USA > New York > St Lawrence County > Our county and its people : a memorial record of St. Lawrence County, New York > Part 11
USA > New York > St Lawrence County > Our county and its people: a memorial record of St. Lawrence County, New York > Part 11
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Calcareous tufa, formed by the deposits of carbonate of lime, from springs, occurs in Rossie and Gouverneur.
Calcite (carbonate of lime) occurs in most of the lead and iron mines in the county in limpid crystals in various colors.
Celestine (sulphate of strontia) in crystals of a beautiful blue tint was found in Coal Hill Mine, Rossie.
Chalcedony occurs in Fowler, associated with calcareous spar.
Chlorite occurs in bowlders, but not in rock formations, associated with epidote.
Chondrodite, with its usual associate, spinelle, is found in Rossie in white limestone. It is of every shade of yellow, inclining to orange and brown.
Dolomite, or magnesian limestone, in small quantities, associated with white lime- stone, is found in Rossie and Fowler.
Dysyntribite occurs at all localities of red iron ore.
Epidote, granular and disseminated in chlorite, is common in bowlders.
Feldspar ; this important constituent of gneiss and granite occurs abundantly through- out the primitive region, but in few localities of sufficient interest to merit notice. Crystals of considerable interest occur in Rossie.
Fluor spar; good specimens of this mineral have been found in Gouverneur. Ex- ternally they were usually rough, but within were perfectly transparent, in varying shades of green ; it is employed as a flux, also in making fluoric acid, used in etching on glass.
Galena (sulphuret of lead); this important ore occurs in Rossie and Macomb in suf- ficient quantities to warrant the working of the mines. It has also been found in other parts of the county but not in such quantities as to pay the cost of working. It occurs in veins with calcareous spar. When crystallized it has been in the form of cubes and octahedrons, with intermediate modifications.
Garnet is only found in bowlders.
Graphite (carburet of iron) is a common mineral in white limestone, and occurs in Canton and Rossie.
Green stone is common in bowlders and in dykes in limestone in Rossie.
119
ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.
Hornblende, either in its proper color and crystallized form, or in its varieties, as tremolite, asbestos, pargasite, etc .; it is a constituent of gneiss, and coextensive with that rock ; it occurs in several parts of the county.
Houghite (named in the honor of its discoverer, Dr. Franklin B. Hough), a new mineral that occurs near Somerville, associated with spinelle, serpentine, dolomite, philogopite, etc. It has been found crystallized in octahedrons.
Idocrase, in irregular fluted prisms, occurs in bowlders and in rocks in situ in Rossie ; color, clove-brown, opaque and brittle.
Iron pyrites (sulphate of iron) is common, and possesses much economical importance for the manufacture of copperas, sulphuric acid and soda ash. Brilliant specimens are found in the Rossie lead mines where it occurs in the cavities of the veins, crystallized in cubes with various modifications, and possessing a brilliant luster which is not liable to tarnish. It is found in iron mines and often imbedded in gneiss.
Labradorite (opalescent feldspar) occurs in bowlders. The best specimens have been found three or four miles above the city of Ogdensburg near the bank of St. Lawrence. It takes a beautiful polish and would form an elegant gem. The play of colors is vivid and the shades mostly green and blue.
Ioxoclase (feldspar with diagonal cleavage), occurs in Rossie in crystallized form usually with feldspar, when broken presents a delicate bluish opalescence.
Muscovite, a variety of black mica, does not occur in situ in this locality, but is found in bowlders.
Pargasite (green hornblende) occurs wherever apatite has been found in this locality. It usually is crystallized in hexagonal prisms, of a delicate grass green or bluish color.
Pearl spar (crystallized dolomite) occurs in Rossie in crevices of limestone; in clus- ters or crystals ; upon large dog-tooth crystals of calcareous spar.
Phlogopite, the mica of our white limestone formations, occurs in numerous localities and often of great beauty.
Pyroxene in prisms, occurs in numerous localities in De Kalb ; the variety is white in which the crystalline form is well exhibited.
Quartz, the most abundant of the simple minerals, and a constituent of gneiss and sandstone, abounds in many interesting varieties in the county.
Rensselaerite, of various shades from white to black through every intermediate color, and varying from a finely granular to a coarsely crystalline structure, occurs in limestone and gneiss in many places in the county. Its softness, toughness, the beau- tiful gloss which it readily receives, and the diversity of color indicates it as a suit- able material for any of the ornamental uses to which alabaster is applied.
Rutile (titanic acid) is said to have been found in Gouverneur and is used in the manufacture of artificial teeth.
