USA > New York > Dutchess County > History of Duchess county, New York, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 23
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"In 1843, we note the advent to our county, and almost simultaneously to homeopathy, of Dr.
Martin Freligh, of Saugerties. * * ** In
1836 or '37, a friend of the doctor's in Catskill, having been cured by a few simple powders pre- scribed by Dr. Vanderburg, then of New York City, he was induced to visit the city for the pur- pose of having a personal interview with Dr. Van- derburg on the subject of homeopathy. Finding the Doctor professionally engaged, he was directed to call on Dr. Channing, then in Broadway, by whom he was ' politely received and advised to purchase the Organon, Ruoff's Repertory, Everet's, Dunsford's, and Jahr's Manuals, and Henderson & Forbes.' But it was not until his removal to Rhinebeck, at the period above named, and his subsequent ac- quaintance with Dr. Vanderburg, that he was led fully to adopt the new system of medicine. * * * In 1850, Dr. Freligh removed to New York City, where, in an enlarged sphere, he continued to prac- tice until within two or three years, when he retired. George Lorillard, John Augustine Kiersted and Tabias S. Ring all studied medicine in his office. Lorillard took his degree from the Albany Medical College in 1847. Kiersted and Ring received theirs from the University Medical College of New York in 1848, 'all three confirmed homeopaths.' In tracing the history of these young men allow me to do it in the language of their preceptor. He says, 'Dr. Lorillard's practice has been and is at present purely philanthropic, complimentary to himself-a charity to the poor, as I believe he has never received a fee for his professional services. Dr. Kiersted was a young man of brilliant intellect, and had his life been spared, would have adorned the profession of his choice, but he was compelled to relinquish its practice in about two years after his graduation, and died at the age of twenty-six of consumption. Dr. Ring is in full practice at Yorkville, and continues an unwavering homeo- path.'*
" In 1849, Dr. Freligh, removing to New York, was succeeded at Rhinebeck by Dr. Rodman Bartlett of Pine Plains, who at once commenced the investigation of homeopathy and in due time became a competent prescriber of homeopathic remedies. ¡
" At a period perhaps a little anterior to this, in 1844 or '45, Dr. Calvin P. Guernsey, long a prac- titioner of the old system in Clinton, being sur- rounded in his practice by a great array of cures effected by homeopathic treatment, was led to the study and test of the new system. He soon gave
* He left the county before 1854.
1 t Removed to New York in 1855.
II4
HISTORY OF DUCHESS COUNTY.
in his adhesion to the doctrines of similia, in which he continued a consistent believer up to the period of his death from phthisis-pulmonalis in 1856. Associated with him for a short time preceding his death was Dr. O. D. Cass, who, in like manner, adopted the system of his senior partner. Dr. Cass remained only a short time, as Dr. Guernsey's business having been divided among former pupils practicing in the vicinity, there was insufficient ground remaining unoccupied to warrant him in continuing.
" Dr. Ephraim Case* of Clinton Corners, in the township of Clinton, next joined himself to our cause. * * * He was one of the earliest pupils of Dr. Guernsey. * * * In 1852 or '53 Dr. Bartlett removed to New York, and was succeeded in Rhinebeck by Dr. G. C. Lansing, a young prac- titioner of the old system in Milan. * * *
Dr. Lansing, * * * for twelve years, has main- tained untarnished the standard raised by the in- domitable Lillie. *
"In the fall of 1854, homeopathy in Poughkeep- sie received a fresh impetus by the accession to the profession in that place of Dr. John Hornby, of Brooklyn. Like many others, becoming dissatis- fied with the uncertainty of remedies administered upon the principal of contraria, he was so far pre- pared for the investigation of a system of medicine that promised to give certainty for uncertainty and to guide the way to uniform success.
" Dr. Hornby was for seventeen years Assistant Surgeon in the British service in Bengal, and brought us the fruits of his observation on the diseases incident to the camp and climes of that tropical region. Dr. Hornby has become favor- ably known by his valuable contributions on various medical topics. ¡
"Dr. Ernst F. Hoffman marked his advent to the doctorate in 1852, by his almost sim- ultaneous adoption of homeopathy. Having pre- pared himself by an attendance upon the Homeo- pathic Dispensary in Bond street, under the in- struction of Drs. Otto Fulgroff and Leonard Marcy, he came to Poughkeepsie, and entered into co- partnership with Dr. Hall for the general practice of medicine and surgery."
