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HISTORY OF OHIO
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History of Ohio
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VOLUME FOUR
DANIEL J. RYAN
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK 1912
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
Born in Berkeley, Charles City county, Virginia, Feb- ruary 9, 1773; educated at Hampton Sidney College, Vir- ginia; entered the army in 1791, and from that time was prominently connected with western events; Secretary of the Northwest Territory, 1798-99, resigning to become dele- gate in Congress; resigned as delegate on being appointed Governor of Indiana Territory and Superintendent of Indian Affairs; won the battle of Tippecanoe against the Indians, November 7, 1811; in the War of 1812 had com- mand of the northwestern army and fought the decisive battle of the Thames (October 5, 1813), at which Tecumseh was killed and which, in conjunction with Perry's victory, gave the United States full control of the Lakes; was after- ward member of Congress and Minister to Colombia; while living in retirement at North Bend, Ohio, he was nominated by the Whigs, 1839, for the presidency; elected, 1840; died April 4, 1841.
History of Ohio
The Rise and Progress of an American State
By
EMILIUS O. RANDALL and DANIEL J. RYAN
VOLUME FOUR By DANIEL J. RYAN
f
THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY NEW YORK 1912
Printed by John C. Rankin Company, New York for The Century History Company
COPYRIGHT 1912 BY THE CENTURY HISTORY COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Publication Office 54 Dey Street, New York, N. Y. U. S. A.
320589
PREFACE
I HAVE endeavored in this volume to present an impartial and accurate history of the State of Ohio from 1837 to the present time. This period of seventy-five years, during which the State reached the maturity of its strength and progress, has been the most strenuous in the life of its people. It witnessed great political and moral upheavals, the results of powerful popular movements. During this period the State has participated in three wars and contributed in many ways more than its share to our National greatness.
All this while the material side of the State has developed with prodigious strides. In 1837 the total value of its taxable property, real and personal, was slightly over one hundred million dollars; in 1911 this had increased to over six billion, two hundred million dollars, or approximately sixty-two fold. In the mean- time the population has more than doubled.
Necessarily a people so potential in their progress as such facts indicate have met all questions pre- sented to them with courage and virility, and settled them with determination and credit. Hence the reader will find the succeeding pages filled with the history of important conflicts over political, social, and moral issues. And whether these questions have related to slavery, the Civil War, temperance, or taxation, Ohio has debated and decided them with earnestness and intelligence. In the treatment of the history of the various domestic issues, it has been my aim to present the historical view only, entirely aside from a personal standpoint.
DANIEL J. RYAN.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. OHIO'S SHARE OF THE SURPLUS REVENUE OF 1837
The Policy of Distribution 3
Act to Regulate Deposits of Public Monies. 5
The Supreme Court and the Last Payment. 6
Investment of Ohio's Portion. 8
The Distribution to the Counties.
10
Return of Loans
14
Summaries 15
CHAPTER II.
THE LOG CABIN AND HARD CIDER CAMPAIGN OF 1840
Party Spirit and Political Conditions. 19
Nomination of Harrison by the Whigs 22
Opening of the Campaign in Ohio. 25
Famous Songs of the Campaign. 30
Oratory-The "Buckeye Blacksmith" 34
Celebration of the Siege of Fort Meigs 37
The Remarkable Dayton Meeting 39
Harrison's Death-Corwin's Election as Governor. 42
CHAPTER III.
OHIO IN THE MEXICAN WAR
Corwin as Governor 47
His Election to the Senate. 48
Party Sentiment Concerning the War 50
Ohio Regiments. 52
Independent Military Organizations
58
Fifteenth United States Infantry
60
Ohio Officers in the War
61
General Thomas L. Hamer 62
The Whigs and the War-Senator Corwin. 65
Corwin's Subsequent Career 68
His Death 70
CHAPTER IV.
A REVIEW OF THE FORTIES, STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL
Remarkable Growth of Population in Ohio 75
Enterprise and Industry 78
Coal, Iron, Salt.
79
viii
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
Railroads.
82
Departure of the Wyandots. 83
Legislative Complications, 1848-49 91 The "Black Laws' 93
Election of Chase to the Senate. 94
Governors during the Decade. 96
The Question of a Constitutional Convention. 98
CHAPTER V.
THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
Meeting of the Convention. 103
Necessity of Revising the Judicial System 105
Other Requirements 106 Prominent Members. 107
Work of the Convention I13
Adoption of the New Constitution II6
CHAPTER VI.
