even balance.
22
The State administration in 1865
24
The Legislature in 1865
25
The judiciary in 1865.
26
State finances
27
Effects of the Civil War on population.
29
Property valuation
30
Taxation, charities, schools, agriculture, canals.
31
State reservations
31-32
Problems and their treatment by the parties
32-33
CHAPTER II, 1865
RECONSTRUCTION AND THE POLITICAL PARTIES
President Johnson and the radicals. 34
36
The Democrats and their difficulties
37
Governor Fenton.
38
Establishment of Cornell University
39
The new Capitol.
40
The Democratic State convention of 1865
41
Greeley on Judge Grover.
44
The Republican convention.
44
John Van Buren on Seymour.
47
The Republican ticket elected.
47
CHAPTER III, 1866
OVERTHROW OF THE CONSERVATIVES
48
Thaddeus Stevens's ultimatum.
49
Henry J. Raymond supports the President 50
The Legislature demands compliance by the south. 50
The Governor on State matters. 51
Secretary Seward's conservatism
52
The Philadelphia convention 53
Death of Dean Richmond
54
The question of negro suffrage.
Rivalry of the Republican factions.
State meeting of Democrats and conservatives 54-56 Up-State rule of New York City 56-58 Republicans renominate Governor Fenton 58
Democrats nominate John T. Hoffman. 59
Fenton reelected 60
CHAPTER IV, 1867
THE RISE OF CONKLING
Senator Ira Harris desires to go back 61
Roscoe Conkling succeeds him. 64
Election of Constitutional convention delegates. 65
Republican State convention; radicals control. 66
Barlow and Hillhouse retired. 67
The Democrats; Hoffman condemns the Excise law 68
Seymour on national subjects. 69
Decisive victory for the Democrats. 71
CHAPTER V, 1867-1868
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND THE ERIE WAR
Meeting of the Constitutional convention of 1867 72
Its work
73
Submission of its acts in three parts
74
Result of the popular vote in 1869
75
Drew, Vanderbilt, Gould, Fisk.
75-76
The Legislature and the Erie.
76
Outcome of the contest
78
The charges of corruption.
79
Canal Commissioner Dorn.
79-80
CHAPTER VI, 1868
GRANT AND SEYMOUR
General Grant boomed for President. 81
Republicans choose National convention delegates. 82
Grant and Colfax nominated at Chicago .. 83
Democratic State and National conventions.
83-84
Seymour nominated for President.
86
The Republican State ticket. 87-89
Hoffman again named for Governor by the Democrats.
89-90
The World's "Change of Base" editorial.
91
Manton Marble replies to inquirers
92
The Democrats carry New York State.
92
Election frauds 93
The naturalization machine. 94-95
A. Oakey Hall, Mayor of New York City.
96
Samuel J. Tilden's manœuvers. 85-86
CHAPTER VII, 1869
FENTON WINS THE SENATORSHIP
Senator Morgan a candidate for reelection 97
An animated contest. 100
98
Noah Davis misrepresented.
Success of Fenton ..
101
Governor Hoffman defends Tammany
101
Party conventions of 1869
102-104
Democrats again win.