Dr. J. F. Merritt "graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1852, practiced allop- athy three years, and in 1855 investigated home- opathy, at the instance of two gentlemen, old school practitioners, between whom and [himself] a
business co-partnership existed at the time. The result was the adoption of the practice of home- opathy. This was continued until the dissolution of the co-partnership, by mutual consent, in the fall of 1855, on account of the ill health of" Dr. Merritt.
"In 1857, Dr. Kornbach, formerly a Surgeon in the Prussian army, opened an office in Pough- keepsie. His slight acquaintance with the language and customs of this country rendered his inter- course with Americans a source of but little satis- faction to himself. He left for London in 1860. Dr. S. G. Cooke, a graduate of the University Medical College of New York, first engaged in the practice of medicine in Verbank in this county, whence he removed to Stanfordville about four or five years ago, at which time he embraced homeop- athy. He was one of the first to take an active * * part in the formation of the Duchess County Homeopathic Medical Society. * In 1862, he took the position of Assistant Surgeon in the 150th New York Infantry." He never re- turned to Duchess county. Dr. Laurie succeeded Dr. Cooke at Stanfordville. He adopted homeop- athy in 1855 or '56, in Rhinebeck, where, for a short time, he took the business of Dr. G. C. Lan- sing. He removed to Pleasant Valley about 1858 or '59, and thence to Stanfordville in 1862. He removed to New York about 1867. "Recently Dr. B. Lansing has reared the standard of home- opathy in Hyde Park, one of the few towns in this county in which our system had not yet been introduced. Dr. Walter R. Case, [son of Dr. Ephraim Case, of Clinton Corners,] a graduate of the New York Homeopathic Medical College at the late commencement, has just entered upon the work in Clinton, [where he is still practicing.] Dr. Burroughs, of Brooklyn, has recently taken up his residence at Poughkeepsie as a practitioner of our system." He left very shortly after he came here.
" I reserve for the last the notice of two pio- neers of homeopathy, Dr. Davis, deceased, of Pine Plains, and Dr. DeLaMontagnie, of Fishkill. The first for many years toiled on single-handed and alone and by unaided effort, without a single neighboring practitioner of his faith to cheer him by word of encouragement, to build upon the foun- dation of similia the superstructure of a practice that will stand both as a monument of his assiduity and ability, and an honor to the name of Hahne- mann. Dr. Davis died several years since. Dr. DeLaMontagnie is also entitled to a rank among
* He practiced at Clinton Corners, till his death in 1876.
t He continues his practice here to the present time.
.
115
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY OF DUCHESS COUNTY.
the pioneers. But insufficient data as to dates and circumstances renders it impossible to accord to either of these gentlemen that place in this sketch to which their respective talents and acquirements indisputably entitle them.
" By way of an addendum, I would subjoin the additional names of Dr. Baxter, of Wappingers Falls, and Dr. Scofield, who practiced home- opathy for a short time in Poughkeepsie about ten years ago, but whose career was cut short by phthisis while he was comparatively young." Dr. William Baxter died in practice at Wappingers Falls about 1876 or '77, and is succeeded there by his son.
Dr. Asa Hall continued his practice in Pough- keepsie till his death in 1873. He was at his death a very old man.
Federal Vanderburg, M. D., was born in the town of Beekman, May 11, 1788. At the age of seventeen he entered upon the study of medicine with Dr. Wright, a physician of celebrity, at New Milford, Conn., whence he removed to New York City, to avail himself of the advantages of its hospitals and colleges. In that city he entered the office of Dr. Smith, a leading physician of that day, and after completing his curriculum, graduated before twenty-one years old. He married a lady of New Milford, Conn., and in 1812-'13 removed to Geneva, N. Y., where he remained till 1830, when, having restored his previously delicate health, he returned to New York City and there be- came acquainted with the celebrated Dr. Gram, from whom he acquired a knowledge of the new method of treatment discovered by Hahnemann. In 1834, he was associated with the pioneers of homeopathy in the establishment of the American Journal of Homeopathy. In New York he estab- lished a lucrative practice among the wealthy por- tion of its inhabitants. In 1840, he removed to a farm on the banks of the Hudson, where he re- sided and practiced till his death. He introduced and promulgated homeopathy in Duchess county, and made many valuable contributions to its litera- ture. He was enthusiastic in the practice of his profession, and benevolent in disposition. He died Jan. 23, 1868, in the Both year of his age, from a severe attack of pleuro-pneumonia, brought on by exposure to inclement weather while visiting a patient.
