USA > New York > Colonial records of the New York Chamber of Commerce, 1768-1784 : with historical and biographical sketches > Part 27
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" The Province of Georgia having been mostly reduced by the King's troops, civil government was re-established on the 4th March, 1779 ; and on the 13th of July following, Governor Wright and the other Crown Officers, who had taken refuge in England, returned to Georgia and entered anew upon the administration of their several offices."-Stevens's History of Geor- gia, ii. 185.
NOTE 168, PAGE 248. NEW YORK GARRISON .- The garrison at New York was at this time very large. It was determined by Washington " twelve months beforehand at all hazards to give out and cause it to be be- lieved by the highest military as well as civil officers, that New York was the destined place of attack."-Sparks's Washington, ix. 403.
Washington's estimate of the force in New York at this time appears in a Letter of Instructions addressed from New Windsor to General Knox, Ioth February, 1781 : " In the conference between Count de Rochambeau and myself [held at Hartford, Sept. 21, 1780], it was agreed that if, with the aid of our allies, we can have a naval superiority through the next campaign, and an army of thirty thousand men, or double the force of the enemy at New York and its dependencies," &c., &c. This estimates the garrison at this period at fifteen thousand men .- Sparks's Washington, vii. p. 407.
NOTE 169, PAGE 248. DUTIES ON IMPORTS .- " Articles subject to Duty on Importation into any British American Plantation from Foreign Plantations :
" Wines from Madeira and the Western Islands, the Ton of 252 Gallons, £7 os. od. ; White or Clayed Sugars the 112 lb., £1 7s. od. ; other Sugars the 112 lb., fo 5s. od. ; Molasses the Gallon, fo os. Id .; Coffee the 112 1b., £2 19s. od. ; Indigo the Pound, fo os. 6d. '-Gaine's Universal Register for 1780.
NOTE 170, PAGE 248 .- SUPPLY OF SUGAR DEPENDENT ON CAPTURES .- The West India Trade had been nearly broken up by Priva- teers, who were freed in a great measure from the molestation of the British cruisers engaged in watching the movements of the French Fleet.
NOTE 171, PAGE 249. CIRCUMSCRIBED SITUATION OF NEW YORK, Feb. 1781 .- Outside of the British lines the country about New York was firmly held by the patriots. The American army had gone into quarters at the close of November, "The Pennsylvania line near Mor- ristown, the New Jersey regiments at Pompton, and the eastern troops in the Highlands. The head-quarters of the Commander-in-Chief (Washington), were at New Windsor. The French army remained at Newport, except the
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Duke de Lauzun's legion, which was cantoned at Lebanon, in Connecticut." -Sparks's Washington, i. 345.
Major General Heath commanded at West Point, and the militia of Ul- ster, Orange, and Dutchess were on the alert to cut off all supplies from the inland to the city. Skirmishes were constant between opposing forces in Westchester, and as near the British lines as Morrisania .- Sparks's Wash- ington, vii. 427. Heath's Memoirs, 268-273.
NOTE 172, PAGE 249. MELASSES .- This spelling is of early date : though adopted by Webster, (who calls " Molasses an incorrect orthography of Melasses,") and certainly true to the derivation of the word, it has fallen into disuse. Bailey's Dictionary, edition of 1763, gives both varieties, while Johnson discards "Melasses," and quotes a variation of " Molosses," which is still more strange to modern ears.
NOTE 173, PAGE 249. CHARTER FOR NEW YORK CITY .- The action of the Chamber on this subject does not appear to have reached any conclusion.
The condition of affairs was not such in the fall of 1781, after the capture of Cornwallis, as to warrant any political changes. Concessions were too late at that period.
The present Charter was granted to the City on the 15th January, 1730, by Lieut. Governor John Montgomerie, in the reign of George the Second. It was amended in 1830, 1849, and 1857 .- Kent's Charter of New York.