104
The Prohibitionists take the field
104
CHAPTER VIII, 1870 TWEED IN THE SADDLE
The boss in full control 105
The Young Democracy; Tweed's Republican Senators. 106
The new charter for the city; big loot. 107
New Court of Appeals Judges. 108
Governor Hoffman renominated. 108
Republican differences
109-111
Stewart L. Woodford runs 112 1
Hoffman elected for a second term. 113
CHAPTER IX, 1871 TWEED'S DOWNFALL
The famous certificate of foremost citizens 114
The Sun's ingenuous proposal. 115
An Assemblyman's dishonesty and disgrace. 115
David A. Wells heads a Tax commission. 116
Republican office-holding under Tammany 117
Republican State convention of 1871 118-121
The beginning of the end for Tweed
122
The Committee of Seventy. 123
Tweed, Tilden, and the Democratic State convention 124-126
The proofs, the conviction, the jail, the end. 127
Republican victory in the State 128
CHAPTER X, 1872
THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT
Hoffman gives the quietus to cumulative voting. 129-130
Elevated Railroads. 131
Discontent with the Grant administration. 132
Liberal Republicans at Cincinnati. 133-136
Greeley for President; endorsed by the Democrats 137-138
Republican National and State conventions 138-140
Dix's nomination for Governor. 140
The Kernan-and-Depew ticket 142-143
Charles O'Conor also gets a Presidential nomination. 143
Grant and Dix elected. 145
William F. Havemeyer Mayor of New York 146 Greeley's death. 146
Whitelaw Reid acquires the Tribune 147
CHAPTER XI, 1873
CONKLING SUFFERS A REVERSE
Alonzo B. Cornell, Speaker 148
More Albany regulation for the city. 149
Governor Dix vetoes the Local Option bill 150
Republican State convention 151-152
Democrats and Liberals 153-156
Collapse of the Liberal movement. 156
The Republicans win by a narrow margin. 157
CHAPTER XII, 1874
TILDEN ELECTED GOVERNOR
The Constitutional commission 158
Various changes, and the people's action 159-160
Governor Dix renominated 160-161
A third term for Grant. 161
Tilden decides that now is his time
161
The opposition to him; Sanford E. Church 163
The Liberals take an impartial course 164
William Purcell attacks Tammany. 165
John Kelly and Mayor Havemeyer 166
Nomination of Tilden for Governor 167
The Liberals persevere in their impartiality 168
Dix at a disadvantage 169
Tilden's election; Democratic legislative majority. 170
CHAPTER XIII, 1875
TILDEN OVERTHROWS THE CANAL RING
Kernan sent to the Senate. 171-172
Governor Tilden recommends reforms 172
He prepares to fight the canal ring. 173
Startling statistics ; the fine art of bidding 174-175
Investigations and their results 175-176
Tilden gains much prestige 176
Republican and Democratic State conventions 176-178
The Governor annexes John Bigelow 178
The State stays Democratic. 179
Swallow-tails and Short-hairs. 179-180
CHAPTER XIV, 1876
CONKLING AND TILDEN SEEK THE PRESIDENCY Tilden outlines his platform 181
From St. Clair McKelway's recollections.
182
Tammany fights Tilden at St. Louis
183
Tilden and Hendricks 184
Conkling encounters vigorous opposition
184
George William Curtis makes a great speech
185
-but Conkling gets the delegates.
186
Hayes and Wheeler 187-188
The reformers much pleased 189
Return of the Liberals 189
Republicans again run Morgan for Governor 190
Tilden rebuffs Dorsheimer. 191
Democrats draft Seymour, who declines. 192-193
Lucius Robinson substituted 193
Greenbackers nominate Peter Cooper for President 194
CHAPTER XV, 1876-1877 THE DISPUTED ELECTION
The great Presidential campaign of '76 195
Tilden and Robinson carry New York 196
Visiting statesmen at the south; cipher dispatches. 197
The disputed Electoral votes 199
Excitement and bitterness.
200
The Electoral commission
200-201
Tilden's course. 201
The decision. 202
CHAPTER XVI, 1877
FACTIONS REND BOTH PARTIES
President Hayes offends the regulars. 203
Dorman B. Eaton, Civil Service Commissioner 204
Hayes on Conkling 205
Republican State convention 205-210
"Man-milliners, dilettanti and carpet-knights" 208
Governor Robinson's independence. 210
Veto of bill allowing partial Woman Suffrage.
211
John Kelly alienated. 212
Democratic State convention 212-214
A small plurality for the Democrats
214
CHAPTER XVII, 1877-1878 THE GREENBACK REVIVAL
Hayes removes Arthur and Cornell
216
Party strife at Albany. 217
The Governor seeks to remove John F. Smyth 218
Greenbackism and labor 219-221 State conventions of 1878 221-223
Republican success; heavy Greenback vote. 225
CHAPTER XVIII, 1879 KELLY DEFEATS ROBINSON
Conkling reelected Senator
226
He renews his fight on the President. 227
Republicans nominate Cornell for Governor 229
The Democratic State convention. 231
Kelly's grievances against Robinson
232
A bitter convention contest.