Satin spar (fibrous calcite) is of frequent occurrence in seams of serpentine and rensselaerite in Fowler and several other places.
Scapolite, in pearly gray crystals which are short and generally terminated, occurs at the locality of apatite in Gouverneur, diffused through white limestone.
Serpentine abounds throughout the primary section of the county, near the white limestone formation. In Edwards it occurs in various delicate shades of green and greenish white.
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120
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Spathic iron (carbonate of iron) is found in the iron mines of Rossie in beautiful crystalline groups, lining cavities in the ore, and associated with calcite, heavy spar and iron pyrites. The color is usually bronze and various shades of brown, and the faces of the crystals often warped and usually very brilliant.
Sphene occurs at the apatite localities in Gouverneur and Rossie. It is of a pale red color, and in imperfect crystals ; its associates are pargasite, apatite, graphite. etc.
Spinelle occurs at the locality of chondrodite in Rossie and at the locality of serpen- tine and mica in Gouverneur ; it has a pale reddish brown color, opaque and well crystallized ; grouped in clusters.
Sulphur, in a native state, occurs in concretions around the iron mines in Rossie where it is formed by the decomposition of iron pyrites, and its deposition is said to be due to the action of vegetable matter.
Sulphate of barytes is associated with limestone in Gouverneur, in an irregular vein with fluor spar. Externally it is of a rusty brown color and with irregular attempts at crystallization, the surface being covered by bundles of coarse crystalline fibres Broken it presents a pure white color and is fibrous and laminated.
Sulphuret of copper has been procured in quantities in Macomb, Canton and several other towns.
Tourmaline of a reddish brown color and crystallized is found imbedded in white limestone in Rossie, Gouverneur and some other towns.
Tremolite (white hornblende) occurs in Fowler, of a delicate rose color, in masses which have a broken crystalline structure.
Zircon, much esteemed by mineralogists and for its containing zirconium, one of the rarest of the mineral elements, occurs at the apatite locality in Rossie, in square prisms, sometimes terminated by pyramids. It is of a brownish red color, in small crystals and transparent, valuable as a gem.
The preceding description of the various kinds of minerals, specimens of which have been procured in the rocky formation of St. Lawrence coun- ty, is given in condensed form. In its preparation the writer has quoted freely from the work of Dr. Franklin B. Hough, who also drew largely from the American Journal of Science and the reports of the American Association from 1849 to 1851 ; also from articles upon geology and mineralogy contributed by Professors Shepard, Dana, Johnson and others.
The drift which covers the rocky formation of this county and the Laurentian deposit, alluded to in the preceding pages, contains a large percentage of the various kinds of minerals, which were, doubtless, pul- verized and deposited during the glacial period. We find no elaborate account of this theory by geologists, but a reasonable conclusion that such is a fact, may be reached in a careful test of the waters from the
William A. Dark
121
ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.
various springs and deep wells in this section of the county, as nearly all are more or less impregnated with minerals of some kind.
Mineral Waters, etc .- Water is composed of two gases, oxygen and hydrogen, and is, when pure, free from smell or taste. From the fact of its being the most universal solvent known, it is rarely obtained in this condition, as it attracts to itself more or less from all substances with which it comes in contact. Many springs and wells are highly charged with certain minerals, alkaline and salts, which often impart to the water medicinal and salubrious qualities. The ocean aggregates them all, and in its composition are found : chlorine, iodine, bromine, sulphurs, carbon, soda, magnesia, potash, chalk, iron, fluorine, phos- phorus, nitrogen, silicon, boron, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel and manganese.
The following is an analysis of the water taken eleven hundred and ten feet below the surface of the Dead Sea, gravity 1,227 :
Chloride of calcium. 3.107
Chloride of magnesium. 14.889
Chloride of sodium 7.855
Chloride of potassium 0.658
Sulphate of lime. 0.070
Bromide of potassium. 0.137
The water from some springs and wells, though having the appear- ance of being pure, is yet so impregnated with mineral substances as to render it wholly unfit for domestic use. A spring in the town of Macomb not far from the State road, and near the lead mines, sends forth bright and sparkling water, yet man and beast, after drinking it freely are seized with griping pains and manifest all the symptoms of being poisoned. A well was sunk by Page Brothers a few years ago on the Canton road just outside the city limits. A stratum of about twenty-five feet of gray clay was passed when a dark colored, fine, salvy sand was reached and water obtained, which had such a peculiar taste and smell that it was rejected for culinary purposes. The water, however, was used in the stable, and shortly afterward two of their cows sickened and died. The veterinary surgeon pronounced it lead poison, caused by drinking the water in this well. The water in the Page well and that in the Macomb spring doubtless leaches through mineral of some kind, probably a stratum of sulphuret of lead. The
16
122
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.
water from most of the wells and springs in this vicinity is charged with salts of lime or magnesia.
