USA > New York > Franklin County > A history of St. Lawrence and Franklin counties, New York : from the earliest period to the present time > Part 82
USA > New York > St Lawrence County > A history of St. Lawrence and Franklin counties, New York : from the earliest period to the present time > Part 82
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Scapolite, in pearly grey crystals, which are short and generally termi- nated, occurs at the locality of apatite, about a mile southwest of Gou- verneur village. It is here abundantly diffused through limestone, and is readily obtained in separate crystals. Scapolite occurs in detached crystals very frequently in the white limestone formation.
Serpentine abounds throughout the primary section of the two counties, occurring generally with or near the white limestone formation, being usually disseminated in nodular masses through that rock. In the town of Rossie, on the island at Wegatchie furnace, in Gouverneur village, and at the Natural dam, two miles below : in Fowler, Edwards, De Kalb, Hermon, Russell, Pitcairn, Fine, Colton, Canton, &c., it occurs in greater or less quantity, but nowhere in sufficient abundance to form a rock of geological importance. At the locality of mica, &c., on the farm of Stephen Ayres, in Gouverneur, serpentine of a yellowish green color, and beautifully mottled, occurs. In Edwards, near the village, it occurs of various delicate shades of green and greenish white, which possess interest.
Spathic iron (carbonate of iron), occurs in the iron mines of Rossie, in beautiful crystaline groups, lining cavities in the ore, and associated with calcite, heavy spar and iron pyrites. The color is usually bronze, and various shades of brown, and the faces of the crystals often warped, and . usually very brilliant. It also occurs massive diffused through the ore, and has been seen more rarely in botryoidal concretions, covering surfaces of red specular iron. Some of the specimens of this mineral from the Caledonia and Kearney mines, possess much beauty, and are highly esteemed by mineral collectors. The best specimens were ob- tained from the north end of the hill in which the Caledonia mine occurs.
Sphene, is of frequent occurrence in the western part of St. Lawrence county. At the apatite localities of Gouverneur and Rossie, it is found of a pale red color, and in imperfect crystals with its usual associates, pargasite, apatite, graphite, &c. Half a mile north of Gouverneur vil- lage, in a wall, black crystals with the angles rounded, as if by fusion, occur in quartz.
696
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE
Spinelle occurs at the locality of chondrodite, in Rossie, and at the lo- cality of serpentine and mica, on the farm of Stephen Ayres, in Gouver- neur. At the former locality it has a pale reddish brown opake va- riety, generally well crystalized, and sometimes grouped into clusters. The small specimens are the best characterized, and some of them nearly transparent. Spinelle, when blue, is the sapphire, and when of a burning red, the ruby.
Sulphur, in a native state, occurs in concretions around the iron mines in Rossie, where it is formed by the decomposition of iron pyrites, and its deposition is said to be due to the action of vegetable matter. It may be expected to occur wherever iron pyrites is exposed to spontaneous de- composition in the weather. It is usually more or less mixed with sul- phate of iron and other saline substances.
Sulphate of Barytes, is associated with limestone, in Gouverneur, about two miles from the Griffith bridge, where it occurs in an irregular vein with fluor spar. It presents externally a rusty brown color, and an ir- regular attempt at crystalization, the surface being covered by bundles of coarse crystaline fibres. Broken it presents a pure white color, and is fibrous and laminated. Several hundred pounds have been procured near the surface, and it is doubtless abundant in the vicinity. On the farm of James Morse, in the same town, this mineral occurs with a micaceous variety of iron ore, in crystaline plates, which by their inter- section form irregular angular cavities. The forms represented in figs. 5 and 6, opposite page 709, were found here. In the town of Morris- town, several tons were procured for manufacture into white paint, a few years since. Its appearance was similar to that of Gouverneur. On yellow lake, in Rossie, and in the iron mines of that town, it has been found sparingly. At the latter, it is in small crystals, in cavities of cal- cite, and the forms shown in figs. 6 and 7, opposite page 684, have been observed. The lead mines of Rossie afforded it sparingly. On the farm of Robert Dean, in Antwerp, Jefferson county, near the county line, is an interesting locality in which this mineral, which naturally of great specific gravity, occurs light and spongy, from numerous vermicular cavities.