Dr. Lorillard is now living in Rhinebeck, but not in active practice, except that he gives gratui- tous advice. Gratuitous services have always characterized his practice, his abundant wealth
making it unnecessary for him to pursue his pro- fession for profit, or as a means of gaining a liveli- hood. He belongs to the well-known Lorillard family of New York.
Dr. Freligh was the first convert to homeopathy in Ulster county. He is now in New York City.
Dr. G. C. Lansing removed to New York City about 1869 or '70, and is still in practice there.
Dr. Ernst F. Hoffman removed to New York about 1870, and is still in practice there.
Jesse F. Merritt, M. D., was born in Hyde Park, Jan. 22, 1831, and acquired his education in the schools of his native place. He commenced the study of medicine in 1848, with Drs. Platt and Nelson, of Rhinebeck. At the recommendation of Dr. Vanderburg he subsequently removed to New York City, and graduated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1852. He married and established himself in practice at Hyde Park, but in 1854 removed to Rhinebeck, at the solicita- tion of his preceptors, Drs. Platt and Nelson, with whom he entered into professional co-partner- ship. In 1855, he was compelled to leave practice, and travel in the Southern States for his health which became impaired by an attack of hemorrhage froni the lungs. In 1856, he returned to Albany, N. Y., and resided there with his family till the following winter, when, his health being much im- proved, he returned to this county and located at Pleasant Plains, where he established an extensive and lucrative practice, and remained till his death, which occurred March 30, 1868, though failing health had compelled him to abandon practice in August, 1866. He was chiefly instrumental in the organization of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Duchess county.
Dr. Benjamin Lansing practiced in Rhinebeck till his death in 1880.
In 1860, the subject of the organization of a County Medical Society was pressed upon the at- tention of the homeopathic physicians of Duchess county by the efficient Secretary of the State Homeopathic Medical Society, Horace M. Paine, M. D. His efforts were for a time unavailing, but never intermitted. At length, receiving a second and very urgent appeal from him, Dr. J. F. Merritt caused to be published in the two weekly papers in Poughkeepsie, a card to homeopathic physi- cians, naming a time and place of meeting of those favoring an immediate organization. Personal in- terviews were had with several, and others were reached by written communications. Accordingly a meeting was held at the Gregory House in
I16
HISTORY OF DUCHESS COUNTY.
Poughkeepsie, Nov. 27, 1861, at which the Home- opathic Medical Society of Duchess County was formed, and the following officers chosen : Fed- eral Vanderburg, Rhinebeck, President ; Ephraim Case, Clinton Corners, Vice-President ; Ernst F. Hoffinan, of Poughkeepsie, Secretary and Treas- urer ; John Hornby, Poughkeepsie, Stephen G. Cook, Stanfordville, and Jesse F. Merritt, Pleas- ant Plains, Censors. A constitution and by-laws were then adopted. Article 5 of the constitution makes "any regularly licensed physician who has complied with the requisitions of the laws of the State and who shall avow his belief in the home- opathic maxim, similia similibus curantur, eligible to membership on a majority vote of the members present at a regular meeting." Article 6 provides that a regular annual meeting of the Society shall be held on the fourth Wednesday of November, in the city of Poughkeepsie, and a semi-annual meeting, on the fourth Wednesday of May of each year, at the same place. Section 8 of the by-laws makes it "the duty of every member to make a written communication at every regular meeting upon some matter pertaining to the general interests of medical science." Section II says, "the initia- tion fee shall be two dollars," and "at every annual meeting a tax not exceeding in amount one dollar may be assessed upon each member of the Society, by a vote of two-thirds of the members present."