NOTE 174, PAGE 249. GOVERNOR OF THE COLONY .- " Tues- day night (22d March, 1780) arrived from England by way of Savannah, in Georgia, his Excellency Major-General (James) ROBERTSON, Governor of the Province of New York."
" On Thursday the Commission of General ROBERTSON was opened in the Presence of General Tryon and the Gentlemen of his Majesty's Council, when his Excellency took the oaths of Qualification, and was inducted into the office of Governor of the Province of New York; the General's Com- mission was afterwards read at the City Hall, and his Excellency there pub- licly proclaimed our Governor."-Gaine's N. Y. Gazette and Weekly Mercury, March 27, 1780.
He was succeeded by ANDREW ELLIOT in the spring of 1783.
NOTE 175, PAGE 251. MR. STRACHAN AT THE COFFEE HOUSE .- " JAMES STRACHAN, now at the Queen's Head Tavern on the Dock-Thanks the Gentlemen of the Navy and Army, also the Public in general for the great Regard shewn by them to his Interest since his Resi- dence there ; and informs them that on May Day next he intends to open business at the place well known by the name of the MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE, where he intends to pay attention not only as a Coffee House, but as a Tavern in the truest sense ; and to distinguish the same as the CITY TAV- ERN and COFFEE HOUSE. With constant and the best attendance. Break- fasts from seven to eleven. Soups and Relishes from eleven to half-past one. Public or private Dinners will be provided on the shortest Notice. Tea, Coffee, &c., in the afternoons as in England. The Viands and Liquors of every Quality will be as good as Town and Country can afford, and every Exertion made use of to give universal satisfaction. New York, April 27, 1781."-Gaine's New York Gazette for Monday, April 30, 1781.
A few days later he issues the same notice, except that he informs them " that, on Thursday last, being May Day, he opened Business at the place
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known as 'The MERCHANTS' COFFEE HOUSE.'"-Rivington's Royal Gazette for Wednesday, May 2, 178I.
NOTE 176, PAGE 254. DISTRESS OF BRITISH COMMERCE, (May, 1781.)-The American privateers, quiet during the winter, had again renewed their cruises, and with little interference, the English squadrons hes- itating to separate, while the French fleets hung together awaiting an op- portunity to strike a great blow in concert with the land-forces of the allies.
" The first Rebel Privateer that has appeared on our coast this Spring was the Schooner Eagle, Captain Hindman, belonging to the Province of North Carolina, but last from New London, of 8 guns and 20 men."-Gaine's New York Gazette, April 9, 1781.
" We learn that there are several stout Privateers now fitting out in the Eastern Ports, which we hear are intended to intercept the fleet from Eng- land, bound to Quebec, &c., &c., as they did some Time ago ; but we hope that they will be disappointed, as we make no doubt whatever vessels may come out will have a proper Convoy." (The same paper gives the account of eight captures by New London privateers since 8th inst.)-Gaine's New York Gazette, April 30, 1781.
Governor Robertson, then in command at New York, writing on the 6th May, 1781, to Lord George Germaine, says that he hopes "soon to be able to revive the spirit of Privateering ; the obstructions to this have given the Rebels but too many opportunities lately of carrying into their Ports many of our Ships, and great numbers of their own."-N. Y. Col. Doc. viii. 8II.
NOTE 177, PAGE 256. PREMIUMS OF INSURANCE AT LON- DON .- From the beginning of the war the rates of insurance had been very high. On the 17th February, 1778, the Duke of Richmond stated in Par- liament " that the price of insurance, to the West Indies and North Amer- ica, is increased from 'two, to two and one half to five per cent.' with convoy ; but, without convoy and unarmed, the said insurance has been made at fifteen per cent. But generally ships under such circumstances cannot be insured at all."-Annual Register for 1778, page 127.
