History of Cincinnati, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches, Part 1

Author: Ford, Henry A., comp; Ford, Kate B., joint comp
Publication date: 1881
Publisher: Cleveland, O., L.A. Williams & co.
Number of Pages: 666


USA > Ohio > Hamilton County > Cincinnati > History of Cincinnati, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches > Part 1


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GENEALOGY COLLECTION


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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016


https://archive.org/details/historyofcincinn00ford


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THE CINCINNATI MUSIC HALL.


1789.


HISTORY


OF


CINCINNATI,


OHIO,


WITH


ILLUSTRATIONS AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.


COMPILED BY


HENRY A. FORD, A. M., AND MRS. KATE B. FORD.


BLACK GOLD L. A. WILLIAMS & CO.,


PUBLISHERS,


1881.


FROM PRINTING HOUSE OF W. W. WILLIAMS, CLEVELAND, OHIO.


Anult Bank


815715


PREFATORY NOTE.


The reader looks forward to this, the first history of Cincinnati that has yet found itself in print. The writers look back across its half-century of chapters and the century of years embraced by its annals, and have, chiefest of all, to regret many unavoidable errors, both of omission and commission. The more important of these, it is hoped, will appear in our page of errata ; but there are still many, doubtless, that have escaped the compilers' attention. In a few cases, discrepancies appear between their statements and those of an extract immediately following. In those instances they must


assure the reader that the former rest upon an authority believed to be superior to the other in regard to the mat- ter in hand; but time and space could not always be taken for the discussion and settlement of points con- cerning which there are variant reports. In all really important matters, they believe the history will be found quite trustworthy, especially when corrected from the page of errata.


For the biographical feature of the work, except so much of it as is embodied in the chapters before the Lth, the writers have not, in general, any responsibility.


CONTENTS.


HISTORICAL.


CHAPTER


PAGE


CHAPTER . PAGE


I .- A Brief Description of Cincinnati


9


XXVII .- Libraries


258


II .- Aneient Works Upon the City's Site


I4


XXVIII .- Literature 264


III .- The Site of Losantiville 18


XXIX .- Bookselling and Publication 276


IV .- Before Losantiville


20


XXX .- Journalism


284


V .- Losantiville 26


XXXI .- Medicine


293


VI .- Fort Washington


37


XXXII .- The Rench and Bar


310


VII .- Cineinnati's First Decade


42


XXXIII .- Manufacturing


324


VIII .- Cincinnati Township



XXXIV .- The Industrial Exposition XXXV .- Commerce and Navigation


348


X .- Cincinnati's Third Decade 62


XXXVI .- Banking-Finance-Insurance


356


XI .- Cincinnati's Fourth Decade


74


XXXVII .- The Post Office


362


XII .- Cincinnati's Fifth Decade


81


XXXVIII .- The Local Militia-The First Appointments


365


XIII .- Cincinnati's Sixth Decade


90


XXXIX .- Amusements


368


XIV .- Cincinnati's Seventh Deeade


99


XL .- Cemeteries


376


XV .- Cincinnati's Eighth Decade


103


XLI .- The City Government


379


XVI .- Cincinnati in the War


106


XLII .- The Fire Department


383


XVII .- The Siege of Cincinnati


II2


XLIII .- The Water-works


388


XVIII .- Cincinnati's Ninth Decade


119


XLIV .- Penal Institutions


393


XIX .- The German Element in Cincinnati .


127


XLV .- The Police-Board of Health


396


XX .- Religion in Cincinnati


146


XLVI .- Markets 398


XXI .- Education


172


XLVII .- Streets-Street Railroads-Bridges-Parks, etc. 401


XXII .- Public Charities .


202


XLVIII .- Annexations and Suburbs


407


XXII .- Benevolent and other Societies


213


XXIV .- Science


222


L .- Personal Notes


477


XXV .- Art


235


-Appendix.


XXVI .- Music


246


BIOGRAPHICAL,


PAGE


PAGE


Baum, Martin


127


Fox, Charles .


315


Burkhalter, Christian


I28


Force, Hon. Manning F.


428


Burnet, Jaeob


265-311


Follett, Hon. John F.


431


Burnet, Dr. William


294


Fishburn, Cyrus D. 440


Blackburn, Dr. John


298


Fehrenbatch, Hon. John


466


Bramble, Dr. David D.


