USA > New York > The natural, statistical, and civil history of the state of New-York, v. 2 > Part 24
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Towaughsaughyawaunlegh
Ochsoohnewausaugh
Thirty.
Kihyaleenewausaugh
Forty.1
Wiskenewausaugh
Fifty.
Yauyocknewausaugh
'Sixty.
Jawtocknewausaugh
Seventy.
Sautagohnewausaugh Tenchtonewausaugh
Ninety.
Uscottoinyauwa
One hundred.
Egh
I, me, &c.
Loughhau
He.
Acauoughhau Na
It.
Ono
The same.
Esah
Ye, or you.
Latenoohaugh
They.
Eghaughgauwunk
Mine.
Toowauweneghyough
Ours: -
Tooaughquagoh
Us, all of us.
Saughwunk
·
Yours.
Loughoghwunk
His.
Occowunk
Theirs.
Loughhaugh
Him. .
Lutteneughhaugh
Them
Auckaoughhaugh Oohcaugh
Who.
Caunecauyegh
· Which.
Naughhodaugh
. What.
Ooktegauhwenehyough
Either. -
Congcoyya
. These.
Tuckcaughta
Thirteen.
Fourteen.
Fifteen. Sixteen.
Seventeen.
Eighteen.
.
Nineteen.
Twenty.
Twenty-one.
Eighty.
She.
Hers.
.
Other.
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STATE OF NEW-YORK.
Saughtaughcaterelew Caughquagogh Tacaughta Lewerllhunta
Such. -
All.
Another.
.
-
Ambassador.
Laughgehaughstauchee -
Minister.
Benefactor.
Saughgooyaughtaughgentaugh Cotsanaugh -
Animal.
Haughgenaugh -
Man.
Laughtegenaugh
- Men.
Coonheghtea
- Woman.
Atteanheghtea
Women. .
Laughganeghhaugh
-
Father.
Istaugh
- Mother.
Teyaughcanedaloo Leyaaugh
- Son.
Ickhaaugh
-
Daughter.
Tayagaughnotala
-
Brother.
Ickhagaugha
-
Sister.
Lockanohaugh
-
Uncle.
Aughgarlasaya -
Cousin.
Locksaughaugh
-
Boy.
Yicksaughaugh
- Girl.
Aughquooya
-
Child.
Sauguoideleghhau
- Judgment.
Loughenneyugh
- God.
Tarenyawagon -
- The holder of the heavens.
Cawroghqua
-
. Sun.
Chowgorascawroghqua Yurhon -
Day.
Chowgoras
Night.
Ochnagah -
- Water.
Cooghsilhaughga -
- Winter.
Congqueta -
-
Spring.
Cunhana -
- Summer. Fall.
Cunnanaughgana Jughshalot -
· From spring to spring. The good mind.
Enigoriyo Enigonhahetgea
-
- The bad mind.
Teughwaughquathoge VOL. II.
.
- A portage. 36
:
- Wife.
-
- Moon.
274
HISTORY OF THE
Teaughoga
Nowadaga
-
Snow.
Cauroneta
Onesta O nusera -
-
Pumpkins.
Ochnonata
- Potatoes.
Ochsoquacauroneta
-
Chesnut tree.
Ochsoqua
A nut.
Noneda
-
A hill.
Oniyutaaugha
-
People of the standing stone.
Owana
-
-
An arrow.
Connewaughaughtogo
A tomahawk. A knife. -
Caughwauyau :
-
: A canoe.
Skonyoghsa
-
A moose.
Connewauskonyoghsa
An elk.
Connewau -
Little.
Yockcosautus
A horse.
Skononedo (also Skuneantoh) O quare
A bear.
O quahogh
A wolf.
Harehot
1. A dog.
Chitsho
-
-
- A fox.
Geneto
-
A beaver.
Saranooha
A mink.
Ocquadaga
A squirrel.
Tockoose - A cat.
Onnaganechee
-
A snake.
Kenchee - Kouoronequa
-
-
An eel.
