USA > New York > Saratoga County > History of Saratoga County, New York, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. > Part 40
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This spring was formerly known as the President and the lodine. It is over half a century since its waters were first known and used, but their full virtues were not developed until 1862, when the water was traced to its rocky sources, and the spring tubed in the best manner.
Since then the Saratoga Star spring has greatly increased its popularity as a mineral water, and is now recognized as one of the leading waters in the principal markets. The water is largely charged with carbonie acid gas, which renders it peculiarly valnable as a bottling water, since it preserves its freshness much longer than waters containing a smaller amount of the gas.
We give the analysis of this celebrated spring, showing the amount of mineral properties in one gallon of the water as determined by eminent chemists :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium.
378.962
Chloride of potassium.
9,229
Bromide of sodium ... lodide of sodium.
20.000
Sulphate of potassa.
5.400
Bicarbonate of Jimae.
124.459
Bicarbonate of magnesia.
61.912
Bicarbonate of soda
12.662
Bicarbonate of iron.
1.213
Silica ...
1.283
Phosphate of lime ..
a trace.
Solid contents in a gallon.
615.685
Carbonie acid gas, 407.55 cubic inches in a gallon.
55.65
Bicarbonate of haryta.
163
HISTORY OF SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
THE SARATOGA VICHY SPOUTING SPRING
is located on Ballston avenue, opposite Geyser spring, in the midst of a park embracing a beautiful sloping lawn, studded with forest-trees on one side, and the pretty little Geyser lake on the other. Its surroundings are pic- turesque, and are among the most attractive scenery about Saratoga. It was discovered in the month of March, 1872, by drilling in the solid rock to the depth of one hundred and eighty feet.
This spring contains more soda and less salt than any other Saratoga water, and takes special rank at once among the valuable mineral waters of this famous Spa, from its wonderful similarity to the Vichy waters of France. It is the only alkaline water found at Saratoga. The following analysis of the Saratoga Vichy, made by Professor C. F. Chandler, of the Columbia College School of Mines, de- monstrates its value as a medicinal agent, and as an alka- line water of equal merit with the celebrated French Vichy. Contains in one United States gallon of 231 cubic inches :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium
128.689
Chloride of potassium
14.113
Bromide of sodium
0,990
Iodide of sodium
a trace.
Fluoride of calcium.
a trace.
Bicarbonate of lithia
1.760
Bicarbonate of soda ..
82.878
Bicarbonate of magnesia
41,503
Bicarbonate of lime.
95.522
Bicarbonate of strontia
a trace.
Bicarbonate of baryta .
0.593
Bicarbonate of iron
0,052
Suphate of potassa
a trace.
Phosphate of soda
a trace.
Biborate of soda ....
a trace.
Alumina
0.473
Siliea ..
0.758
Organic matter
a trace.
Carbonic acid gas in one gallon .......
383.071 cubic inches.
50 deg. Fahr.
THE WASHINGTON SPRING
is situated in the grounds of the Clarendon Hotel, on South Broadway, just south of the Columbian Hotel, and in what was formerly called the Recreation Garden. It is a chaly- beate or iron spring, having tonic and diuretic properties. It is not a saline water, and the peculiar inky taste of iron is perceptible. It should be drank in the afternoon or evening, before or after meals, or just before retiring. One glass is sufficient for tonie purposes. Many regard this as the most agreeable beverage in Saratoga. It is frequently called the " Champagne Spring," from its sparkling prop- erties. It is one of the most popular springs in Saratoga, and in the afternoon is thronged with visitors.
Below is given an analysis made by the distinguished practical chemists, James R. Chilton & Co., showing the substances contained in each gallon of the water to be as follows :
Crains.
Chloride of sodium
182.733
Bicarbonate of magnesia.
65.973
Bicarbonate of lime.
84.096
Bicarbonate of soda.