Previous to 1857, homeopathic societies existed as informal associations only, having no legal status. April 13, 1857, the Legislature authorized the forma- tion of homeopathic county medical societies, with equal privileges and immunities enjoyed by so- called allopathic medical associations. April 17, 1862, the Legislature passed an act to incorporate the Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of New York. Under that act a re-organization was effected whereby county societies then existing be- came auxiliary to the State society, and the following year it was formally inaugurated.
At the second meeting of the society in Febru- ary, 1862, Dr. Vanderburg read a paper on the " Problem of Life," which was deposited in the archives of the society for future discussion. Ac- counts of interesting cases in practice were given verbally by Drs. Cook, Merritt and Hornby. The following standing committees were appointed: F. Vanderburg, Theory and Practice of Medicine ; S. G. Cook, Special Pathology and Therapeutics ; J. F. Merritt, Prevailing Epidemics ; J. Hornby, Homeopathic Treatment of Surgical Cases ; E. F.
Hoffman, Diseases of Females and Children. At this meeting it was resolved to meet quarterly. At the third meeting, in May, 1862, Dr. Hornby read a report on the homeopathic treatment of surgical cases, which was continued at the meeting of May, 1863, and published in the Transactions of the State Medical Society, Vol. II., 1864. In No- vember, 1863, Dr. J. F. Merritt made a very able report of cases of diphtheria, epidemics, etc., which was published in the volume just alluded to. Nov. 30, 1864, the time of annual meeting was changed to the first Tuesday in October, and the semi-annual meeting to the first Tuesday in April of each year.
April 2, 1867, communications from Dr. Jones, of Albany, and the Secretary of the State Society, were read, "and it was resolved that members of the society be requested to use their personal in- fluence with their patrons, and endeavor to procure homeopathic treatment to be adopted by the authorities in the new insane asylum to be erected near this city."
Oct. 6, 1868, it was resolved : "That the code of medical ethics adopted by the American Insti- tute of Homeopathy, at their 21st annual session held at St. Louis in June, 1868, be the standard of professional behavior among the members of this society."
No meetings are recorded between Oct. 10, 1871, and April 7, 1874 ; nor between Oct. 5, 1875, and Oct. 4, 1880.
The following named gentlemen have served the society in the capacity of president :-
Federal Vanderburg,* 1861-1866.f
I. S. P. Lord, 1867-1871.
Ephraim Case, 1874.
John Hornby, 1875-1881.
The following have been the members of the so- ciety from its organization to the present time, with the date of admission :-
Avery Edward W., § Poughkeepsie, Oct. 6, 1868. Avery Henry N.,| 66
Oct. 1, 1867.
Baxter William, IT Wappingers Falls, Oct. 6, 1868. Baxter William, Jr., 66 Oct, 6, 1874. Belden Charles D., ** Fishkill, Oct. 6, 1868. Buckingham W. E., Milton, Ulster county, April -, 1870.
Case Ephraim, Clinton Corners, Nov. 27, 1861.
* Dr. Vanderburg resigned the office in 1867 by reason of age and in- firmities.
t There was no election in 1865, because there was no quorum present. # No election is recorded in 1870, '72 and '73.
§ Dr. E. W. Avery removed to Utica in 1869, to undertake the study of law with his father in Clinton, Oneida county.
|| Dr. H. N. Avery removed in 1869.
T Deceased.
** Removed.
117
THE DUHCESS COUNTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
Case Walter R., Harts Village,
April 2, 1867.
Cook Stephen G.,* Stanfordville,
Nov. 27, 1861.
Gidley Wm. H., Moore's Mills,
Oct. 5, 1875.
Haight Alonzo,
Oct. 5, 1875.
Haight Charles, Poughkeepsie, Hall A.,
Oct. 6, 1874.
Hartley John Fletcher, “
Oct. 5, 1875.
Hoffman Ernst F.,*
Nov. 27, 186 1.
Hornby John, 66
Nov. 27, 1861.
Howland Anne C.,
Oct. 5, 1875.
Hubbard Levi, t 66
Oct. - , 1866.
Lansing Benjamin, "T, § Hyde Park,
Lansing G. C.,* Rhinebeck,
May 25, 1864.