233-234
Robinson renominated; Kelly bolts
235
Cornell elected 236
CHAPTER XIX, 1880
THE THIRD TERM MOVEMENT DEFEATED
237
The railroads and the public
238
Conkling leads the Grant forces 239
He controls the Republican State convention. 240-241
Fails to enforce the unit rule at Chicago 242
Grant beaten; Garfield and Arthur. 243-244
Arthur's record and personality. 244
CHAPTER XX, 1880 THE ECLIPSE OF TILDEN
The Democrats in doubt
245
Their National convention at Cincinnati.
248
Tilden eliminates himself. 249
Hancock for President 250
Kelly readmits the regulars to the party 251
Nominations for Chief-Judge. 251
Garfield elected by the vote of New York.
253
CHAPTER XXI, 1881 STALWARTS AND HALF-BREEDS
Republican aspirants for Kernan's Senatorial seat. 254
Thomas C. Platt secures the prize. 255
President Garfield's nomination of Robertson 256
Conkling's resentment .. 257
Both New York Senators resign. 259
They seek vindication by reelection 260
The assassination of Garfield
261
Warner Miller and Elbridge G. Lapham elected Senators 262
Republican State convention sustains President Arthur
264
Charles J. Folger becomes Chief-Judge
Democratic State convention
265 Republicans elect State ticket, lose Legislature. 266
Seth Low elected Mayor in Brooklyn 267
CHAPTER XXII, 1882
FOLGER'S OVERWHELMING DEFEAT
Tammany holds the balance at Albany. 268
A Railroad commission. 269.
The Federal administration decides to dominate 271
Folger's forced nomination for Governor 272-273
The Democrats nominate Grover Cleveland. 273-276
The great defection 277
Cleveland elected by an unprecedented vote
278
The canals-a historical survey 279-282
CHAPTER XXIII, 1883
CLEVELAND THE REFORMER
A reluctant party. 283
The first State Civil Service law 284
Veto of the Five-cent Fare bill. 285
Tammany opposes the Governor. 286
"Personal comfort and satisfaction" 287
The Republicans harmonize. 287-288
Democratic State convention 289-290
A divided result at the election. 291
CHAPTER XXIV, 1884
THE NOMINATION OF BLAINE
New York City investigations and measures 293-294
President Arthur desires another term. 294
New York supporters of Blaine and Edmunds 295-297
Theodore Roosevelt heads the delegation 298
The contest at Chicago. 299
Blaine and Logan 300
CHAPTER XXV, 1884
CLEVELAND BECOMES PRESIDENT
The pre-convention campaign for Cleveland. 301
Daniel Manning's skill and daring 302
All hinges on the unit rule 303
The delegation solidified for Cleveland. 305
Loved for the enemies he had made 306
Cleveland and Hendricks 306
The campaign: Curtis, Schurz, Beecher. 307
Ben Butler, Dana, St. John, Burchard. 308-309
Cleveland elected President, Grace Mayor 310
CHAPTER XXVI, 1885 HILL COMES TO POWER
Evarts succeeds Lapham in the Senate 311-312
Governor David B. Hill 313
Manning's death 315
Party conventions of 1885 315-318
Hill, for reelection, defeats Ira Davenport. 319
CHAPTER XXVII, 1886-1887
HISCOCK GOES TO THE SENATE
Women eligible for admission to the bar. 321
The Boodle Aldermen. 322
People vote for a Constitutional convention 323
New York City Mayoralty election of 1886. 323
Battle royal for the Senatorship
324
Frank Hiscock elected. 326-327
The Constitutional convention deferred by politics. 327-329
The party conventions of 1887 329-331
Democrats elect State ticket, Republicans hold Legislature. 332
CHAPTER XXVIII, 1888
MILLER "OUTSIDE THE BREASTWORKS"
Husted loses the Speakership. 333
High license and Ballot bills vetoed. 334
The Ballot reform movement. 334-336
President Cleveland renominated
337
Depew arbitrates at Chicago.