8.474
Bicarbonate of iron
3.800
Chloride of calcium
.203
Chloride of magnesium
.680
Sulphate of magnesia
.051
Iodide of sodium.
2.213
Bromide of potassium
474
Silicic acid,
1.500
Alumina
a trace.
350.227
The gases which were contained and analyzed at the spring yielded for the gallon as follows :
Carbonic acid 363.77
Atmospheric air 6.41
Cubic inches .370.18
THE PAVILION SPRING
is situated in the valley a few rods east of Broadway, between Lake avenue and Caroline street, and directly at the head of Spring avenue, and is reached from Broadway by taking Lake avenue or Caroline street to the second block. It is one of the best of the far-famed springs of Saratoga.
The shaft has been re-excavated ten feet deeper to the rock, the spring re-tubed, the course of the brook (which flowed through the grounds) changed, well-arranged walks laid out, and a tasteful pavilion built over the fountain. The shaft of the spring having been carried out through the hard pan to the rock below has greatly improved the water. Its minerals have been nearly doubled in strength and increased in number, and the fountain now stands second to none for medicinal and commercial purposes in this justly-celebrated mineral valley. This deep tubing will therefore secure a uniformity in the strength and quality of the water which cannot be obtained in springs which are tubed near the surface of the ground.
ANALYSIS OF PAVILION SPRING WATER.
Grains,
Chloride of sodium ..
459.903
Chloride of potassium
7.660
Bromide of sodium.
.987
Iodide of sodium
.071
Fluoride of calcium
a trace.
Bicarbonate of lithia ..
9.486
Bicarbonate of soda ..
3.764
Bicarbonate of magnesia
76.267
Bicarbonate of lime ..
120.169
Bicarbonate of strontia
a trace.
Bicarbonate of baryta.
.875
Bicarbonate of irun ...
9.570
Sulphate of potassa
2.032
Phosphate of soda.
.007
Biborate of soda ...
a trace.
Alumioa
.329
Silica ..
3.155
Organic matter
a trace.
Total grains 687.275
Carbonic acid gas. 332.458 enbie inches.
Density, 1.0075, contained in U. S. gallon 231 cubic inches.
C. F. CHANDLER,
Professor of Analytical audl Applied Chemistry,
THE RED SPRING.
This spring, one of the oldest at Saratoga and among the most valuable for its curative properties, is easily found a few steps beyond the Empire spring.
It was discovered soon after the Revolutionary war, by a Mr. Norton, who had been driven from the place by hos- tile Indians, but who returned about 1784 to reoccupy some buildings erected by him for the accommodation of a few invalids, who visited the High Rock, Flat Rock, Presi- dent, and Red springs. No other springs were known at that time, or for many years after. Nearly one hundred years ago, the first bath-house ever built in Saratoga was erected at the Red spring, and used for the cure of all kinds of eruptive and skin diseases for many years.
The following analysis of Red spring water was made by
Temperature.
164
HISTORY OF SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
Prof. John II. Appleton, of Brown University, Providence, R. I. The amounts specify the number of grains of the various substances in one imperial gallon of the water :
Grains.
Bicarbonate of lithia (Lio, I10,200)
.942
Bicarbonate of soda (Na0,110,2CO) ..
15.327
Bicarbonate of magnesia (Mg0,110,200)
12.413
Bicarbonate of lime (CaO, 110,2CO).
101.256
Chloride of sodium (NaCl)
83.530
Chloride of potassium ( K Cl).
6.857
Alumina and sesquioxide of iron 2.100
3.255
Phosphates.
a trace
Total, 254.719
THIE HAMILTON SPRING
is almost directly to the rear of Congress Hall, on Putnam street. It may be seen from Broadway, near the foot of the hill. Its waters are freely offered to all, though it is not bottled. The following is an analysis of this spring :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium
297.3
Ilydriodate of soda
3.
Bicarbonate of soda ..
27.036
Bicarbonate of magnesia ..