Otchetah
-
-
A bird.
Choya -
- A crow.
Kitkithighyauna Oretah
-
- An owl.
-
A pigeon.
Skowaroghwauna Kitkit - Ochtaughqua -
-
A turkey.
- Chickens ; a hen.
- Moccasins.
-
Forks of the river.
A swamp, or muddy place.
Conyauyau -
Tree.
Corn.
-
A bow.
Correghta
Ausharie
-
A deer.
-
1 A fish.
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STATE OF NEW-YORK.
275
Wautowana Quanaochquwauna
-
A flock. A chief.
Corraughgo
-
, White.
Onaughgoghtera
-
Red.
Ogenaquot -
. Yellow.
Caughhoonege -
- Black.
Quanaugh -
-
Big.
Kauhagwarahka
-
A cap.
Goyogoh
-
A mountain rising from water.
Conoosa
- Love.
Cosha -
-
Give.
Saudago -
-
-
Run.
Connoneyock -
Sing.
Esasatusnusquos
Steal.
Occoyotus
-
Work.
Anaga
-
-
High above.
onnanauga
Down below.
-
-
----
-
CHAPTER X. .1
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.
Voyages of Cabot, Verrazzano, Frobisher, Raleigh, and Hud- son-Passage of Hudson up the river which bears his name-Settle. ment of the Dutch at New- York and Albany.
THE Peopling of the various parts of the earth has been slow. All the emigrations in the infancy of society were made by land. The oceans formed insurmountable barriers, before men had ac- quired some knowledge of navigation. The Phoenicians were the first people who possessed the art. They discovered Greece, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Barbary, and most of the islands in the Mediterra- nean sea, in the same manner that the Spaniards discovered Ame- rica. In most of these countries, they planted colonies, built cities, introduced arts, letters, laws, and civilization.
The Phoenicians passed the straits of Gibralter, and entered the Atlantic ocean. In the north, they discovered the British islands. the coast of Gaul, Belgium, Germany, &c. and in the south, the Canary islands.
About six hundred and four years before the Christian era, the Phonicians sailed from a port in the Red sea, doubled the cape of Good Hope, and returned by the straits of Gibralter, to the mouth of the Nile in Egypt.
The Carthagenians, a Phoenician colony, sailed along the west- ern coast of Africa, almost to the tropic of Cancer.
The Phoenicians visited the countries around the Persian gulf, and those regions situated along the western coast of Hindostan.
The Greeks who succeeded the Phoenicians, made no important discoveries or improvements in navigation.
Y. The progress which the Romans made in navigation and dis- covery was very inconsiderable.
£
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STATE OF NEW-YORK.
After the destruction of the Roman empire, navigation nearly expired. At length the Venetians, Genoese, and Pisans revived it. The former states had acquired the height of their glory, about the time the Portuguese discovered a passage to the East Indies by the cape of Good Hope.
Among the modern nations, the Portuguese have the honor of having first opened the way to maritime discovery. John I. king of Portugal, in 1411, sent some vessels to make discoveries along the western coast of Africa. These vessels advanced southwardly to cape Bojador.
Henry, duke of Viseo, in 1418, fitted out a ship, and gave the . command of it to John Gonzalez Zare, and Tristan Vaz, who dis- covered Porto Santo, an island near Madeira.
Gilianez, a captain in Henry's employ, doubled cape Bojador in 1431. The Portuguese, in a few years proceeded southwardly to Cape de Verde. The Cape de Verde islands were discovered in 1446, and the Azores in 1449. Between 1412 and 1463, the Por- tuguese advanced nearly fifteen hundred miles along the western coast of Africa, and within five degrees of the equator.
John II. in 1484, sent a powerful fleet out, which after discover- ing the kingdoms of Benin and Congo, proceeded fifteen hundred . miles beyond the equator. Upon its return, he fitted out a squad- ron for the East Indies, which he entrusted to Bartholomew Diaz. This officer discovered the cape of Good Hope, but could not double it in consequence of the storms.