Sulphuret of copper, has been procured in quantities which justify the belief that it will be found in such abundance as will make it profitable as an ore of copper, in the towns of Macomb, Gouverneur, Canton, Fowler, Edwards, Russell, &c. Several explorations have been made for this mineral, but not to such extent as to decide the quantity that may be expected to occur.
Tourmaline, of a reddish brown color, and crystalized, is found imbed ded in white limestone, in the towns of Rossie, Gouverneur, Hermon, Russell, &c. The quality of this is such that if it could be obtained of sufficient size, it would form the most excellent plates for examining the properties of polarized light. About two miles southeast of the village of Gouverneur, it has been found most abundantly. It also occurs one mile from that village, on the north side of the road leading to Somer- ville.
Tremolite, (white hornblende), occurs in the town of Fowler, between Little York and Fullerville, of a delicate rose color, in masses which have a broken crystaline structure. In De Kalb it is common in white crystaline blades and tufts, on white limestone, usually appearing in
697
AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES.
relief wherever the surface has been weathered. In Gouverneur, on the road from Richville to Little Bow, is a very interesting locality, on the farm of Stephen Smith. It here occurs in long crystaline masses, often interlocking each other, and forming specimens of great beauty. Near the Four corners, a mile from this locality, near the Rock Island bridge, and in an open field, beautifully radiated tufts are observed on the limestone rocks, which when broken present a silken gloss. No mineral can surpass in beauty of lustre or delicacy of fibre, specimens from these localities.
Zircon, much esteemed by mineralogists for its rarity and its con- taining zirconium, one of the rarest of the mineral elements, occurs at the apatite locality in Rossie, in square prisms, sometimes terminated by pyramids. It is of a brownish red color, and in small crystals is trans- parent. It occurs also on the farm of Lorenzo Heath, nearer the village than the former, and also on Grass creek, in the same town, associated with apatite. The peculiar modification represented in fig. 4, opposite page 684, occurs at the latter locality. When transparent, this mineral is cut and set as a gem, and its hardness and the beautiful lus- tre it is capable of re- ceiving, render it pe- culiarly valuable for this purpose. None of this quality has ever been found in St. Law- rence county. The annexed cut is a crys- tal of zircon of the natural size, the parts of which have been displaced by some cause after it was formed. It is figured by Prof. Emmons in his final report.
METEOROLOGICAL NOTES.
Among the more striking of meteorological phenomena, are tornadoes of which several have occurred since our counties were settled. In traversing the forests, the tracks of these are often seen in lines of fallen timber, usually denominated windfalls. They generally travel eastward, and the whirl is in the opposite direction with that in which the hands of a watch move.
On the 21st of August, 1823, a tornado passed across the town of Con- stable, sweeping everything before it, but fortunately destroying no lives. It entered from Canada, and pursued a southeasterly direction until it passed the village of East Constable, when it turned eastward towards Chateaugay, and spent its force in the woods. The path was narrow, and for the first few miles it appeared to pass in two lines, which united. Its progress was slow, and the roar which accompanied it warned the in- habitants to seek safety in flight. The whirling of the vortex was ex- cessive, carrying up and throwing out from its borders planks, rails, branches of trees, and whatever lay in its way, and it was said on re- spectable authority, that a log chain lying on the ground was carried ten or fifteen rods from its place. This report, so apparently incredible, is scarcely more so than others well authentieated by evidence, in which the turf has been torn up and carried off, and heavy metalic articles
698
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE
swept away by the fury of the tornado. The day on which this occur- red had been excessively hot and sultry, and the blackness, roaring and violence of the phenomenon, were said to have been most sublime and terrific. Towards the end of its course it ceased to progress, but moved in spiral paths through a maple forest, many acres of which were pros- trated.
Perhaps the most extraordinary tornado ever recorded without the tropics, occurred in St. Lawrence county, Sept. 20, 1845. It was traced from Upper Canada to Vermont. At 3 o'clock it was at Antwerp; at 5, on the Saranac; at 6, at Burlington, Vt., and at Shoreham, Vt., in the evening. Its length could not have been less than 200 miles, and its course nearly east, till it reached Lake Champlain, which it appears to have followed to its head.