35.2
Carbonate of lime 92.4
Carbonate of iron ... 5.39
Ilydrobromate of potash.
a trace.
Contents in one galloo 460.326
Carbonic acid gas
316 inches.
Atmospheric air
1
Gaseous contents in a gallon .. 320 inches.
TIIE SARATOGA "A" SPRING
is opposite the Old Red spring, near the railroad embank- ment. The following is an analysis of its waters by Julius G. Pohle, M.D. A sample of the water contains per U. S. gallon :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium .......... 565.300
Chloride of potassium
.357
Chloride of calcium and magnesia.
a trace.
Bicarbonate of soda.
6.752
Bicarbonate of lime .. 56.852
20.180
Bicarbonate of iron.
1.724
Sulphate of lime.
.448
Sulphate of magnesia .. 2SS
2.500
Sulphate of potassa.
.370
Silicie aeid.
1.460
Alumina ...
.380
Solid contents per gallon. 656.91]
Free carbonic acid gas. 212 cubic inches.
Atmospheric air .. 1
Per gallon 216 cubic inches.
THIE HYPERION SPOUTING SPRING, OR SARATOGA KIS- SINGEN.
The following analysis is by Prof. S. P. Sharples, State Assayer of Massachusetts. Amount of the ingredients named, in grains, in one United States gallon of 231 cubic inches :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium
338.500
Chloride of potassium.
16.980
Bromide of sodium
1.800
Iodide of sodium
.042
Fluoride of calcium.
a trace.
Bicarbonate of lithia
5.129
Bicarbonate of soda.
67.617
Bicarbonate of magnesia
70.470
Bicarbonate of lime.
140.260
Bicarbonate of strontia
a trace.
Bicarbonate of baryta ..
092
Bicarbonate of iron ..
1,557
Sulphate of potassa.
a trace.
Grains.
Alumina ..... a trace.
Silica
1.280
Total solid contents in one United States gallon. 644.627
Temperature, 40° Fab. Density, 1.006.
Carbonic acid gas in one United States gallon, 361.5 cubic inches.
TIIE EUREKA AND WHITE SULPIIUR SPRING.
This spring is the property of the Eureka Spring Company, and is located a short distance beyond the Excelsior spring.
The following is an analysis of its waters by R. L. Allen, M.D., of Saratoga Springs :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium
166.8II
Bicarbonate of soda
8.750
Bicarbonate of lime.
41.321
Bicarbonate of magnesia
29.340
Carbonate of iron 3.000
Iodide of soda 4.666
Bromide of potassa 1.566
Silica. .532
Alumina
.23]
Sulphate of magnesia
2.148
Carbonic acid.
239.000
Atmospheric air.
2.000
TIIE UNITED STATES SPRING
is in the grounds of the Pavilion spring, and owned by the same company. Though less than ten feet from the Pavilion spring, its water is quite different in saline value. It is an alterative, and is much used mixed with wine. The following is an analysis of its waters :
Grains.
Chloride of sodium 141.872
Chloride of potassium.
8.624
Bromide of sodium
.844
Iodide of sodium
.047
Fluoride of calcium
a trace.
Bicarbonate of lithia
1.847
Bicarbonate of soda.
1.666
Bicarbonate of magnesia
72.883
Bicarbonate of lime.
93.119
Bicarbonate of strontia.
.018
Bicarbonate of baryta.
.909
Bicarbonate of iron
.714
Sulphate of potassa
nonc.
Phosphate of soda
016
Biborate of soda.
a trace.
Alumina ..
.094
Silica
3.184
Organic matter.
a trace.
Total grains. .331,837
Carbonic acid gas. 245.734 cubic inches. Density, 1.0035, contained in U. S. gallon 231 cubic inches.
THE TRITON SPOUTING SPRING
is a pipe-well, one hundred and ninety-two feet deep, on the east side of Geyser lake, and has the same spouting char- acter as those near it.