340
Harrison and Morton.
342
Warner Miller for Governor on the Republican ticket.
343
Governor Hill runs again.
344
The State campaign 345-347
Harrison carries New York and wins. 347
Hill defeats Miller. 347-348
Tammany elects Hugh J. Grant Mayor. 349
CHAPTER XXIX, 1889-1890
HILL'S SWAY UNSHAKEN BY SCANDALS
President Harrison disappoints Platt
350
Capitol repairs. 351
State conventions of 1889.
351-353
Hill's ticket elected. 353
Ballot compromise; registry extension.
354
A godfather's gift. 355
Non-partisan judicial nomination 356
The Mckinley tariff; Mayor Grant reelected 357
CHAPTER XXX, 1891-1892 THE STOLEN SENATE
William F. Sheehan, Speaker 358
Andrew D. White proves unavailable. 359-360
Republicans put up Fassett for Governor 361
Roswell P. Flower gets the Democratic nomination. 364
Flower elected; the Senate in the balance. 365
The disputed seats. 366
Court decisions 367
The Sherwood case 368
The Mylod return. 369
The Democrats organize the Senate 370
The abstracted letters 371
Maynard, Hill, Wemple, Rice 371
Maynard condemned by the Bar Association. 372
Flower appoints him Court of Appeals Judge. 372-373
CHAPTER XXXI, 1892 THE RETURN OF CLEVELAND
Hill's favorite measures pass. 374-375
The Snap convention; the Anti-snappers 376
Republican State and National conventions 377-379
Harrison and Reid. 379
Hill's hopes dashed; Cleveland's third nomination 380
The Populists and others. 381
Cleveland sweeps the country.
381-382
Constitutional amendments defeated 382
CHAPTER XXXII, 1893 MAYNARDISM REBUKED
Hill still antagonizes Cleveland 383
Hugh Mclaughlin and a budding statesman. 384
Democrats send Edward Murphy, Jr., to the Senate. 385-386
The Constitutional convention at last 386
Maynard nominated for Judge. 387-388
The Republican State convention. 389
Overwhelming defeat of Maynard at the election. 390
McKane stops an injunction and comes to grief. 391-392
Lieutenant-Governor Sheehan 392
CHAPTER XXXIII, 1894
HILL SENT TO DEFEAT
Dr. Parkhurst investigates 394
The Constitutional convention and its work 395-398
Milholland 398
Platt on Cornelius N. Bliss 400
Republicans nominate Levi P. Morton for Governor. 401
The U. S. Senate rejects Hornblower and Peckham 403-404 Hill reluctantly runs once more. 406
The Anti-Snappers come back 407
Great Republican victory 408
CHAPTER XXXIV, 1895-1896
MORTON AS A FAVORITE SON
Platt and Morton in accord 409
Roosevelt as police head.
410
"In the interests of labor and morality"
412
Mayor Strong
414
Republicans roll up another big plurality.
The Raines law.
415
Liquor legislation-a retrospect.
416-417
Greater New York.
417
414
Platt kindly but firmly counsels Morton 418-419
For INDEX see end of Volume IV.
ILLUSTRATIONS
with BIOGRAPHIES
Thomas G. Alvord 88
Charles Andrews.
376
Henry Ward Beecher 72
Cornelius Newton Bliss.
328
Joseph Hodges Choate.
376
Sanford E. Church
56
Peter Cooper
104
Alonzo Barton Cornell
264
George William Curtis
72
Charles Anderson Dana
24
Daniel Stevens Dickinson
24
John Adams Dix. 168
William Dorsheimer
136
Frederick Douglass
152
William Maxwell Evarts
232
Charles S. Fairchild.
344
David Dudley Field.
232
Roswell Pettibone Flower.
392
Charles James Folger
248
John M. Francis.
312
William Russell Grace.
312
Abram Stevens Hewitt
344
Frank Hiscock
360
John T. Hoffman.
120
Ward Hunt.
136
James William Husted
184
Francis Kernan.
184
Elbridge Gerry Lapham
280
Charles Zebina Lincoln.