431


Guilford, Nathan


200


Buckner, Dr. James H.


438


Goforth, Dr. William


295


Bailey, Samuel, jr.


450


310


Bouscaren, Louis G. F.


465


Hemann, Joseph Anton


136


Cists, the


265


Hofer, Nikolaus


140


Cary Sisters, the


273-419


Herron, Joseph


177


Cramer, Dr. John


295


Hole, Dr. John .


294


Cox, Hon. Joseph


430


Hammond, Charles .


315


Cappeller, Hon. W. S.


448


Hunt, Samuel F.


448


Carey, Milton Thompson


4441


443


Chickering, J. B.


454


455


Covington, Hon. S. F.


462


Hunt, Colonel C. B.


405


-Denman, Matthias


27


Johnston, Campbell and family


469


Drakes, the


204


Klauprecht, Emil


132


Drake, Dr. Daniel


296


Kautz, August V.


138


Dunlevy, Hon. A. H.


312


Kron, Pastor


140


Davis, William Bramwell


436


King, Rufus


200 29 199


Eaton, Morton Monroe


468


Moor, August


I37


Eells, Samuel


475


McGuffey, Dr. William H.


200


Filson, John


27


Mansfield, Edward D. :


264


Frankensteins, the


141


Morrell, Dr. Calvin .


294


Flint, Rev. Timothy


265


McClure, Dr. Robert


295


Findlay, Samue! .


.


31I


McMillan, William .


320


Duckworth, George K.


467


Ludlow, Colonel Isaac


Dodson, William Beal


473


Lewis, Samuel .


Eshelby, E. O. .


45I


Molitor, Stephan


136


Goudy, Thomas .


Hickenlooper, Andrew


Harper, Professor George W.


XLIX .- Biographical Sketches 416


340


IX .- Cincinnati's Second Decade


52


CONTENTS.


BIOGRAPHICAL.


PAGE


PAGE


Matthews, Hon. Stanley


416


Stites, Dr. John,


293


Mussey, Dr. Reuben D.


422


Symmes, Daniel,


3II


Mussey, Dr. W. H.


423


Short, John Cleves,


416


Miles, Dr. A. J.


433


Smith, Hon. Amor, .


446


Muscroft, Dr. C. S


439


Staley, L. A.,


447


Maley, Dr. P. F


442


Sadler, L. L.,


452


McClung, Colonel David


444


Stowe, James G.,


453


Nast, Wilhelm .


Steele, Charles McDonald,


464


Pulte, Joseph H.,


I33


Skaats, Hon. George W.,


458 472


Picket, Albert


200


Smith, Samuel Sherwood,


473


Powers, Benjamin F ..


315


Underhill, Dr. J. W., .


434


Reese, Rev. Dr. Friedrich


I28


Von Stein, Albert,


128


Rodter, Heinrich,


129


Von Masters, Heinrich, .


132


Rumelin, Karl Gustav, .


I30


Varwig, Henry,


470


Rattermann, Heinrich A.,


I33


Voight, Captain Lewis, .


471


Rentz, August, .


135


Von Seggern, Christopher,


476


Roelker, Dr. Friedrich,


I35


136


Rehfuss, Ludwig,


137


I38


Ray, Dr. Joseph


200


Wright, Dr. Marmaduke B


299


Ramsay, Dr. Samuel


298


Wild, John S


312


Riddle, Colonel John


417


Ward, General Durbin


427


Ramp, Samuel W.


449


Wright, Dr. C. O


442


Symmes, John Cleve,


73


Wulsin, Drausin


459


Stallos, Theodore,


143


White, James S


460


Stowe, Calvin E.,


200


Zinn, Major Peter


424


ILLUSTRATIONS,


PAGE


PAGE


The Cincinnati Music Hall


Frontispiece.