The noted Cold Spring flowing out at the base of a thirty foot bank of drift, just above the upper iron bridge over the Oswegatchie at Ogdens- burg, has furnished drinking water to the inhabitants in this vicinity from the earliest settlement to the present time. This spring water has always been regarded as the most wholesome of any in the place ; yet when it has evaporated it leaves a sediment which under the microscope shows mineral matter of a light gray color, in which the salts of lime largely predominate. In removing from the surface about four feet of of rubbish where the river had formerly cut into the bank, a spring has recently been discovered about six rods above the Cold Spring, the water from which is clear, of a bluish tint, is four degrees warmer than the Cold Spring, and has a brackish though not unpleasant taste. A light colored or gray deposit is formed on the grass over which the water flows; and also in a glass after standing a short time. When freely drank this water is a cathartic and diuretic. A well has recently been sunk on Spruce street about twelve feet deep in clayey ground. The water is clear and cold, and rises within three or four feet of the surface. It has a sulphurous taste and smell. A well sunk upon the Read farm about two miles up the lake road affords sulphurous water ; also a spring about half a mile above this well, on the Lyons farm, near the Oswegatchie River, and still another farther up the river bank on the Denney tract. These are all strongly impregnated with sulphur, and the taste and smell of their waters is due doubtless to the pyritous soil through which they leach.
Laurentian Well .- The water from this well is clear and nearly in- odorous, and is claimed by many to possess medicinal qualities. An analysis of the water made by E. Walker, Ph.D., School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, is as follows :
231 cubic in. U. S. gallon.
Sodium chloride (grains) 8.549
Definition .- Sodium from soda, a yellowish white metallicelement, soft like wax and lighter than water. Chloride, or chlorine, is a heavy gas of greenish color ; it has a disa- greeable suffocating odor, and is destructive of life ; is a constituent of common salt, making sixty parts of it by weight, and with hydrogen forms hydrochloric acid. It is a powerful bleaching and disinfecting agent.
123
ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.
Sodium bicarbonate 3,908
Bicarbonate is a carbonate containing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of base ; one of super-carbonates
Calcium bicarbonate 4.741
Calcium is a metallic basis of lime.
Barium bicarbonate Trace.
Barium is the metallic basis of baryta or barea, which is an oxide or barium. (Earthy salts or heavy spar. )
Ferrous bicarbonate 0.723
Ferrous, partaking of iron, made of, or pertaining to iron ; like iron.
Calcium sulphate 35.691
Sulphate, brimstone sulphur, a salt formed by sulphuric acid in combination with any base ; as sulphate of lime.
Magnesium sulphate. . 20.854
Magnesium is the undecomposable metallic base of magnesia; magnesia, the magnet, also a mineral that looks like silver, a kind of talc ; is an earth ; the oxide of magnesium. It occurs in nature as periclase, (meaning a grayish or dark green mineral), consisting of magnesia with a small proportion of protoxide of iron.
Potassium sulphate. 3.266
Potassium is a bluish white, lustrous metal, having a strong affinity for oxygen, with which it forms potassa ; it is lighter than water. Potassa is pure potash or protoxicall of potassium.
Sodium phosphate. Trace.
Is a salt formed by the combination of phosphoric acid with a satisfiable base. (Or by combine with an acid.)
Alumina
0.286
One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminum and three parts of oxygen, or an ingredient of common clay.
Silica 1.020
Pertaining to or obtained from flint or quartz. When pure it is a light white powder, · which feels rough when rubbed between the fingers. It is both inodorous and insipid.
Organic and volatile 10.835
Organic matter is the remains of animal or vegetables. Volatile is that capable of wasting. A substance which affects the smell with pungent and fragrant odor, or washes away on exposure to the atmosphere.
Total grains in a gallon 89.872
Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches. 78.7
Carbonic acid is composed of one part of carbon and two parts of oxygen. In its ordi- nary condition it is a gas, but it may be reduced to a liquid or solid state by cold and pressure. It is a heavy gas, totally unfit for respiration. Water will absorb its own vol- ume of it, and more than this under pressure ; and in this state it becomes the common soda water of the shops, and the carbonated water of natural springs Combined with lime it constitutes limestone, or common marble and chalk. The definitions given in the preceding tests of the various kinds of minerals will save the reader's time in looking up and will serve in a measure for those to follow.
124
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.