On Saturday, at noon, (Sept. 20, 1845), some gentlemen standing on the wharf at Coburg, C. W., happening to cast their eyes upon the water, were struck with the appearance of a strong current setting directly out from shore. It seemed as if the whole lake were going away bodily. It presently returned to a height two feet higher than usual, and con- tinued to ebb and flow at intervals of eight or ten minutes, till night. At Port Hope, the steamer Princess Royal could not get into port at all. It was at the time supposed to be the effect of an earthquake, and perhaps was. The work of destruction began a mile east of Antwerp, and in its course through the forest, it swept all before it, leaving a track of deso- lation from half a mile to a mile and a half wide, in which nothing was left standing. Its appearance was described by those who observed it at a little distance, as awfully sublime, it being a cloud of pitchy blackness from which vivid lightnings and deafening thunder incessantly proceeded, and the air was filled to a great height with materials carried up from the earth, and branches torn from the trees. Torrents of rain and hail fell along the borders of the track, and much damage was done by lightning. It entered the county in Fowler, and crossed that town and Edwards, when it entered the uninhabited forest, and was not further witnessed. In its track on the Pitcairn road, and another passing through Emmerson's and Streeter's settlements, some two miles apart, were six- teen buildings, barns, houses, and one school house, which were swept away, yet wonderful to tell, no human lives were lost on the whole route. In the house of a Mr. Leonard, were two women and five children, who took refuge in the cellar, and escaped harm, except that one was struck senseless by a piece of timber. In another house was a sick woman, with a young child and a nurse attending them. Frightened by the noise, the latter threw herself upon a bed, when the house was blown down, and one of the logs, of which it was built, fell across her, and held her fast. She was relieved by the superhuman exertions of the invalid. Near this house, a man was driving a yoke of oxen attached to a wagon, laden with coal. Two trees were brought by the wind and laid across the wagon, which crushed it, without injury to the team or man. A
frame school house in Edwards, in which were several scholars and their teacher, was unroofed without injury to its inmates. Immediately fol- lowing the tornado was a storm of hail, some of the stones of which were of great size, which severely lacerated such cattle as were exposed to it. At Union falls, on the Saranac, in Clinton county, where it emerged from the forest, it made a complete wreck of many of the buildings. " Duncan's forge was considerably injured, and a brick school house near the Travis forge, in Peru, was utterly demolished. A brick dwelling near this, was partly destroyed. Two houses were blown down, over the
1
699
'AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES.
heads of the inmates, and it was miraculous that no lives were lost. Some 15 or 20 buildings were destroyed or injured in that vicinity, by the wind, which committed no further depradations until it reached Bur- lington, in Vt., where it unroofed a house, and blew down some barns. The steamer Burlington, near Fort Cassin, encountered the storm, but braved it handsomely, suffering no greater loss than some loose deck plank, which were picked up miles from shore." At Shoreham, in the evening, was a most majestic display of lightning [conceivable. The upper part of a dense cloud coming slowly from the north west, was al- most constantly lighted up by flashes and spangled streaks, shooting in every direction. Occasionally it would strike the ground. As it ap- proached, the thunder commenced its roar, and increased without inter- mission, until it passed.
At Clintonville, on the Ausable, the lightning struck a church edifice. Several other buildings were struck, some of which were destroyed by fire.
(See N. Y. Municipal Gazette, vol. 1, p. 524).
The extent and violence of this storm has seldom been paralleled, and had its track lain through a settled country, the loss of life must have been dreadful.