THIE MAGNETIC SPRING
has recently been discovered just east of the High rock. It has peculiar magnetic qualities, and a small bath-house has just been built around it, where magnetie baths may be obtained.
THE SELTZER SPRING
is close to High Rock spring, and in the neighborhood of the Star and Empire. Although in such close proximity thereto, its water is entirely different, thus illustrating the wonderful extent and capacity of nature's subterranean lab- oratory. This is the only seltzer spring in this country. The character of the water is almost identical with that of the celebrated Nassau spring of Germany, which is justly esteeused so delicious by the natives of the " Fatherland."
Bicarbonate of magnesia.
Sulphate of soda ..
Silica.
165
HISTORY OF SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
THE CRYSTAL SPRING.
This spring has the same general character of the other springs, and is said to be quite as valuable as a medical agent. It is located near the Columbian Hotel in South Broadway.
THE PUTNAM SPRING
is almost wholly used for bathing purposes. It was dis- covered and brought into use by Gideon Putnam about the year 1800.
There are other springs of minor value scattered about through this singular country, but they have not proved themselves of so much interest as the preceding named.
V .- HOTELS.
The hotels of Saratoga are its pride and crowning glory. Nowhere else in the world can such a splendid array be seen in the same city or village so near each other.
And now, during these centennial years of the first rude openings of the springs in the northern wilds, this whole village is crowded with hotels, the largest, grandest, best appointed in the world, within a stone's throw of each other, and glittering with more than oriental splendor. When all lighted up of a summer evening, the streets filled with gay promenaders,-the wit, the wealth, the fashion, and the beauty of half the world all there,-the scene pre- sented is like that of some fairy-land. Surely has some enchanter touched with magic wand those old rude hotels of a century ago, and transformed them into palaces like those famous in eastern story.
In the limits of this volume we can devote but little space to any save the few old historic ones, which have been so long connected with the village that they seem to form a necessary part of its history. To the rest we ean give but brief mention.
THE GRAND UNION.
The Grand Union llotel, which is the oldest of the Saratoga hotels, was built by Gideon Putnam. It was commenced in 1800, completed in the spring of 1802, and was kept by Gideon Putnam up to the time of his death, in 1812. It was at this time called by the unpre- tending name of Putnam's Tavern, and the old sign, which was intended to represent Israel Putnam entering the den of the wolf, is still in existence, and may be seen upon the rear piazza of the Grand Union Hotel. The original build- ing was erected upon the corner of Congress street and Broad street, now Broadway, fronting upon the latter. The lot upon which it was built had a frontage of one hundred and eighty-seven feet, but the building occupied only a portion of this space. It was built of wood, and consisted of a main building three and one-half stories in height, across the entire front of which ran a broad piazza, sheltered by a continuation of the sloping roof of the building, with a wing on either side. The space between the north line of the tavern lot and Washington street, upon which now stands the greater portion of the front of the Grand Union, and which measures about two hundred and forty-seven feet, was at this time partly occupied by dwellings and other ercetions. Immediately upon the corner
of Washington street for many years resided the Rev. Francis Wayland, the father of Dr. Francis Wayland, late president of Brown University, and after his death the residence was occupied by his daughters, who kept a private boarding-school for young ladies there. A portion of the premises next south of Mr. Wayland's was occupied by the Montgomery Hall, a tavern or hotel of some magnitude, which was for some years kept by Carey B. Moon, the present proprietor of Moon's Lake House, whose fried potatoes have since become as famous as the whitebait of Greenwich. These buildings and those occupying the in- tervening space were pulled down to give place to the building known as Ainsworth Place, which was in turn removed by Alexander T. Stewart, who erected upon its site the present north wing of the Grand Union.