Lansing Taylor, Poughkeepsie,
Oct. 6, 1874.
Lord I. S. P., 66
Oct. 1, 1867.
Lorillard George, Rhinebeck,
Nov. 30, 1864.
Merritt Jesse F., § Pleasant Plains,
Nov. 27, 1861.
Mitchell Geo. B. I., Fishkill Ldg., Oct. 5, 1875. Otis John C., Poughkeepsie, April 6, 1869.
Paine Horace M., Oneida Co., (honorary,)
April 4, 1865.
Throop A. P.,* Poughkeepsie, Oct. 19, 1880.
Vanderburgh D. W., || Rhinebeck,
April 2, 1867.
Vanderburg Federal,%
Nov. 27, 1861.
Whiton Milo James, Fishkill, Oct. -- , 1866.
Dr. Milo James Whiton was born at Lee, Mass., March 27, 1805, and studied medicine with his brother, Dr. Lyman Whiton ; also at the Berkshire Medical College, and with Dr. L. Hubbard, of Poughkeepsie. He practiced medicine twenty-five years-seventeen as a homeopath. He possessed a delicate constitution, and though never enjoying health himself, was always ready to relieve the suf- ferings of others. He was successful in the treat- ment of chronic diseases, to which he paid most attention, and particularly to the use of the galvanic battery in combination with his prescriptions of medicine. He had formerly practiced in Saratoga county and removed thence to Brooklyn. He practiced there four years when his preference for country life induced him to remove to Fishkill vil- lage. He died of disease of the heart, Dec. 15, I867.
The Duchess County Mutual Insurance Com- pany was chartered April 12, 1836, on application of James E. Mott, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, James Mabbett, Alexander Forbus, Henry Conklin, Abra- ham Bockee, Thomas Taber, Daniel D. Akin, Homer Wheaton, ** John M. Ketcham, Wm. H. Bostwick, Daniel H. Shultz, Theodore V. W. An- thony, Henry Staats, Stephen Thorn, Taber Beld-
ing, Uriah Gregory, John T. Schryver, Silas Ger- mond, Obadiah Titus, George H. Tompkins, Wal- ter Sherman, Daniel Sands, Isaac Haight and James Vincent, "for the purpose of insuring their respective dwelling houses, stores, shops, and other buildings, household furniture, merchandise, and other property, against loss or damage by fire." James Emott, James Mabbett, Alexander Forbus, Abraham Bockee, Thomas Taber, Daniel D Akin, Homer Wheaton, Wm. H. Bostwick, John T. Schryver, Stephen Thorn, Silas Germond, John M. Ketcham and James Vincent were the first directors. The directors are chosen annually, and transact the business of the company in Poughkeepsie. The first officers were :- James Emott, President ; James E. Slater, Secretary. The charter expired at the end of twenty years and was extended by act of April 9th, 1855, for twenty years from April 12, 1856, and under the general insurance laws, for thirty years, from April 12, 1876. April 30, 1868, it was made optional with the company to receive from parties applying for insurance " all cash for premiums in lieu of a deposit note," for which the original charter made provision.
Mr. Emott was succeeded in the presidency by James Mabbett and George Wilkinson, the latter of whom held the office till his death, Jan. 21, 1881, since which time no president has been elected. Mr. Slater was Secretary till his death in 1850, when Owen T. Coffin was elected. He resigned in 1851, when LeGrand Dodge was elected and has since held the office.
The company commenced business without a dollar, taking premium notes from the insured and a percentage thereon as a nucleus for a surplus. Over a million dollars have been paid for losses and expenses without calling on the members for a dollar's assessment on premium notes, and during the forty-four years of its existence the company has had but one law suit, but has paid every loss sustained by its policy holders, whether by fire or lightning. The company has been very successful, mainly under the efficient direction of the Secre -. tary, Mr. Dodge, who, during his thirty years' management, has increased the surplus from $16,- oooto $150,000. The premium for many years has uniformly been about 1.6 per cent. June 1, 1880, the date of the 44th annual report, the number of policies in force was 23,374, and the amount cov- ered by insurance, $27,548,384. About one-half the insurance is from Duchess county, the rest being from Long Island and the river counties. It is almost entirely confined to farm property.