Massena Springs .- The following analysis of the Massena Spring water was made by Prof. Fred F. Mayer, of the New York College of Pharmacy. This spring has for the past few years been somewhat noted for the medicinal qualities of its water, therefore we give the analysis that a comparison may be readily made with tests of other waters in the vicinity of Ogdensburg or county.
231 cubic inches in one gallon
Grains.
Chloride sodium
79,792
Chloride potassium
0,508
Chloride magnesium
29,627
Bromide magnesium
0.673
Bicarbonate lime
1,852
Bicarbonate iron
0,488
Sulphate lime
60,931
Sulphate soda
3,500
Phosphate soda
1,320
Hyposulphate soda 4,205
Sulphurate sodium 1,405
Silicate soda and organic compound.
11,176
198,477
Sulphuretted hydrogen, per gallon 5,307 cubic inches
The Brewery Artesian Well .- An analysis of the water from the artesian well `at the Arnold brewery on Main street, Second ward, in Ogdensburg, was made by Charles L Davis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This well was drilled upwards of 100 feet, through or nearly through the gray limestone rock overlying a stratum of gneiss, the formation of which antedates the era of animal and vegetable life. Hence the water is free from organic matter, and shows but a small quantity of mineral substances. The following analysis clearly indi- cates that the water from this well is the purest of any in this section of country.
Sodium chloride, (grains in 1 gallon)
1.36
Calcium sulphate ..
2.13
Magnesium sulphate.
.98
Calcium carbonate.
4.75
Magnesium carbonate.
8.72
Ferrous carbonate. (iron)
.51
Alumina and phosphates
traces
Silica ..
.44
Organic matter .00
Total grains per gallon
18-88.
100
125
ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.
Analyses of St. Lawrence and Oswegatchie Rivers .- The following analyses of the St. Lawrence and Oswegatchie River waters, made by Professor Chandler, previous to the erection of the water-works in Ogdensburg, is taken from Dr. Morris's report to the State Medical Society in 1877. The St. Lawrence water was taken in the current, outside of the light-house, and the Oswegatchie water from below the dam, in the fall of 1876. Previous to these tests it was generally be - lieved (and the same opinion is held by many at the present time) that the St. Lawrence water is preferable to the Oswegatchie for culinary purposes. The test shows that the Oswegatchie water contains about one-third less grains of matter per gallon than that of the St. Lawrence. For this reason, and on account of the excellent washing qualities of the Oswegatchie water, the latter was chosen for the city use.
Table of Test, 1876.
ST. LAWRENCE | OSWEGATCHIE RIVER.
RIVER.
Parts in 100,000.
Grains per Gallon.
Parts in 100,000,
Grains per Gallon.
Total sold impurity .
1.1662
12.6
.8793
9.5
Lime as carb. or bicarb
.0506
5.49
.2887
3.12
Lime as suphate.
.1092
1.18
.0740
.8
Magnesia as phos. and carb.
.1157
1.25
.0786
.85
Organic matter.
.1878
2.03
3609
3.9
Silicate soda and potassæ
.1943
2.1
.0518
.56
Iron ..
trace
.0185
.25
Alumina.
none
none
Chloride sodium
.0481
.52
.0027
.03
Ammonia ...
none
none
Nitrogen as nitrate and nitrites
.0027
.03
.0037
.04
25.20
19.00
Hardness (Clark's test)
8 degrees
Hardness after boiling .
6 deg.
2} degrees 2 deg.
The dissatisfaction with the Oswegatchie water for culinary purposes had become so intense that the water commissioners took steps to have suction pipes of the water-works extended up the river beyond the cemetery to the railroad bridge, with a view a view of obtaining more wholesome water. And in order to determine this point they had the water analyzed, May 21, 1887, by Mr. Albert R. Leeds, professor of
126
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.
chemistry at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. Two samples of water were supplied for the test ; one taken from the river at the railroad bridge above the dam, and the other drawn from the tap in the city. The following table shows the results :
Analysis of 1887.
TAKEN AT R. R. BRIDGE.
TAKEN FROM TAP.
From bridge, color 3.0, taste slight, smell slight.
From tap, color 3.25 taste not pleasant, smell slight.
Parts in 100,000.
Grains per gallon.
Parts in 100,000.
Grains per gallon.
Free ammonia
0.0035
0.00495
0.006
0.0036
Albuminoid ammonia
0.0190
0.011
0.016
0.0093
Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter ..
1.145
0.6677
1.030
0.6000
Nitrites
none
none
none
none
Nitrates
0.104
0.0585
0.0626
0.0365
Chlorine.
0.350
0.204
0.350
0.204
Total hardness.
2.600
1.516
2.730
1.590
Total solids. .
5.100
2.97
6.0
3.499
Mineral matter.