Portrait of Colonel David W. McClung


facing 192


Portrait of Judge J. C. Symmes


facing 9


Amor Smith, jr.


facing 200


Fort Washington


facing 37


L. A. Staley


facing 208


Cincinnati in 1802


56


Hon. W. S. Cappeller


facing 216


Plan of Cincinnati in 1815


facing 68


Samuel F. Hunt .


facing 224


The Trollope Bazaar .


facing 70


Samuel W. Ramp


facing 232


The Church of the Pioneers


150


Samuel Bailey, jr.


facing 240


The First Cincinnati College Building


facing 179


E. O. Eshelby .


facing 248


The Tyler Davidson Fountain


between 404 and 405


L. L. Sadler


facing 256


Portrait of John Cleves Short


facing 16


James G. Stowe


facing 264


Hon. Stanley Matthews


facing 24


Prof. J. B. Chickering


facing 272


Alonzo Taft


Colonel John Riddle .


facing 32


Phœbe Cary


between 272 and 273


Dr. Reuben D. Mussey


facing 40


Professor G. W. Harper


facing 280


Dr. W. H. Mussey


facing 48


Captain C. A. Santmeyer .


facing 288


.. Major Peter Zinn .


facing 64


Murat Halstead


facing 291


General Rees E. Price


facing 72


Hon. George W. Skaats


facing 296


General Durbin Ward


facing 80


Drausin Wulsin


facing 304


Hon. Manning F. Force


facing 88


James S. White


facing 312


Hon. Joseph Cox .


facing 96


S. F. Covington


facing 320


Hon. John F. Follett .


facing 104


Charles McDonald Steele


facing 328


David D. Bramble


facing 112


Colonel C. B. Hunt .


facing 336


Dr. A. J. Mills


facing 120


Louis G. F. Bouscaren


facing 344


Dr. J. W. Underhill


facing 128


Hon. John Fehrenbatch


facing 352


William Bramwell Davis


facing 136


George K. Duckworth


facing 360


Dr. James H. Buckner


facing 144


Morton Monroe Eaton, M. D.


facing 368


Dr. C. S. Muscroft


facing 152


Henry Varwig


facing 376


Dr. Cyrus D. Fishburn


facing 160


Captain Lewis Voight


facing 384


Dr. C. O. Wright


facing 168


William Henry Cook, M. D.


facing 392


P. F. Maley


facing 176


Christopher Von Seggern


facing 400


General A. Hickenlooper


facing 184


W. H. Bristol


facing 408


I28


Santmeyer, Captain C. A., .


4.56


Patterson, Colonel Robert,


27


Pike, S. N. .


142


Starbuck, Calvin W.,


Walker, George


.


Weitzel, General Gottfried


facing 28


Alice Cary


between 272 and 273


..


=


JOHN CLEVES SYMMES.


HISTORY OF


CINCINNATI, OHIO.


CHAPTER I.


A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CINCINNATI.


How blest is he whose doom it is


A wanderer to roam,


Who even in memory can return


To such a lovely home.


Oh, were I in the fairest climc That smiles beneath the sky,


Here would my spirit long to come- If not to live, to die.


As yearns the weary child at night To gain its mother's breast, So, weary with my wanderings, Here would I long to rest.


"To the Queen City," by CHARLES A JONES.


Where grand Ohio rolls his silver floods


Through verdant fields and darkly waving woods,


Beholding oft, in flowery verdure drest,


The green isle swelling from his placid breast ;


Here where so late the Indian's lone canoe,


Swift o'er the wave, in fearless triumph flew,


Behold the stately steam-borne vessel glide,


With eager swiftness, o'er the yielding tide ;


And where so late its shelter, rude and low,


The wigwam reared, beneath the forest bough,


Lo! cities spring before the wondering eyes,


And domes of grandeur swell into the skies.


[Lines prefixed to Bullock's Sketch of a Journey, 1827.]


To the Queen of the West, In her garlands dressed, On the banks of the Beautiful River.


H. W. LONGFELLOW.


Cincinnati is situated on the north bank of the river Ohio, the part of it first settled being opposite the mouth of the Licking river, upon the site of the original village of Losantiville. Its latitude is thirty-nine degrees six minutes north; longitude eighty-four degrees twenty- seven minutes west. It is three hundred and ninety miles west of Washington city; four hundred and sixty- six miles by the river, or two hundred and fifty miles in a direct line, southwest of Pittsburgh; one hundred and twenty miles southwest of Columbus, and two hundred and fifty-five from Cleveland; and five hundred miles by river, or two hundred and ninety directly, to the mouth of the Ohio at Cairo. The city is built upon three ter- races, The first, or that next the river, has an average height, above low water in the river, of sixty feet ; the sec- ond of one hundred and twelve feet; and the third, or