NOTE 178, PAGE 256. GARRISON AT GIBRALTAR .- Gibraltar was at this time besieged by land and sea by the French and Spanish forces. The advices of the abundant supplies of the Garrison referred to were the following : London dispatches of December 26, 1780, received at New York by His Majesty's Sloop of War the Cormorant. "This morning some dis- patches were received from Gibraltar, which were brought over in the Nep- tune Frigate, arrived at Plymouth, by which we are informed that every Thing remained quiet ; and that they had plenty of provisions."-Gaine's New York Gazette, April 23, 1781.
" The privates in Gibraltar receive fresh meat three times a week. Beef is at two pence a pound. An officer writes that the whole army and navy of the enemy can never put their Sovereign in possession of that fortress while there is provision for the garrison."-Rivington's Royal Gazette, April 25, 178I.
NOTE 179, PAGE 256. BLOCK ISLAND .- " This island lies in the open sea about 14 miles S.S.W. from Judith Point and 13 N.E. from Mon- tauk Point, on Long Island, N. Y. It is about 8 miles in length and varies from 2 to 4 miles in width."-Hayward's New England Gazetteer.
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NOTE 180, PAGE 256. SHREWSBURY BANKS .- "Shrewsbury River is a continuation of Sandy Hook Bay. This arm of the bay from the mouth of the Nevisink River is about 5 miles long with an average breadth of a mile and a half. It is separated from the Nevisink by a neck of land 2 miles wide."-Gordon's Gazetteer of New Jersey.
The Fisheries on the Shrewsbury Banks were a main source of supply to the New York market. During the war they were greatly interfered with by the patriot privateers.
NOTE 181, PAGE 256. GUN AND WHALE BOATS NEAR SHREWSBURY .- The Shrewsbury River was a favorite resort of the bold Captain Hyler and his Whaleboatmen. It was hardly to be expected that he would allow the Fishermen engaged in the supply of the New York market to go toll-free while he was attacking armed vessels. The following is one of many instances of his treatment. He seems neither to have al- lowed commutation nor to have granted passes, as was the habit of the Ad- miral on the station. "Last Tuesday night Mr. Hyler took two Fishing Boats near the Narrows and ransomed them for 100 dollars each : one of these Boats he has since captured."-Gaine's New York Gazette, July 15, 1782.
NOTE 182, PAGE 257. THE ROYAL OAK .- This vessel, well known in the history of the Revolutionary War, was a Frigate of 74 guns (1603 tons), built at Plymouth in 1769. At the close of the war (1784), she was sent to Portsmouth to repair. In 1797 she was fitted for a prison-ship, and stationed at Portsmouth .- Exshaw's Register.
The ROYAL OAK was the flag-ship of Admiral ARBUTHNOT. He was on board at Gardner's Bay, Feb. 1781, watching the French fleet (Re- membrancer for 1782, p. 315), and also in the action off Cape Henry, with the French squadron under M. de Ternay on the 16th of March, 1781 .- Schomberg's Naval Chronology, iv. 376.
NOTE 183, PAGE 257. THE KING'S SHIPS UNDER ADMIRAL ARBUTHNOT .- " The squadron that sailed from Spithead for North Amer- ica under the command of Rear Admiral Arbuthnot, on the Ist of May, 1779.
" Ship Europe, 64 guns, Commander MARRIOT ARBUTHNOT, Rear Admi- ral of the Blue, Captain Ardesoife ; Robust [74], Philips Cosby ; Russell, F. S. Drake ; Defiance, Max Jacobs."-Schomberg's Naval Chronology, iv. 342.
" A list of the squadron under the command of Vice Admiral ARBUTHNOT in the action off Cape Henry, with that of the French under M. de Ternay, on the 16th March, 1781.
"Ship Royal Oak [74 guns ], Commander MARRIOTT ARBUTHNOT, Esq., Vice Admiral of the White, Captain Swiney ; London [98], Thomas Graves, Esq., Rear Admiral of the Red, Captain D. Graves ; Robust [74], Ph. Cosby ; Bedford [74], Edmund Affleck ; America, [64], Samuel Thompson ; Pru- dent [64], Thomas Berwick ; Europe, [64] Smith Child ; Adamant [50], Gideon Johnstone ; Iris [32], -; Pearl [32], George Montagu ; Guada- loupe [28], Hugh Robinson .- Schomberg's Naval Chronology, iv. 376.