The data we possess in regard to our climate, is limited to the results of but a few years observations made under the direction of the Regents of the University at four academies subject to their visitation, and to a short period during which they have been reported to the Smithsonian Institution, by several voluntary observers. We possess reports of the Gouverneur Seminary, for 12 entire years, viz: 1831-2-3-4-5-8-9, 1841-2- 3, (except rain gage in 1831 3, 1843); of the Ogdensburgh Academy, for 1838; of the academy at Potsdam, for 21 entire years, viz: 1828 to 1846 inclusive; and of the Franklin Academy at Malone, for 1839-40-2. A similar series of observations have been made at 62 different stations in the state of New York, during an aggregate period of about 900 years, and the results embody a mass of facts bearing upon the climate of the state of great practical value. In 1850, the system first adopted, was dis- continued, and another at fewer stations but with better instruments was substituted. To the farmer especially does the study of Meteorology commend itself, for to no pursuit has it so intimate a relation as this. It is a well established fact that changes of weather may often be predicted several hours before their occurrence, by the barometer, and thus especially in the haying and harvest seasons, a saving would often be effected sufficient to pay the cost of the instrument. That atmospheric changes are due to causes, none will deny. That these are within the scope of our investigation is probable, although from the necessity of the case, no amount of probabilities can ever establish an infallible pre- diction. If every season but one in a thousand had been remarkably cold, or wet, no certainty could be relied upon for the one. The ac- cumulation of probabilities may, however approach such exactness, as to be of eminent practical service. The system observed in these records, enables us to form a comparative table of results, of variable value from the unequal time that they were maintained at each.
700
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE
The first of the following tables is for Potsdam, the second for Gouver- neur, and the third for Malone, and they show the results of the above observations, for the respective periods mentioned.
Thermometer
Resultant of winds.
Weather. Mean results.
Months.
Mean Temprature.
Highest degree.
Lowest degree.
Extreme range.
Mean dtrection.
Percentage.
Days.
Clear.
Cloudy.
Rain gage.
Total fall of rain and snow.
January, .
21.52
16.50 19.01
57
-34
s.78930/w.
321
9.78
11 55
19.45
1.40 28.15
February,
16.00 21 61
18.80
67
-32
99
s.79 22 w.
26
98
11.88 16.40
1.06 21.31
March,.
26.81 32.99 29.90
78
-28 104
$.67 45 w. 28
8.55
13.89
17.11
1.48 29 67
April,
41.29 46.18
43.73
84
-1
85
s.79 17 w. 22
6.60
14.50
15.50
1.70 34.13
May,
52.33 57.77
55 05
94
20
74
s.61 34 w.
31
9 45
15.78.15.22
3.03|60.52
June,
62.74 65.19
63.96
95
32
65
s.58 30 w.
51
54
16.27
18.02 12.98
4.03 80.70
August,
67.71,65.76
66.73
95
34
61
s.63 45 w.
45 13.61
18.90 12.10
2.81 |56.18
September,.
60.36 54.96
57.66
88
23
65
s.63 58 w.
43 12 89
15.52 14.48
3.11 |62.17
October,
47.83 42.18 45.00
86
12
74
s.58 48 w. 39
11.85
14.09|16.91
3.34.66.87
November,.
37.14 30.14 33.64
71
-10
81
s.67 08 w.
31
9.40
9.02,20 98
1.93 38.62
December,
25.25 18 94 22 09
59
-26
85
s.85 31 w.
26
7.94
10 48 20.52
1.44 28.85
Mean,
43.92 43 41|43.66
96
34
11301
s.66 15 w. 34 10.29|
14.18 15.26
2.38 47 79
January,
20.33|19.16|19.74
64
-351
99
s.83 45 w. 32
9,56
15.17|15.83
2.54 22.89
February,
15.68 21.69
18.68
59
-32
91
8.71 32 w.
32 9.68
17.67
13.50
1 87 16 83
March,.
28.49 33.54 31.01
72
-30 102
s.87 54 w.
34 10.30
15.75
12.25
1.68|15.13
April,
42.23 46.58 44.40
85
10
75
N.71 27 w.
22 6.26
15.62 14,38
1.94 17.46
May,
51.27 58.51]
54.89
94
22
72
62
s.64 30 w.
9.71
17.89
12.12
2.89 25.97
July,.
68 26 69 46
100
37
63
s.70 46 w.
59|17.67
18.92 12.08
2.34 21.06
August,
167 50
67.51
67.50
99
32
67
8.79 46 W.
30
8.95
18.87/12.12
2.21 19.93
September,
60 79
55.59 |58.11
93
22
71
s.81 29 w.
41
12.21
15.17 14.83
2.59 23 33
October,
49.69 44.52 47 10
80
10
70
s. 82 48 w.