the general level of the hills, rises to commanding heights varying from three hundred and ninety-six feet on Mount Adams to four hundred and sixty feet on Mount Harri- son, west of Mill creek. The first terrace was found by the early settlers to extend from a gravelly hill or bluff near the present line of Third street, between Broadway and a point west of John street, to an abrupt but not very high bank about one hundred feet south of the hill, which was penetrated here and there by small coves. Between this bank and the river was a low but sloping shore, always flooded in time of high water. All this has been changed, including the disappearance of the bank and bluffs, by the progress of improvement in the older part of the city. The second terrace stretched from the general line of Third street in a gentle rise, as now, back to the hills. From this the ascent to the third plateau, or the summit of the hills, is in many places exceedingly abrupt, and is surmounted in part by graded and macad- amized roads up the ravines between the spurs, and in part by four inclined places-at Mount Adams, at the head of Main street, at a slope on Mount Auburn, near the head of Elm street, and at Price's hill, near the west end of the city, up all of which cars are pulled by powerful steam engines. These hills, with the popular resorts and places of amusement thereon, constitute the chief attrac- tion of the city, and are almost world renowned in their fame. Mr. John R. Chamberlain, writer of the valuable article on Cincinnati in the American Cyclopedia, says they form "one of the most beautiful natural amphithea- tres on the continent, from whose hilltops may be seen the splendid panorama of the cities below and the wind- ing Ohio. No other large city of the United States af- fords such a variety of position and beauty." They are described as having been exceedingly attractive in their pristine loveliness. Mr. J. P. Foote, in his "Schools of Cincinnati," writing of the hills as they appeared in the early day, says; "At that period they formed a border of such surpassing beauty, around the plain on which Cincinnati stood, as to cause us, who remember them in their beauty, almost to regret the progress of improve- which has taken from us what it can never restore." The names of the principal eminences, from cast to west of the city, are Mount Lookout, the Walnut Hills, Mount Adams, Mount Auburn, Clifton Heights, Fairmount,


2


9


IO


HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.


Mount Harrison, Mount Hope, Price's Hill, and Mount Echo. The average height of the hills above tidewater at Albany is eight hundred and fifty feet, and of the second terrace five hundred and forty feet; it being twenty-five feet below the level of Lake Erie. Low water mark in the river at Cincinnati in four hundred and thirty-two feet above the sea, and one hundred and thirty- three below Lake Erie. The descent from the upper plane of Cincinnati below the hills to low water is there- fore one hundred and eight feet.


The major part of the city, for population and busi- ness, though by far the smallest in territorial extent, lies upon the first and second terraces. They are part of a beautiful and fertile plain, lying in an irregular circle, and extending on both sides of the river, about twelve miles in circumference. It is cut into unequal parts by the course of the river, which here makes several curves, but has a general northeast to southwest direc- tion. On two sides of the northern section of the plain, which is the smaller, the city is built along the narrow spaces between the hills and the river, and to some ex- tent on the hills themselves. On the northeast, for four and a half miles, or to and including Columbia, now a part of the city, this belt is but about five hundred yards wide; on the southwest the width is only three hundred yards to the city limits, a mile and three-quarters beyond the point where the hills, after curving around this part of the plateau, return to the river, about three miles from the point at which they left it on the other side. The city has thus a very extensive water-front-about eleven miles, allowing for the curvatures of the river, and taking in, among the annexations of the last ten years, the old village of Columbia on the one side and the former su- burb of Sedamsville on the other. The average width of the city site is three miles, although up the valley of Mill creek, since the annexation of Cumminsville in 1873, the extreme breadth is five and one-half miles. The total area enclosed by the corporation lines is fifteen thousand two hundred and sixty acres, or very nearly twenty-four square miles-an increase of seventeen square miles since 1870 (when it comprised but four thousand four hundred and eighty acres), by the successive and rapid annexation of suburbs. The older part of the city is intersected by the valley of Deer creek on the east, which is now dry except after heavy rains, and is partly occupied by the great Eggleston avenue sewer ; and by the Mill creek valley on the west, which is broad and fertile, and comparatively level for many miles, to the northward. Beyond Mill creek the hills are cut through by the narrower valley of Lick run. The former con- tains a good sized stream, which has been greatly service- able for mills and other purposes, since an early period in the history of the place.