NOTE 184, PAGE 257. GARDNER'S BAY .- " The East extremity of Long Island is divided by Great and Little Peconic, and Gardner's Bays into two narrow unequal branches, between which are Gardner's, Shelter and Robin's Islands."-French's New York Gazetteer, page 631.
The British Squadron anchored here in the summer of 1780. "From the
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· secure position of Gardner's Island the British Fleet (of sixteen ships of war) continued to watch the movements (of the Americans and French in New- port Harbor) and virtually to blockade the ships and army of the French. -Arnold's History of Rhode Island, ii. 462.
NOTE 185, PAGE 257. MONTOCK POINT .- " The eastern ex- tremity of Long Island. The eastern part of East Hampton consists of a narrow peninsula, to which the name Montauk is applied."-French's Ga- zetteer of the State of New York, p. 634. "The Peninsula of Montock con- tains about 9000 acres."-Thompson's Long Island, I. 307.
NOTE 186, PAGE 257. TRADE WITH HALIFAX .- " The exports from Great Britain to this country (Nova Scotia) consist chiefly of linen and woollen cloths and other necessaries for wear, of fishing tackle and rigging for ships. The amount of exports at an average of three years before the new settlement was about twenty-six thousand five hundred pounds. The only articles obtained in exchange are timber and the produce of the fishery, which, at a like average, amounted to thirty-eight thousand pounds. The whole population of Nova Scotia and the islands adjoining is estimated at fifty thousand. This estimate, it is supposed, is considerably too large. . Halifax is the capital of the Province. It has a good harbour. . . . It is said to contain fifteen or sixteen thousand inhabitants."-Winterbotham's View of America, iv. 42.
NOTE 187, PAGE 258. NEW YORK HARBOR FOR LARGE SHIPS .- " Though most of the charts are marked with only 3} fathoms of water on the bar, the outside of Sandy Hook, yet the most experienced pilots declare they always found the depth 4 fathoms. After getting over the bar the water is deeper all the way to New York. Ships of war can go up the east river through Hell Gate and the Sound, between Long Island and the Continent into the ocean. Sir James Wallace in the Experiment of 50 guns when chaced by the French fleet off the East end of Long Island in 1777, came through the Sound, Hellgate and the East River to New York. The tide flows up Hudson's or the North River 180 miles. Before the re- bellion ships went from London Bridge to Albany, which is 170 miles up the river ; only 6 miles below it, it was necessary to lighten them by taking out part of the cargo."-Political Magazine, 1781, vol. 2.
NOTE 188, PAGE 259. DISCHARGE OF SEAMEN .- One of the great troubles under which the British labored arose from the cruel treat- ment of men on board their vessels. From this cause, while there were always enough sailors to man the privateers commanded by their own townsmen, they could not be brought to enlist in the King's service. Oc- casional notices of what is called a " Hot-Press," appeared in the journals.
On the 6th May, 1781, Governor Robertson informed Lord George Ger- maine that "the French Men of War and Transports with Troops on board lay ready to sail at Rhode Island, while that under Admiral ARBUTHNOT, having landed 1400 sick and scorbutic men is here unable to go to sea for want of hands. On the Admiral's requisition, with the Commander-in-Chief's con- sent, other applications having proved ineffectual, all the sailors here have been pressed for the Fleet. This at present puts a stop to privateering ; but on my representation to the Admiral that by encouraging privateers and giving all men an easy access to them, We not only hurt the enemy's Trade, but lessen their army ; whereas by pressing we force the sailors to fly and man the Rebel Ships of War, he has promised that as soon as the important
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blow, he now meditates, is struck, or as soon as a sufficient number of his Sick recover, he will discharge all the men now impressed and will not renew a measure, which nothing but his and the present state of his and the Enemy's Fleet could justify."-N. Y. Col. Doc. viii. 811.