Among the foreigners in the Portuguese service, was Christo- pher Columbus a Genoese. In 1461 he went to sea, being only fourteen years old. His early voyages were in the Mediterranean. Afterwards he made a voyage to the British Islands, Iceland, &c. On his return, he entered into the service of a Captain of his own name, and made several trips to the Low Countries. At length, in an action on the coast of Portugal with the Venetians, the vessel on board of which he served took fire and burnt up. In this dreadful extremity, he threw himself into the sea, laid hold of an oar, and swam to the shore, distant two leagues. From thence he repaired to Lisbon, and entered into the employment of the Portu- guese. He made several voyages, and acquired great reputation.
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HISTORY OF THE
While in their employment, he conceived the idea of finding a passage to the East Indies, by sailing westwardly across the A :- lantic ocean. In 1474, he communicated this to the Senate of Genoa, but they rejected it.
Columbus made his next overtures to John II. king of Portugal, who refered his plan to Diego Ortoz bishop of Ceuta, and other?, but they disapproved it.
Columbus then went to Spain towards the close of the year 1484, where he laid his plan before Ferdinand and Isabella. the sovereigns of the country. They remitted the consideration of it to Talavera the queen's confessor, who, after a lapse of five years reported against it.
Columbus applied next to the dukes of Medina Sidonia, and Medina Celi, but with as little success. Mean while, he resolved to visit the English court, and made preparations for this purpose ; but Juan Perez, the guardian of the monastary of Rabida, induced him to defer his journey for a short time. Perez had some credit with Queen Isabella, to whom he wrote, and advised her to recon- sider the plan. Moved by the letter of Perez, she desired him to repair to Santa Fe, where the court then resided. Quantanilla and Santangel, two persons of great influence, interested themselves in his behalf. The negotiation now went forward, and a capitulation with Columbus was signed on the fourteenth day of April, 1492. Columbus was constituted high admiral and viceroy of all the seas, islands, and continents, which he should discover. It was also stipulated, that he and his heirs, should for ever enjoy these offices, together with the tenth of the free profits, accruing from the pro- ductions and commerce of those countries.
Orders were immediately given for the equipment of a fleet. On the third day of August 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos, a town in Spain. He steered directly to the Canaries, and touched at Gomera, one of the most westerly islands. Here the voyage of discovery may properly be said to begin. Columbus held his course nearly due west, crossed the ocean, and on the twelfth day of October discovered Guanahami, one of the Bahama isles, which is three thousand miles distant from Palos. He shortly after dis- covered several other small islands. Proceeding in a south-westerly
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:
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course, he discovered Cuba, and afterwards Hayti. Here he landed and erected a fort, which le called Navidad. Thirty-eight men under the command of Arada, were left in it. .
On the fourth of January 1493, Columbus sailed for Spain, and arrived at Palos on the fifteenth of March. He was received with distinguished marks of honour, and treated as a person of the highest respect.
An order was given to equip an armament to take possession of the countries which he had discovered. Volunteers of every description solicited to be employed. The preparations for the ex- pedition were carried on with rapidity. The fleet consisted of seventeen ships, and had fifteen hundred men on board. On the twenty-fifth of September, 1493, Columbus set sail from Cadiz on his second voyage, and on his way to Hayti discovered a number of islands. . On his arrival, he founded a city which he called Isa- bella. This was the first city which the Spaniards built in Ame- rica. In this voyage he made no discovery of importance, except Jamaica.
Columbus, in his third voyage discovered the continent of South America. He sailed along the coasts of Cumana and Paria; but was obliged at length to return to Hispaniola.
Columbus made a fourth voyage in 1497. In this he discovered a large extent of the continent. On his return, he was obliged to run his vessels aground on the island of Jamaica, in consequence of their leaky condition. After remaining there eight months, he returned to Hispaniola, and from thence to Spain.