The main body of the city, including the business portion and the densest population, borders on the river between the mouth of Deer creek on the east and that of Mill creek on the west, a distance of two and one-half miles. North of East Liberty strect and the Hamilton road, the hillsides from Deer creek to Mill creek are terraced with streets, and [in places] covered with dwellings to their summits. Mount Adams, overlooking the southeast corner of the plateau, has streets thickly lined with dwellings on its summit and west and south sides. .


The remainder of the city, including the narrow valleys along the


river, above and below the city proper, the village of Cumminsville, next the northern corporation line in Mill creek valley, and the several table-land villages from Woodburn on the east to Fairmount on the west, is irregularly built. In the northwest part are native forests and cultivated farms. On the western hills are vineyards and gardens. Be- tween Harrison avenue and the Twenty-fifth ward (Cumminsville) are many vegetable gardens. *


THE SUBURBS.


A number of villages, formerly suburbs, are now in -. cluded in the city. The principal of these, beginning on the east, are Columbia, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, and Cumminsville. Fairmount is a residence quarter west of Mill Creek valley, and Sedamsville is mainly a manufact- uring district, lying south of the western range of hills, between it and the river, about three and a half miles from Fountain Square. Fulton is a part of the city at the base of the hills on the other side of the plain, be- ginning beyond the Little Miami railway depot and run- ning in a narrow tract northeast to Pendleton village, which lies between it and Columbia. Northeast of Columbia the city includes a part of Tusculum. Due north of it, at the extreme northeast corner of the city, is Mount Lookout, a small but attractive suburb, in part outside the corporation limits, and the seat of the Cincin- nati observatory; about north of the dividing line between Fulton and Pendleton, and on the hills, is the little plat known as O'Bryonville, between which and Walnut Hills is Woodburn, an extensive and well-built area; and west of Walnut Hills, between Mount Auburn and the north corporation line, is Corryville, a residence and business quarter, on the west of which is the spacious and beauti- ful Burnet Woods Park, and on the north, just outside the city, in the southwest part of. Avondale, the famous zoological gardens. Camp Washington occupies a lim- ited space between the Miami canal and Mill creek, in the vicinity of the workhouse and the house of refuge. Brighton is not marked as a district quarter upon the latest maps, but is that part of the city reaching from the junction of Freeman street and Central avenue west to Mill Creek, and takes its name from the former existence of the city stockyards there. Barrsville, Forbusville, Peterstown, and Lick Run are hamlets adjoining or not far from Fairmount, on the heights west of Mill Creek; and Weaversburgh is a station on the Westwood Narrow Gauge railroad west of Fairmount, and close to the cor- poration line. These highlands, between Fairmount and the Ohio, are as yet occupied to but a limited extent, from the difficulty with which most parts of them are still reached from the city. "The outer highland belt of the city commands distant views of hills in Kentucky and .Ohio, and of the valleys of Mill Creek, the Licking, and the Ohio. It is beautified by elegant residences in the midst of extensive and highly cultivated landscape lawns, whose shrubbery is often the native forest, and is traversed by winding avenues. From the eastern corpo- ration line, through East Walnut Hills and Woodburn to West Walnut Hills, mansions occupy grounds of from three to seventy-five acres. The blue limestone of the hills is used in the construction of the finest buildings; [and some of them have been erected from material


* American Cyclopædia, article Cincinnati.


HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO.


II


quarried upon the very grounds they occupy.] West Walnut Hills and Mount Auburn, though in parts quite compactly built, abound in elegant and costly residences, each having from one to four acres of grounds."*