1.900
1.10
2.5
1.450
Organic and volatile matter
3.200
1.80
3.5
2.040
8.33215
9.4688
Oxygen dissolved in 1 litre
5.439 C. C.
5 189
Carbonic acid
2.469
1.485
Nitrogen
11.780
יו
11.140
Total gases
19.688
6
17.823
The following letter accompanied the report of the test of the two samples of water and is the interpretation of the results :
Neither the sample taken from the railroad bridge nor from the tap is of satisfactory quality. That taken from the bridge contains too much nitrogenous matter, capable of undergoing decomposition and oxidation, to be regarded as water suitable for domestic supply. There has been some matter added to the water taken from the tap, which gives it an unpleasant taste, and after standing for twelve hours at a temperature of seventy degrees, it had an offensive smell. These matters caused the water taken from the tap to have a somewhat greater hardness than the other sample. The quantity of total solids held in solution is also greater and the total amount of or- ganic and volatile bodies. It contains a smaller quantity of oxygen and total gases in solution than the river water, but in this respect neither is water of good qual- ity. That taken from the tap, if properly aerated, so as to raise the amount of oxygen and thereby oxidize the sewage matter and take out the color, and filtered so as to remove the extraneous solids, it would be ninety per cent. better in qual- ity than that taken from the river, and it would be bright, sparkling and wholesome.
Signed, ALBERT R. LEEDS, PH. D.
127
ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.
Explanation of technical terms .- Color .- One degree of color is the same tint of yel- low as is struck by 0.01 part of ammonia in 100,000 parts of water, when treated with the Nesster test. The test is always applied after filtration.
Free ammonia. - This is derived from decaying organic matter containing nitro- gen, from sewage, or from surface rain water.
Albuminoid ammonia .- This is the measure of that portion of the organic matter which contains nitrogen, and which, while not as yet decomposed, is capable of un- dergoing putrefactive decomposition. In the course of this decomposition it yields ammonia.
Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter .- The amount of organic matter which is capable of undergoing decomposition is measured by the amount of oxygen re- quired to effect its oxidation at 112 degrees.
Nitrites and Nitrates .-- The former measure the nitrogenous organic matter which has undergone by natural process partial oxidation; the latter that which has under- gone complete oxidation. In themselves they are harmless, but their determination is of service by way of indicating the amount of previous contamination. The nitrites are estimated as nitrous anhydride (N2 O2) the nitrates as nitric anhydride (N2 O2).
Chlorine .- An excess of chlorine over the amount regularly found in the good water of any particular locality, indicates possible contamination by sewage. The limit in in- land wells, where the water does not acquire its chlorine from soluble chlorides, natur- ally presents in the geological formation through which the well is sunk, two grains per gallon.
Hardness .-- Hard water will yield a lather with soap only when all the lime and mag- nesia salts present have been thrown down by the soap in the form of an insoluble compound. Hardness may be either temporary or permanent; the former may be removed by boiling, the latter is not. No diminution of hardness occurs on boiling, when the amount of lime and magnesia present as carbonates is less than 1.75 grains per gallon, or when the lime and magnesia exist in the form of sulphates and chlorides. Hardness is measured in degrees, a degree standing for the hardness which would be given to the water by one grain of carbonate of lime disssolved in one gallon. Soft water is water under five degrees of hardness. The greatest hardness allowable in good water is fifteen degrees. November 1, 1882, the Croton water was two de- grees, .86; the Passaic water three degrees, .85.
Solids .-- The total solids should not exceed ten grains per gallon, on account of the hardness which usually results from excess of mineral matter. In river water the or- ganic and volatile matter should always be small in amount as compared with mineral matter. In the Passaic water, as delivered in Newark and Jersey City, the ratio is about 1 to 3, which is already too high as compared with the same water in its unpol- luted condition. In wells the ratio should be much smaller and should not exceed 1 to 10. The total solids are determined after drying at 110 degrees Centigrade ; tlie organic and volatile matter after heating to low redness.
Other data .- When required for judgment the twelve preceding data are particularly specified as being those which are essential to the formation of a sound judgment upon
128
HISTORY OF ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.
the potability of a water and its fitness for technical use. As a general rule their determination will be sufficient. But when such is not the case, the analyst will not restrict himself to their determination, but will add other data essential to the settle- ment of every reasonable doubt. The decision as to the character of the water in- volves a very grave responsibility, inasmuch as a hastily formed and inaccurate judg- ment may lead to wide-spread sickness among those drinking the water, or the intro- duction of a water into manufactories where it may impair the steam boilers, or de- teriorate the quality of the goods in whose manufacture it is used.
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