The account of Columbus' voyages and discoveries, excited a spirit of enterprise in several countries in Europe. Henry the VIII. invested Giovani Gabotto, (or Cabot as the English called him,) a Venetian, who had settled in Bristol, with the command of a small armament. He embarked in May 1497, and set out with one ship and four barks. After sailing for some weeks due west, and nearly on the parallel of the port of Bristol, he dis- covered Newfoundland, and in a few days descried St. Johns. He landed on both these islands. Continuing his course westwardly, he soon reached the continent of North America, and sailed along it from the fifty-sixth to the thirty-eighth degree of latitude, from
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HISTORY OF THE
the coast of Labrador to that of Virginia. It does not appear tha: he landed on any part of the continent, during this long run.
John de Verrazzano, a Florentine, in the service of France, ar- rived about the middle of March 1540,on the North America cons:, in latitude thirty-four north, and proceeded southwardly to the re- gion of palm trees, in latitude about thirty-one. He then turned, and advanced north-eastwardly along the coast, until he came to about latitude forty-one, where he entered a harbor, which, from the des- cription, has been thought by some to be that of New-York.
·Verrazzano describes the harbor as situated in forty-one degrees, and two terces in the same parallel of Rome. He staid in this harbor fifteen days. During this period, he and his men went several times on shore, where they were very kindly entertained by the natives. From the description, we should rather be inclined to think it was Newport in Rhode Island, which is in latitude forty- one degrees and twenty-nine minutes.
On the fifth day of May, Verrazzano departed from this harbor, and directed his course east, and then north-east, until he reached latitude fifty-six north, somewhere on the coast of Labrador. Here he turned, and sailed direct for France, where he arrived about the first of July. He gave to the whole country the name of New France. But his voyage and discoveries excited no attention.
The next voyages of note were conducted by Martin Frobisher, in search of a north-western passage to China, and the East Indies. In three successive voyages he explored the coast of Labrador, and that of Greenland. His first voyage was in 1576 : his second in 1577, and his third in 1578. He did not go south of Labrador.
Hitherto, the English had made no attempts at colonization. In the year 1578, Sir Humphry Gilbert first conducted a colony 10 North America. Two expeditions which he conducted in person ; the one in 1579, and the other in 1580, ended disastrously. In the last, he himself perished.
The next person who attempted to make a settlement, was Wal- ter Raleigh. He dispatched two small vessels under Amadas and Barlow, to visit the countries which he intended to settle. They visited the coast of North Carolina, and returned. They sailed
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STATE OF NEW-YORK.
again the 27th of April, and returned on the 15th of September, in the same year.
Raleigh, in 1585, fitted out seven small vessels, under the com- mand of Sir Richard Grenville, who sailed to America, and planted a colony on the island of Roanoake in North Carolina ; but it was broken up the following year.
Early in the year 1588, he fitted out three ships under Captain White, who arrived thither with a colony more numerous than the preceding, but it perished by famine or in a war with the natives.
See Robertson's Ilist. of America, also vol. 1 of the New-York Hist. Collections.
On the tenth of April, 1606, James I. for planting two colonies, passed the great North and South Virginia patent. To Sir Tho- mas Gates, and others, leave was given to begin a plantation at any place on the continent they should think convenient, between the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees of north latitude ; and all the lands extending fifty miles on each side along the coast one hun- dred miles into the country; and all the islands within one hun- dred miles opposite to their plantations were granted in fee, to be called the first colony. By the same patent a like quantity was granted to Thomas Hengham, and others, for a plantation, between thirty-eight and forty-five degrees of latitude, under the name of the second colony. The first began a settlement at Jamestown, on James river, in Virginia, in 1607. The latter was planted at Ply- mouth, in Massachusetts, in 1620.