Outside the city, but in immediate proximity to it, are several lovely suburbs. Prominent among these is Clif- ton, between Cumminsville and Avondale, with the Bur- net Woods park cornering upon it at the southeast. It is described as "a most beautiful suburb, and an almost continuous landscape garden."¡ It has many fine groves and costly residences. The grounds about them occupy areas of ten to eighty acres. Avondale, next east of Clifton, and north of Corryville and Walnut Hills, com- prises about eight hundred acres of territory, and is also superbly built. Its views include the neighboring hills, which, however, shut out the river scenery from the den- izens of this suburb. East and northeast of this are Norwood, Oakley, Madisonville, and other places of suburban residence; and between the last named and Columbia is Linwood, a small place near the Little Mi- ami railroad, six and a half miles from the court house in Cincinnati. College Hill, away to the northwestward, about eight miles from Fountain Square, occupies the highest ground in the county, on the heights west of Mill Creek. Glendale is another famous suburb in this direc- tion; also Carthage, eight miles out, near which are the Longview and the Colored insane asylums, and the city and county infirmaries. North and northeast of the city are also Bond Hill and Hartwell; Mount Washington and California are eastward, beyond the left bank of the Little Miami; Riverside, a suburb of two and one-half miles length along the river, adjoins Sedamsville on the extreme southwest of the city, and beyond it are Delhi and other suburban villages scattered along the shore. In all direc- tions from the city, but particularly to the north, north- westward, and northeastward, a score of miles, are many other places which may properly be reckoned suburbs of Cincinnati. On the Kentucky side are Covington, west of the Licking river, now a considerable city, the largest in Kentucky except Louisville, with West Cov- ington, Ludlow, and Bromley as suburban places for itself and Cincinnati, along the river to the west, and Latonia Springs, five miles out, on the Lexington pike, as a favorite place of resort and residence. On the other side of the Licking, opposite Cincinnati, is New- port, with the United States barracks and a considerable population; and northeast of it, also on the Ohio river, arc the villages of East Newport, Bellevue, and Dayton. Newport is connected with Covington by a suspension bridge across the Licking, and with Cincinnati by the Louisville Short Line railroad bridge, which is also used for street-cars and other vehicles, and for foot passengers. The Cincinnati Southern railway bridge connects Cincin- nati and Ludlow; but it is used only for the purpose of the railroad. . Between these two bridges is the main artery of communication between the two sides of the Ohio in this region-the renowned suspension bridge, a


mile from the former and a mile and a half from the latter, and connecting Cincinnati from near the foot of Walnut and Vine streets with Covington. It is not used for any steam railroad, but all the Covington lines of street-cars, with one line of the Newport horse-cars, cross it, with other vehicles and, foot passengers in vast num- bers. Three ferries also connect Cincinnati with Cov- ington, Newport, and Ludlow, respectively; and the abundant facilities of access, with other inducements, have led to the residence of large numbers of Cincinnat- ians in the Kentucky suburbs. In the vicinity of the city and suburbs, on both sides of the Ohio, are many beautiful drives.


THE OLD CITY.


This part of Cincinnati-that on the plain-is laid out quite regularly, somewhat on the Philadelphia plan, and with a number of the Philadelphia street names. The streets are generally from one and a half to two and a half miles long, and fifty to one hundred feet wide. The lat- ter is the common width. "West of Central avenue they run north from the river and east from Mill creek, while east of that avenue their direction from the river is slightly west of north. The streets and avenues are generally paved or macadamized, many of them being adorned with shade trees. The buildings are substantial, and chiefly of brick. A grayish buff freestone, for fronts, is universally used for large business houses and the finest residences in the city proper, though many of the residences on the hills are of wood. The prevailing height of business buildings is five stories, though many are six. Dwellings are generally high and narrow, and seldom have front yards. The chief mercantile quarter covers about three hundred acres, and lies between Fifth street and the river, and Broadway and Smith street. Business is not concentrated as in other cities. Manu- factories are scattered through all parts of the city and its suburbs. . Pearl street, which contains nearly all the wholesale boot and shoe and dry goods houses, is noted for its splendid row of lofty, uniform stone fronts, between Vine and Race streets. Fourth street, the fashionable promenade, and the most select retail business street between Broadway and Central avenue, a mile in extent, is noted for its splendid stone-front buildings. Third street, between Main and Vine, contains the banking, brokerage and insurance establishments, and the at- torney's offices; and west of Vine the large clothing houses. Within a quarter of a mile of the custom house and post office are most of the chief theatres, newspaper offices and libraries. In Pike street, in Fourth street from Pike to Broadway, and in Broadway between Third and Fifth streets, are the mansions of the 'East End'; in Fourth street, west of Smith street, in Dayton street, and in Court street, between Freeman and Baymiller streets, those of the' 'West End.' The large district north of the Miami canal, which enters the city from the northwest, and extends south to the Ohio river, is known as 'Over the Rhine.' It is densely populated, almost exclusively by Germans; has numerous beer gardens, saloons and concert halls, and is thoroughly German in its characteristics. In this vicinity are all the great brew-




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