NOTE 189, PAGE 261. LICENSED AUCTIONEERS .- For the reg- ulations for the government of Licensed Auctioneers or Vendue Masters, see the orders of the Magistrates of Police, under date 12th January, 1779 (Note 139) .- Gaine's New York Gazette, Jan. 18, 1779.
NOTE 190, PAGE 262. CHAPMAN .- Edward Phillips, in The New World of Words (1720), defines this word as "a Buyer or Customer ; " Bailey, in his Dictionary, gives the same definition (1763) ; Johnson essen- tially follows his predecessors, "a Cheapner ; one that offers as a purchaser," and gives Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Dryden as authorities ; Webster, while giving the old meaning, adds a second definition, " a seller, or market- man."
In the present day the word is held in usage to signify a Peddler. In the text the word seems to apply to a small seller in market places as dis- tinct from a traveling peddler.
NOTE 191, PAGE 262. PROCLAMATION AS TO VENDUE MAS- TERS .- For a copy of this Proclamation see Note 139. It was dated 12th January, 1779, and published in Gaine's New York Gazette, Jan. 18, 1779.
NOTE 192, PAGE 263. WINTHROP & KEMBLE .- Advertisements of this firm are occasionally met with in the newspapers at this time. " Win- throp & Kemble, have for sale at their store, No. II Water Street, Port Wine in pipes, quarter casks and bottles; Madeira in ditto, ditto ; Mus- covado Sugar in hogsheads, tierces, and barrels; Loaf Sugar ; Claret in cases of six dozen ; Nails, and a few boxes of Spermaceti Candles ; Green and Sushong Teas."-Gaine's N. Y. Gazette, Feb. 8, 1779.
NOTE 193, PAGE 263. WARDENS OF THE PORT .- A Proclama- tion of JAMES PATTISON, Commandant of New York, Ist September, 1779, gives the names of the Wardens and the Districts assigned to their super- intendence.
"From the Ship Yards to the Crane, Capt. Thomas Crowell ; from the Crane to the Fly Market, Capt. Thomas Vardill ; from the Fly Market to the Old Slip, Mr. Anthony Van Dam ; from the Old Slip to Whitehall, Capt. John Griffith."-Gaine's New York Gazette, September 6, 1779.
A Proclamation of SAMUEL BIRCH, Commandant, dated IIth February, 1782, gives the names of the same Wardens, and assigns to them the care of the same districts .- Rivington's Royal Gazette, March 13, 1782.
NOTE 194, PAGE 264. FREIGHT ON BROKEN HOGSHEADS. -The decision of the arbitration committee of the Chamber, that freight is due on empty and broken hogsheads, no matter what the contents, if the examination of the Port Wardens shows the cargo to have been well and properly stowed, has been borne out by the practice of New York Mer- chants and by the decisions of the courts.
NOTE 195, PAGE 266. WILLIAM WALTON, MAGISTRATE OF POLICE .- This was, no doubt, the WILLIAM WALTON who had been the President of the Chamber. The office of Magistrate of Police was one of
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the most important in the city. He succeeded Peter Dubois in that office. The last proclamation of Peter Dubois as Magistrate was dated 26th Feb- ruary, 1780 ; the first of WILLIAM WALTON, IIth Jan., 1782 .- Rivington's Royal Gazette, Jan. 12, 1782.
NOTE 196, PAGE 269. JUNCTURE OF AFFAIRS .- The state of affairs at the beginning of October, 1781, was by no means favorable for the adoption of new plans. The shadows of defeat were falling fast upon the British cause. New York was in great anxiety to hear of the fate of the fleet which had sailed under Admiral Graves for the relief of Cornwallis, who was closely besieged in Yorktown by Washington and Rochambeau.