Captain Henry Hudson, in the employment of the Dutch East India company, sailed from the Texel, in Holland, on the sixth day of April, 1609, in search of a north-west passage to China, and the East Indies, but not succeeding in this, he formed the resolu- tion of visiting America. He arrived on the coast on the eighteenth day of July, in latitude forty-four degrees north, at or near where Portland, in the state of Maine, now stands, and landed. The Moheakanneews were very kind and hospitable; but it seems that he and his men requited this kindness and hospitality by robbing them of their property, and other acts of violence. From thence Hudson proceeded southwardly to Cape Cod, where he made a second landing on the third day of August. On leaving this place VOL. II. 37
1
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HISTORY OF THE
he advanced south-westwardly to the entrance of Chesapeake bay. Here he turned and stood to the north, keeping near the coast, and on the twenty-eighth of the same month discovered Delaware bay, into which he entered. Departing from this bay, Hudson pur- sued a northerly course, and arrived on the third of September at Sandy Hook, where he anchored for the night and sent a boat ashore. From thence he went to the Narrows leading into New- York bay, where he stopped and cast anchor. On the eleventh he weighed anchor, passed up the Narrows, and entered (New-York,) the bay, where he came to. On the twelfth he got under way, and ascended the river which bears his name, two leagues, and stopped. On the thirteenth he resumed the ascension of the river. and reached the head of ship navigation five miles above the city of Hudson on the twenty-second. From this place he dispatched the mate with a boat and four men to explore and sound the river higher up. The mate ascended eight or nine leagues, where he found only eight or nine feet of water. This must have been in the vicinity of Troy.
Upon the return of the mate, Hudson descended the river to New-York bay, from whence he returned to the Texel.
During his stay in the waters of this state, it appears that Hud- son and his men had frequent interviews with the Lenni Lenape and Aganuschioni, who, except in two or three instances, were . very friendly and civil, and readily exchanged provisions, and such things as they had, with the crew, for beads, toys, and other small articles .- See Hudson's Journal in the New-York Historical . collections, Vol. 1.
In the year 1610 the Dutch East India company sent hither one ship for the purpose of trading with the natives. Ships belonging to the same company visited New-York bay and Hudson's river successively, in the years 1611, 1612, and 1613, but no attempt was made at settlement.
The States' General of the Netherlands, in the early part of the year 1614, granted a patent to sundry merchants for an exclusive trade on Hudson's river. In the grant the country was styled New Netherlands. The company the same year built a fort and trading house on an island in the river, about half a mile below where the
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STATE OF NEW-YORK.
city of Albany now stands. Henry Christiaens was entrusted with the command. This seems to have been the first establishment formed by the Dutch in the New Netherlands. It was judiciously selected for defence against savages. The island at present is call- ed Dunn's island, and contains about seventy acres of land. It is near the west side of the river. It is alluvial and very fertile, being mostly subject to annual inundations. The land was cleared and under cultivation. The Mohawks every year planted it with corn. On this island they had a small village. Dunn's island now contains one house.
Towards the latter part of the same year the company erected another small fort and a trading house at the southerly end of Man- hattan island. The fort occupied a part of the battery, and some of the grounds adjoining it on the north. To this establishment they gave the name of New Amsterdam. Both were enclosed with pallisadoes, and mounted with some small pieces of cannon. The Mohawks, Mohiccons, &c. gave to the Dutch a very friendly re- ception. They sold them furs and provisions, and treated them like brethren. They imagined that the residence of these stran- gers would be only temporary.
"Adrian Block, in 1614, sailed from the fort and trading house at the south end of Manhattan island, through the Sound to Cape Cod, and visited the intermediate coasts and islands. He was the first European who ever passed through Hell Gate."-See Silas Wood's Sketch of Long Island.
In 1615 the company constructed a small fort at the mouth of Norman's Kill, about a mile and a half southerly of the fort on Dunn's island. The place where the city of Albany stands, and the adjoining parts, the Mohawks called Schaunaughtada, that is, a place beyond, on the other side, or over the plains. The desig- nation was, in respect to Ohnowalagantle, on the river Mohawk or Canncogahakalononitade. At the time the Dutch arrived several small bands of Mohawks resided on the west bank of the Hudson, and on the islands in that stream. The eastern bank of that river was occupied by bands of the Moheakanneews. The river was the boundary between those hostile tribes. Violent disputes then existed between the members living on its banks in relation to the
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HISTORY OF THE
:1 islands, The Hudson was called by the Mohawks Cahohataies, and by the Lenni Lenape, Mahackaneghtuck. To Schaunaugh- tada the Dutch first bestowed the appellation of Aurania, and then Beverwyck.