After the death of Gideon Putnam the establishment was carried on by his widow, with little or no change in its condition, for a number of years. In the fall of 1836, Rockwell Putnam and Washington Putnam, two of the sons of Gideon Putnam, purchased the interests of their brothers and sisters, of whom there were seven, upon the basis of an aggregate valuation of about $16,000. The establishment received from them the name of Union Hall, which it retained for many years, and continued under their management until January, 1849, when the firm of R. & W. Putnam was dissolved, and Henry H. Hathorn, after- wards well known as the proprietor of Congress Hall, bc- came the purchaser of the interest of Rock well Putnam. The following spring, and before the house was opened under the new management, Washington Putnam died. His widow, who was a woman of extraordinary business capacity and ability, immediately assumed the position which her late husband had occupied in the firm, and with the assistance of Mr. Hathorn, under the firm-name of Putnam & Hathorn, conducted the establishment until January, 1853, when she sold ont to Seymour Ainsworth. HIathorn and Ainsworth kept the hotel one season, and in January, 1854, Hathorn sold his interest to George R. Put- nam, the son of Rockwell Putnam, the former owner and proprietor. Putnam & Ainsworth kept the hotel two sea- sons. In January, 1856, Ainsworth conveyed his interest in the premises to Charles H. Payn, when the firm of Put- nam & Payn was formed, under the management of which firm the hotel continued until the purchase of the entire property by Warren Leland, in May, 1864. George R. Putnam died about the year 1862; but during the brief period which elapsed between his death and the purchase by Leland no change was made in the firm-name or in the general management of the establishment.
During these successive changes of ownership the prop- erty had gradually increased in extent and value, and the buildings had been enlarged and improved. By a map made in 1842, it appears that the buildings had at that time a frontage of one hundred and fifty-four feet ; the south wing a length on Congress street of one hundred and twenty-two feet, the north wing extended into the grounds cighty-seven feet, and connected with it was a building containing lodging-rooms, called the " Garden House," the dimensions of which were thirty feet by eighty-five feet. Putnam & Payn built the Congress street wing, which
166
HISTORY OF SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
contains the present dining-room, and obtained for that purpose a loau of $30,000 on the property. The sale in 1849 was made on the basis of a valuation of more than $40,000; that in 1854 of more than $80,000; and that in 1864 of $200,000.
At the time of the purchase of Union Hall by Leland, the proprietors had rented the upper portion of the Ains- worth place, which had been finished off for that purpose for lodging-rooms. The following year Leland purchased this property also, and added it to the hotel. From that time, and until their failure in 1871, the hotel was managed by Warren Leland and his brother, Charles Leland, under the firm-name of Leland Brothers. This firm projected, and immediately began to execute, a series of large improve- ments. A number of contiguous pieces of property were purchased and added to their establishment. An opera- house was constructed in the grounds. The old front was torn down and an elaborate and expensive building was erected in its place. New furniture was purchased, and modern improvements, conveniences, and luxuries intro- duced throughout.