* Removed to New York.
+ Removed to De Kalb, Ill.
# Removed to Brooklyn, L. I.
§ Deceased.
I Removed to Ilion.
T Removed to Rhinebeck.
** Only the three incorporators whose names are ilalicized survive, and they have ceased to be members of the company.
I18
HISTORY OF DUCHESS COUNTY.
CHAPTER XIII.
EARLY COURTS-COURTS FIRST AUTHORIZED IN DUCHESS COUNTY-FIRST COURT HOUSE AND JAIL IN DUCHESS COUNTY-ASSESSMENTS OF WARDS AND PRECINCTS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS- SUBSEQUENT COUNTY BUILDINGS-THEIR CON- STRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION-JAIL LIMITS- COUNTY POOR HOUSE-DUCHESS COUNTY CIVIL LIST-MISCELLANEOUS APPOINTMENTS TO DIS- TINGUISHED POSITIONS-DELEGATES TO STATE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION - STATE SENA- TORS - MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY - FIRST AND COUNTY JUDGES -SURROGATES -DISTRICT AT- TORNEYS-SHERIFFS-COUNTY CLERKS-COUN- TY TREASURERS-COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF COMMON SCHOOLS-SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS- PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS-SENATORS AND REP- RESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS.
TN 1683, an act was passed directing that a Court of Sessions be held by three Justices of the Peace, twice each year, in each of the twelve counties erected that year, except New York and Albany, in the former of which it was to be held four times, and in the latter three times, each year. It determined all causes, civil and criminal, by a jury, but actions exceeding £5 could be removed on application to the Court of Oyer and Ter- miner. By the act of 1691 and ordinance of 1699, the functions of this court were confined to crimi- nal matters, and civil cases were transferred to the Court of Common Pleas, which was first estab- lished in New York and Albany in 1686, but in the other counties in 1691. Not, however, till thirty-seven years after its formation as a county did Duchess enjoy this judicial tribunal, for, from Oct. 18, 1701, it was provisionally attached to Ul- ster county. This Court was originally composed of one judge and three justices, but in 1702, it was ordered that the judge be assisted by two or more justices, all of whom were appointed by the Gov- ernor, and hold office during his pleasure. It had cognizance of all actions where the matter in de- mand exceeded in value the sum of £5. July 21, 1715, the General Assembly authorized the con- struction of a "county house and prison" in this county, and July 6, 1720, Governor William Bur- net passed an ordinance for establishing Courts of Common Pleas and General Sessions of the Peace therein. The latter document is an interesting one and we reproduce it :-
"WHEREAS, In the Establishments of the Courts of Common Pleas and the General Sessions of the
Peace hitherto in the County of Dutches, on the East-Side of Hudson's River, over against the County of Vlster, there has been no Courts of Common Pleas or General Sessions of the Peace Erected and Established to be holden and kept within the said County, but the Inhabitants of the same County have sometime formerly been sub- jected to the Jurisdiction of the Justices of the afore- said County of Vlster. For Remedy whereof for the Future, I have thought fit, by and with the Ad- vice and Consent of his Majesties Council for the Province of New York, and by virtue of the Power and Authority unto me given and granted under the Great Seal of Great Britain, and do hereby Erect, Establish and Ordain, That from hence- forward there shall be held and kept at Poghkeep- son, near the Center of said County, a General Ses- sions of the Peace, on the third Tuesday in May, and the third Tuesday in October, yearly and every year for ever, which General Sessions of the Peace, in every Sessions, shall not continue for longer than Two Days, but may finish the business of the Sessions, possibly, in one Day, and that from hence- forward there shall be held and kept at Poghkepson, near the Center, of the said County, a Court of Common Pleas to begin the next Day, after the said Courts of General Sessions of the Peace Ter- minates, and then only, if Busines require, to hold and continue for two Days next following, and no longer, with the like Power and Jurisdictions as other Courts of Common Pleas in other Counties within the Province of New York, have used and enjoyed, any former Ordinance, Practice or Usage to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding. " Given under my Hand and Seal at Anns in Council at Fort George, in New York, the Sixth Day of July, in the Seventh Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lords George, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, oc.
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