408
Warner Miller
296
Levi Parsons Morton.
408
Wheeler Hazard Peckham
392
Rufus William Peckham
328
Edwards Pierrepont.
56
William Henry Robertson
264
Lucius Robinson.
216
William Crawford Ruger.
280
Carl Schurz.
200
Horatio Seymour.
Frontispiece
William L. Strong.
200
Andrew Dickson White
248
FOREWORD
With the close of the Civil War, the Republican party, formed in 1854, unsuccessful with Fremont as its standard bearer in 1856, successful in 1860 under the leadership of Lincoln, had become well organized and established as one of the two great parties. The opposition necessarily remained with the Democratic party to which the former pro-slavery states naturally attached themselves politically.
In New York the relative strength of the two parties was so evenly balanced that there arose between them a titanic struggle for supremacy that has since unceas- ingly continued.
In accordance with the spirit of the times each party was organized upon strict military principles of obedi- ence and discipline. The supreme commander exer- cised absolute authority during his reign, overthrown as a result of masterful intrigue or bitter open revolt. The victor showed no mercy to the vanquished, and was met in turn with determined vindictiveness. With- out a clear understanding of this fundamental princi- ple in organization of each of the leading parties, the intra-party contests led by the Republican leaders Fen- ton, Conkling, Platt, Hendricks, Odell and Barnes and the Democratic leaders, Seymour, Tilden, Hill, Kelly, Croker and Murphy would lose their real significance.
The military plan of party organizaton has grad- ually become decadent. The leaders under the old order have either passed away or been retired from active participation in public affairs. The first to recog- nize that public sentiment would soon demand that in party government absolutism must yield to tolerance was Thomas C. Platt, the "easy boss" of the Republican
party. His example was followed by Charles F. Mur- phy, the recognized leader of the Democratic party, now the only political leader who, since the retirement of Platt, has had any permanent tenure of state-wide political power or control.
The Civil War wrenched the financial and industrial stability of our Nation to its very core. The resultant conditions resembled closely those now existing in Europe, only reversed. The United States then the debtor nation, is now the creditor nation. The same problem, however, that now faces the European allies then faced us. Utter paralysis in the South; necessary nullification of the debts of the Confederacy; repudia- tion by its several states of their obligations ; deranged industries in the North; inflated currency; prices of labor and commodities on an abnormal basis ; followed by unwarranted expansion of speculative values, result- ant collapse of credits, panic and ultimate return to san- ity and common sense.
These problems, involving a tariff adequate to pro- tect our industries and workingmen against foreign competition ; freedom of national obligations from un- just tax; resumption of specie payments ; redemption of our currency in funds having a world-wide accepted monetary standard of value upon a gold basis-all stand as a monument to honesty in financial dealings, funda- mental to business or governmental success and mark an accomplishment of world-wide national achievement and influence equalled only by the spirit of forgiveness to our foes and humanitarianism which has since been the dominating force and true keynote of our national policy in dealing with the nations of the world.
R. B. S.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1865-1920
T HE history of New York in the last half-cen- tury reveals two strongly marked tendencies that have greatly influenced the shaping of the govern- ment and the character of politics. One is the sharp- ened contrast between the partisan complexion of the metropolis and that of the rest of the State. The other is the tremendous increase in the activities of govern- ment and the growing, though often halting, tendency toward the centralization of power.