For the accomplishment of these improvements large sums of money were required. A large amount was raised upon the bonds of Leland Brothers, secured by a mortgage on the property. This proving insufficient, a second mort- gage was given, but the expenses continued to exceed the estimates. The resources of the firm became exhausted, and the entire establishment, including both the real and personal property, was sold by order of the United States district court, in the spring of 1872, and bid off by A. T. Stewart for the handsome sum of $532,000, the greater portion of which was paid by him in cash within thirty days after the sale. From the time of this purchase the property became an object of peculiar interest to its owner. He desired to make it the largest and most complete sum- mer hotel in the world. With this object in view, he pur- chased ten of the twelve pieces of property upon the same block, which were not included in the hotel premises, at a cost of about $100,000. It was his inability to procure the two remaining lots which prevented the completion of his magnificent plans, As it was, he removed the Ains- worth place, and built in its stead the north half of the front of the hotel, to correspond with the south half, erected by Leland Brothers, and completed those parts which they had left unfinished. He constructed the north wing on the site of the cottages and Penfield buildings, and extended the south wing west to Federal street, removing for this purpose five dwellings and boarding-houses which occupied the ground. All the erections by Mr. Stewart were most substantial and perfect in their character. No expense was spared. The present building is of brick. Its front reaches from Congress street to Washington street, a dis- tance of four hundred and fifty feet. Its north wing is two hundred feet, and its south wing more than five hun- dred feet in length. It covers the space formerly occupied by Putnam's tavern, and as many as twelve other hotels, boarding-houses, and residences. It has upwards of eight hundred lodging-rooms, can accommodate fifteen hundred guests, and employs an army of servants. Two large loco- motive boilers furnish the steam for cooking purposes, and
to run the elevators. Two copious springs, about half a miłe distant from the hotel, supply it with an abundance of the purest and coldest water. Its broad piazzas, which, in the days of Leland Brothers, were more than a mite in their aggregate length, are shaded by magnificent elms, planted three-quarters of a century ago by Gideon Putnam. Its foundation is set firmly upon the limestone rock, just where it begins to rise into the first swell of the Adiron- dacks. It fronts upou an avenue unsurpassed in beauty, and from its central tower may be seen, on a clear day, the Catskills and Helderbergs, the Green mountains and Ad- irondacks, and the beautiful valley of the Hudson, dotted with lakes and villages. In short, it possesses all the ad- vantages of location which are necessary to account for its past history, and to insure it a history no less remarkable in the future.
UNITED STATES HIOTEL.
The United States Iotel of Saratoga has long been almost as renowned as the great watering-place itself. From its comparatively small beginnings of more than fifty years ago, it has steadily kept pace in size and accommodations with the increasing growth and prosperity of the village, until to-day it stands in its architectural symmetry and palatial beauty among the largest and grandest hotels of the world. In the year 1824, Elias Benedict, an uncle of James M. Marvin, who has been so long associated with this hotel, purchased twenty-five acres of land in the block between Washington and Franklin streets, and on this lot in that year built the first United States Hotel. It was a brick building, facing on Broadway one hundred and twenty-five feet, thirty-four feet in depth, four stories high, with wing running sixty feet on Division street. To this first structure the next year, and almost every year following, additions were made, until when it was burned, in 1865, it had for some time extended the entire length of the block.
When it was completed and furnished in 1824, John Ford became its first manager and proprietor, and contin- ued in that capacity till the year 1830. In the year 1830 James M. Marvin first became connected with the hotel as proprietor, a position in which he has since become so celebrated. It was kept for one year by the firm of Ford & Marvin. In 1831, Samuel Drake came in with Marvin for one year. In 1832, James M. Marvin kept it alone. In 1833, the Westcotts, Joseph and James R., with John C. Dillon, kept it for one year. In 1834 Dil- lon went out, and Marvin came back. From 1825-27, inclusive, Stephen S. Seaman was also with Mr. Marvin.
In 1838, Seaman went out, and John Thomas, of Albany, went in. Under the name of Thomas & Marvin it was kept till 1842. In that year Judge Thomas J. Marvin bought Thomas out, and under the name of James M. Marvin & Co. the brothers kept the hotel till the judge's death, in 1852. After that event James M. Marvin went on with the hotel, dividing the proceeds with the family of Judge Marvin till the hotel was burned on Sunday morn- ing, the 18th day of June, 1865.
During this time Mr. Benediet had owned the property until 1832, when Judge Marvin bought it out, and in 1833 sold one-half to Lewis Benediet, of Albany. Lewis
167
HISTORY OF SARATOGA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
Bencdiet and Judge Marvin then gave Elias Benedict the privilege of coming back into the firm upon paying for one-third of the improvement. He did so, and deeded his third in trust for the benefit of his daughter, Mrs. Ford, and her children. Mrs. Ford and her children all died, and James M. Marvin bought from time to time their in- terest. This left the property-one-third to Judge Marvin, one-third to James M., and one-third to Lewis Benedict.
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