The company in 161S built a redoubt at the Kingston landing, and established a post at Esopus, now Kingston, in the county of Ulster. This place is on the south side of Esopus creek, and two miles west of the landing. The banks of the Hudson below Cats- kill, and those of Walkill and Rundout rivers, and of Esopus creek, were inhabited by bands of the Mahiccons and Mohickanders, or Wabingas. The Mahiccons and Wabingas belonged to the confed- eracy of the Lenni Lenape, and were kindred tribes.
Between the years 1616 and 1620, about twenty persons belong- ing to the company went from the fort on Dunn's island, below Albany, to Ohnowalagantle, now Schenectady, where they entered into a compact with the Mohawks, from whom they bought some land on which they erected a trading house. This they surround- ed with pickets and fortified. Then Ohnowalagantle was a con- siderable town, and contained several villages and hamlets. The principal village stood within the bounds of the present city. The rich and beautiful intervale lands on the Mohawk, around the city, were mostly cleared and cultivated. On these the Mohawks grew corn, beans, and squashes, which in part afforded them subsistence. According to tradition, the village of Ohnowalagantle occupied the site of Connughariegugharie, the ancient capitol of the Mohawks. The same tradition informs us that it was abandoned some ages an- terior to the colonization, and that Icanderago, at the mouth of Schoharie creek, was selected for the new capitol. We have no certain information in respect to the number of the Mohawks resid- ing at Ohnowalagantle when the Dutch came to it. According to some accounts there were eight hundred fighting men, and accord- ing to others, less. The same accounts inform us that three hun- dred warriors lived upon the lands which have since been included in one farin. Without attempting to reconcile these jarring ac- counts, we may reasonably infer that the numbers were considera- ble. 1
The company in 1618 erected an establishment at Bergen, in
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'STATE OF NEW-YORK.
the state of New Jersey. The Wabingas called this place Schey- ichbi ; and the flat country, south and south-east of the mountains, comprising parts of the latter state and Pennsylvania, Tulpahocking.
The States' General of the Netherlands, in the year 1621, made a grant of the whole country to the Dutch West India company. In 1623 this company formed two new establishments, the one on the west side of Delaware bay, and the other on the west side of Connecticut river, where. the city of Hartford has since been built. Forts and trading houses were erected at both places. To the former they gave the name of Nassau, and to the latter that of Good Hope. Johannes de la Montagne was the first deputy governor at the last place. The same year they built fort Orange on the west side of the Hudson, about half a mile above Dunn's island. A vil- lage soon rose in its vicinity. Fort Orange stood in the southeasterly quarter of the city of Albany.
In 1628 the Dutch erected a small fort at the mouth of Connec- ticut river ; they called this river Varsche Rivier, that is, Fresh River.
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6
CHAPTER XI.
Arrival of Wouter Van Twiller .- Extent of the country claimed by the Dutch .- View of the Indian tribes who possessed the country, &c.
Wouter Van Twiller arrived at fort Amsterdam, now New-York, in June, 1629, with a considerable number of families, and took upon himself the government. His style in the patents granted by him was thus : "We, director and council, residing in New Nether- lands, on the island Manhattans, under the government of their high mightinesses the Lords, States' General of the United Netherlands, and the privileged West India company." - Previous to his arrival · the Dutch had built a small village around the fort, which they named New Amsterdam, after the city of Amsterdam in Holland.
The first governor mentioned in the Dutch records is Wouter Van Twiller. . It is intimated, in a letter of governor Kieft, that Peter Minuit preceded Mr. Van Twiller ..
All the powers of government, executive, legislative, and judi- cial, civil, and ecclesiastical, were vested in the governor and coun- cil. The governor had the sole prerogative over the public lands. The Indian title was extinguished by him, or by individuals with his consent .- See Wood's Sketch of Long Island.
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