41 12.42
13.08,17.92
3 20 28.81
November,
36.56 30.19 33.37
73
-17
90
N.87 53 w.
33
9.80
10.00 20 00
2.16 19.49
December,
21.84|18.14 20.49
55
-40
95
N.76 20 W.
29
8 80
11.08 19 92
1.67 15.06
Mean,
43.77 44.08/43.92 100
40 140
s.81 29 w. 39|11.26 |15.13 15.31
2.29 18.99
January,
18 18 18.25 18.21
54
-24
781
$ 61 15 w. |56| 16.70
11.50 19.50
1.73|
5.19
February,
23.80 28.49 26.14
C8
-15
83
s.70 02 w.
52 15.58
7.83
20.50
2.22
6.68
March, ..
29.42 33.44 31.43
68
-12
80
s.83 12 w
45 13.50
13.66
17.30
2.04
6.12
April,
41.82 48.33 45.07
89
11
77
N.86 36 W.
40 12.13
15.50
14.50
2.04
6.12
May,
47.85|58.16 53.00
89
25
63
¡8.51 07 W.
52|15.55
14.33
16.66
2.97
8.93
June:
57.54 49.57 53.55
89
31
57
s.77 32 w.
50:15 01
12.83
17.16
3.38 10.16
July,.
65.69 63.12|66.90
94
38
56
54
8.86 00 w.
33
9.89
16.16
1.57
4.71
September,
58 37 51.97
55.17
84
23
61
s.73 10 W
58
17.54
12 33:17.66
2.75
8.26
October,
48.94 44 89 46.91
74
20
54
N.87 58 W.
36 10.84
14 66
16.33
2.92
8.76
November,
37 31|28.39
32.85
64
61 58
8.76 56 w
42
12 58
6.50 23.50
1 44
4.32
December,
26.02 16.42|21.22
45
-14| 59
s.88 24 w.
43:12 80
6.86|24.14
1.09
6.28
Mean,
43 23 42.43 42.85
94
-24 118| 8.88 57 w. 145|13.59 12.28 18.16|
2.42| 7.68
July,.
68 09 68 68
68.38
96
40
56
$.54 17 w.
s.73 33 w.
36 10.83
16.17 14.83
2.44 22.00
June,
62.58
64.07
63.32
95
33
68.86
94
40
s.84 03 w. 65 19.62
15.16 15.831
3.89 16.68
August,
64 40 63.16 63.78
14.84
Monthly mean.
1st half.
2d half.
Whole
I month.
13.38
3.31 66.25
15.37
16 62
701
AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES.
The first three columns after the months denote the mean temperature as derived from three daily observations, of which one was taken in the morning before sunrise, another in the warmest part of the afternoon, and the third an hour after sunset. The column headed " highest degree" denotes the greatest temperature observed, and the next column the least. The three columns headed "Resultant of Winds" is the product of much labor, and the first shows the angle or point from which all the winds have blown during the entire period. The column marked percentage, shows the prevalence of the winds in parts of a hundred, and that marked days, in that of the whole number of days in the month. To illustrate this, the month of January at Potsdam, may be taken as an example. The direction of the wind in the forenoon and afternoon was entered in the journal, and at the end of the month these entries were added up. The footings of 21 years showed that the average number of days of wind from each of the eight points were as follows in days and hundreths: N. 2.15: N. E. 5.46: E. 0.12: S. E. 0.59: S. 4.35: S. W. 9.69: W. 3.48: N. W. 5.16: total, 31.00. The columns showing these numbers we have been obliged to omit. From these numbers it remained to learn their value and mean direction (supposing the velocity of the wind to have been uniform), precisely as we would ascertain the direction and distance of a ship which should have sailed uniformly in the different courses for the above times, from the starting point. The eight directions were re- duced to four by substracting opposite points; these reduced to two by a traverse table, and lastly these two were brought down to one by a tri- gonometrical calculation, and the aid of logarithms. In the instance cited, if the whole amount of winds or the whole time be called 100, then 32 of these, or 9.78 days of the 31.00, the wind came from a point S. 78° 30' W., while during the remainder of the time (68 per cent or 21.22 days), the winds from opposite points balanced each other. The bearing which this inquiry has upon the questions of climate, and especially upon agri- cultural and commercial interests of the nation, renders it desirable that these observations should be extended, and measures are now in progress to maintain on an extended scale a minute and judicious system of re- cords. The colums headed clear and cloudy denote the relative periods during which the sky has been clear and overcast, the monthly mean of the rain gage indicates the average depth of rain in the several months, and the last column the total depth for the whole period, viz: 20 years at Potsdam, 9 at Gouverneur, and 3 at Malone.