The alignment of an overwhelming vote in New York City against an almost solid array of rural counties came only after the Civil War. Before that time, indeed, the Tammany Society had become the strongest single political factor in the city and domi- nated the local Democracy. Nevertheless, its sway was not unchallenged. Van Buren carried the city in 1836 by less than 1,100 plurality and in 1840 by only 1,000. Four years later Clay lost it to Polk by only 2,000 and in 1848 Taylor had about 3,000 more votes than Cass and Van Buren together. The great influx of immigrants and the liberal attitude of Tammany toward their early naturalization increased the Democratic vote. On the other hand, New York City was the stronghold of the
17
18
POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
native American movement, and in 1856 gave more votes to Fillmore than to Fremont. The native-born mechanics and laborers looked with the same disfavor on the introduction of Irish and German workers that the descendants of these earlier immigrants now mani- fest toward new arrivals with different standards of living. "Know-Nothingism" was strong with the men in the shipbuilding trades, dwelling in the lower east side of the city in what afterward became Tammany strongholds. These people later moved wholesale to the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn and there were a factor that both parties reckoned with in the formation of their tickets for many years. Neither the Whigs nor the Americans went to the Republican party in the same proportion in the city as in the country. The Whig merchants shared the commercial ties of New York with the south. They were also conservative and by temperament distrustful of the radicalism of the Republican stand against the extension of slavery. So even at the height of the Civil War the Union party, into which the Republicans temporarily merged them- selves, was in a hopeless minority. Tammany with its thorough organization and great city patronage grew steadily; for an opposition with no chance to win and with no local patronage except the minority appoint- ments held by the favor of its enemies naturally tends to demoralization. Outside the metropolitan district the Republicans fell heir to the old Whig counties in northern, central, and western New York: Cayuga, Cattaraugus, Allegany, Chautauqua, Saratoga, Wash- ington, Essex, Franklin, Cortland, Tioga, Broome,
19
INTRODUCTION
Genesee, Livingston, Ontario, Wyoming, Monroe, Orleans, and Niagara. Old Democratic counties of strong Barnburner tendencies, like St. Lawrence, Herkimer, Oswego, Oneida, Onondaga, Steuben, Tompkins, Wayne, and Yates became firmly Repub- lican on the war issue.
A succession of resourceful Republican leaders con- solidated the rural organizations into a compact, centrally dominated body. Reuben E. Fenton, Roscoe Conkling, Thomas C. Platt, Benjamin B. Odell, Jr., and William Barnes, Jr., were all adepts in the historic method of New York politics, which both parties inherited from the days of Burr, the Livingstons, and the Clintons, and which Thurlow Weed perfected in the Whig party and the Albany Regency under Samuel A. Talcott, William L. Marcy, and Benjamin F. Butler perfected in the Democratic party. It was the method of military discipline, centrally supervised nominations and strict control of patronage and legislation for party ends. Wisely and honestly used, as it often was, it gave great cohesion to party action and accomplished great public benefits, but it tended to develop the narrow intolerance and the autocratic and ruthless abuse of power for selfish or commercial purposes that are asso- ciated in the public mind with political "bosses." In its earlier days this type of leadership had to contend with factional fights and rival ambitions. When organiza- tions were unofficial, guerilla warfare was simple. The development of the official party ballot, the officially regulated caucus, and finally the legally defined party machinery and direct primary has put a premium on
20
POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
regularity, outlawed faction, and made the possessors of the party organizations of both parties almost invin- cible. Working along these lines the Republicans consolidated country sentiment, strengthened country organizations, and solidified that traditional "up-State" majority, the size of which, balanced against the equally sure Democratic majority in New York City, has so long made the State the uncertain center of national interest.
But the Democracy has been by no means merely, or mainly, a New York City party. From the days of the Albany Regency down through the time of division between "Hards" and "Softs," the majority of the great Democratic leaders were "up-State" men. Among them were Martin Van Buren, William L. Marcy, Silas Wright, Azariah C. Flagg, Samuel A. Talcott, Samuel Beardsley, Greene C. Bronson, George P. Barker, Daniel S. Dickinson, and Horatio Seymour. Just before and during the Civil War Dean Richmond was the most powerful figure in the Democracy of the State. Samuel J. Tilden succeeded to his leadership. Tilden was a New York City man, but his traditions were those of Van Buren and the Regency and his leadership was one of warfare against the Tweed forces that were at that time using Tammany for their own corrupt ends. Even in the Republican counties, strong and sometimes successful organizations were maintained by Tilden's great organizing ability, and the counties of Albany, Chemung, Columbia, Greene, Otsego, Putnam, Rens- selaer, Schoharie, Seneca, Sullivan, and Ulster, in addition to the counties near the metropolis, Kings,
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