"Lord Cornwallis had been completely roused from his dream of security by the appearance, on the 28th of March, 1781, of the fleet of Count de Grasse within the Capes of the Delaware. Awakened to his danger, Corn- wallis meditated a retreat to the Carolinas. It was too late. York River was blocked up by French ships ; James River was filled with armed ves- sels covering the transportation of the troops. His lordship reconnoitred Williamsburg ; it was too strong to be forced, and Wayne had crossed James River to join his troops to those under the Marquis. Seeing his retreat cut off in every direction, Cornwallis proceeded to strengthen his ranks, sending off repeated expresses to apprise Sir Henry Clinton of his perilous situation." -Irving's Washington, vol. iv. 340.
On the 26th September Sir Henry Clinton informs Lord George Ger- maine that he had "received a Letter from the Admiral, dated the 9th inst., to inform him that the enemy being absolute masters of the navigation of the Chesapeake, there was little probability of anything getting into York River but by night, and an infinite risk to supplies sent by water, at the same time acquainting me that he had on the 5th a partial action with the French fleet of 24 sail of the line, and that the fleets had been in sight of each other ever since."-Political Magazine, 178I, ii. 668.
The fleet under Admiral Graves had been too tardy in its movements, and De Barras, who sailed with the grain and stores for the besieging enemy on the Peninsula, had arrived in safety. On the arrival of the English squadron at the mouth of the Chesapeake, De Grasse sailed out with the French ships, and in an action, which lasted several hours, the English were hardly handled-" they were so mutilated, that they had not speed enough to attack the French."-Gordon's History, iv. 183; Operations of De Grasse ; Bradford Club.
"Sir Henry Clinton determined, therefore, to hazard everything for the .preservation of Virginia, and having embarked seven thousand of his best troops, sailed for the Chesapeake under convoy of a fleet augmented to twenty-five sail of the line. This armament did not leave the Hook till the day in which the capitulation was refused at Yorktown."-Marshall's Wash- ington, iv. 476.
The fears entertained by the British officials in New York were soon justi- fied by the result. Lord Cornwallis surrendered on the 19th October to the allied armies. "The land forces became prisoners to Congress, but the sea- men and ships were assigned to the French admiral."-Gordon's Hist. iv. 196.
NOTE 197, PAGE 269. REVIVAL OF CIVIL AUTHORITY .- From the time of the entrance of the British troops into the city, New York was under martial law. The interests of the military service may have required this course ; but it is certain that it was one unexpected in Great Britain, and distasteful in the last degree, even to those who adhered to the Crown, in America.
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When Lord Howe took command, in the fall of 1776, an address was delivered to him, signed by Daniel Horsmanden, Oliver DeLancey, and 946 others of the inhabitants who remained in the city ; and a short time after an equally loyal address was presented to him from the loyalists of Queens' County. It was observed of these Petitions, in the Debates of Parliament, in 1777, " That the Constitutional supremacy in one and the Constitutional authority of Great Britain in the other, were very guardedly expressed, all mention of Parliament being omitted, and the great question of uncondi- tional submission, left totally at large. ... These petitions were not at- tended to nor were they restored to the rights which they expected in consequence of the declarations as well as of the late law for the appoint- ment of the Commissioners."-Annual Register for 1777, pub. in 1778, page 13.
After the restoration of Georgia by the return of its Governor, the inhabitants of New York became restive and anxious for a renewal of civil rule. After a long and bitter experience, the great mass of the people hailed with delight the final triumph of the American cause and of the cause of liberty.
NOTE 198, PAGE 270. HIS MAJESTY'S SHIP WARWICK .- This ship, under the command of Captain Elphinstone, arrived in New York on the 26th June, 1781, "a part of the Convoy to the Cork Fleet," which had touched at Charleston, South Carolina, with reinforcements for Lord Rawdon .- Gaine's New York Gazette, July 2d, 1781.
The Warwick, of 50 guns, was built in 1767. She remained on the American station until the close of the war, and appears in the Register of 1784 as a Receiving Ship at Chatham .- Exshaw's Registers.
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