The following table shows the results of a series of observations, made by Mr. E. A. Dayton, at Columbia village, with a set of standard instru- ments, placed as directed in the instructions, issued by the Smithsonian Institution, to which they have been reported. The time of observation have been 6 A. M., 2 P. M., and 10 P. M.
702
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE
The instruments with which these observations have been made, were manufactured by James Green, of New York. The headings of the several columns render them sufficiently intelligible. In that marked Cloudi- ness, 10 reprsents a sky entirely overcast. In the column next to the last, the corrections for expansion of the mercury, and other modifying influences, are allowed for so that the number represent the actual mean height of the barometer, independent of modifying causes.
Months.
Thermom-
Barometer.
Self Reg. Ther.
Prevailing®
winds.
Cloudiness
Rain and
ml't snow.
Barom. cor. to
freez. p'nt.
Range of
Barom.
July,
1851,
|29.615|75.90|58.94| w. 13.91
129.608!
580
Aug.
66
28.410 76.97 57.06 s. W. 5.0
...
129.738
612
Sept.
63.27 28.476 69.29 47.87 s. W. 6.0 2.46
29.829 1.152
Oct.
45.92 29.644
S. W.
7.0 2.13
29.642
780
Nov.
28.95 29.671 36.12 23.05
s. W.
8.5 4.54 29.668
1.462
Dec.
16.52
29.779 25.34
8.11
w.
7.9|2.45
29.712 1.357
Feb.
66
21.7
29.498
12.55
W.
6.9
2-96 29.495 1.651
Mar.
66
26.39 29.694 34.63
17.04
W.
7.4 3.33|29.695 1.561
Apr.
66
37.95 29.464 45.67 |30.00
N. E.
29.484
989
Aug.
66.41 29.725 76.37 54.26
s. W.
5.6 2.49 29.728
536
Dec.
28.35 29.689 33.52 17.01 s. w. 8.8 4.94 29.689 1.302
We are under the necessity of omitting many observations which ac- company the above.
The following is an abstract of observations made with similar instru- ments and for a similar object as the foregoing, at Ogdensburgh, by Mr. Wm. E. Guest, Esq., during 1851-1852. Parts of the two previous years are not included. Height above tide 279 feet.
Temperature.
Months.
Mean.
High'st.
Lowest.
Cloudiness
Rain and
ml't snow.
Mean.
Rnage.
January,
19.74 47|-22|6.8|1.85:49.653|1.365
February,
22.15:52
-17 6.3 2.81 59.702 1.032
March,
28.59 67
-12 6.5 3.15 29.688 0.660
April,
39.54 69
21 5.3 1.89 29.563 1.045
May, .
53.56 83
34 3.9
3.25
29 671 0.947
June, .
161.51 94|
39 4.6 2.80 29.581 1.068
July,
67.75 95
50.3.8 3.19 29.615
703
August,
64.22 83
46 4.0 2.27|29.740
585
September,
57.51.88
32 4.8 2.43 29.798
1.113
October, .
47.67.73
26 5.1 2.65
29.680
864
November,
31.64 52
13 4.9 4.06
29.654
1.305
December,
23.17 58 -14 7.0 4.68 29.684 1.355
..
Jan.
1852,
11.62 29.639
19.00
2,04
w.
8.3 1.28.29.639|1.166
..
A small part only of the record communicated, is embraced in the foregoing table.
A series of notes on our natural history, and a catalogue of plants growing without cultivation, which we had prepared, is necessarily omitted. It may not be amiss to remark, that the beaver still exists in scattered families between the sources of Oswegatchie and Grass rivers, although they do not build dams and villages as previously, from their fewness. The moose is said to be on the increase, and there is scarcely a year passes without one or more being taken. The elk is probably
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