THE ANTI SLAVERY MOVEMENT IN OHIO THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
Ohio's Opposition to Slavery-Its Qualifications II9
Attitude of Cincinnati I22
Abolition Agitation and Its Noted Promoters 124
Origin of the Underground Railroad. 130
The Fugitive Slave Law. 132
The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Case I34
Organization of the Republican Party 139
Election of Chase to the Governorship 14I
Election of Dennison. 144
CHAPTER VII.
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR THE CALL TO ARMS GOVERNOR DENNISON'S ADMINISTRATION
FORMATION OF THE UNION PARTY
The "Committee of Thirty-Three". 149
Kentucky and Tennessee Officials in Columbus 151
Resolutions for Conciliation by the Ohio Legislature. 153
The Peace Conference-Lincoln's Inauguration. I55
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
ix
The Firing on Fort Sumter I57
Ohio's Response. I59
The Treason Bill-Vallandigham 16I Troops Furnished by Ohio, 1861 165
Ohio's Dangerous Situation-West Virginia Campaign. 167
Military Expenditures .
169
Formation of the Union Party . 172
Nomination and Election of Tod
176
CHAPTER VIII.
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR-Continued
GOVERNOR TOD'S ADMINISTRATION SIEGE OF CINCINNATI THE ANDREWS RAIDERS
Governor Tod's Inaugural Address
18I
Ohio in the Battle of Shiloh 182
Military Arrests. 185 Kirby Smith's Invasion of Kentucky-Cincinnati's Peril 187
The "Squirrel Hunters" 189
The Georgia Railroad Expedition. 191
Andrews and His Companions 193
Failure of the Attempt. 200
The Commemorative Monument
202
Political Situation in Ohio, 1862 204
CHAPTER IX.
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR-Continued
THE VALLANDIGHAM CAMPAIGN OF 1863
ELECTION OF JOHN BROUGH, GOVERNOR
Depression of Sentiment-Vallandigham's Antagonism. 209
Governor Tod Arrested. 213 Arrest of Vallandigham 216 His Conviction and Punishment 219
The Albany Committee and Lincoln's Reply. 22I
Resistance to the Draft. 227
Vallandigham's Nomination-Address to the President 229
The Union Party Nominates Brough 232
Election of Brough 238
x
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
CHAPTER X.
OHIO IN THE CIVIL WAR-Concluded
MORGAN'S RAID, CAPTURE, AND ESCAPE GOVERNOR BROUGH'S ADMINISTRATION CONSPIRACIES OF THE "SONS OF LIBERTY" OHIO'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE WAR
Morgan's Raid into Ohio 241
Pursuit and Capture. 246
Sensational Escape from the Penitentiary 249
End of Tod's Administration 252
Brough's Administration. 254
The Ohio Troops in the War. 255
Social and Economic Effects of the Struggle 257
The "Sons of Liberty" 263
Plot to Release Confederate Prisoners. 264
The Lake Erie Scheme 27I
Its Frustration. 277
Ohio's Patriotic Record. 279
Ohio Generals in the War. 28I
Participation in Its Administrative Conduct. 284
CHAPTER XI.
POST BELLUM POLITICS
Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment 289
State Campaign of 1865. 291
General Cox and the Oberlin Letter 295
Election of Cox as Governo 297
Death of Brough-Governor Charles Anderson 298
The Fourteenth Amendment 299
Campaign of 1867 301
First Election of Hayes as Governor 304
The Rescinding Resolution 306
Fifteenth Amendment Ratified-Hayes Reelected . 308
Vallandigham's "New Departure," 1871 310
Nomination and Election of Noyes. 312
CHAPTER XII.
THE THIRD CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION POLITICAL HISTORY FOR TEN YEARS
Reasons for Again Revising the Constitution 317
The Convention. 319
Discussion of Its Work 323
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
X1
Defeat of the Proposed Constitution 326
The Liberal Republican Movement. 327
Governor William Allen. . 329
The Women's Temperance Crusade 330
Greenbackism. 332
Third Election of Hayes, 1875. 334
He is Chosen President 336
Governor Young. 338
The Railroad Strikes, 1877 339
Bishop's Election. 34I
Defeat of General Ewing by Foster 343
President Garfield. 345
Foster Reelected . 346
Governor Hoadly .. 347
CHAPTER XIII.
THE FLOOD OF 1884 THE CINCINNATI RIOTS
THE HOCKING VALLEY STRIKE
DEVELOPMENT OF GAS AND OIL
Ohio River Floods-1883-1884. 353
Riots in Cincinnati.
357
The Sheriff's Request for Troops 361
Suppression of the Disturbances 363
The Hocking Valley Troubles. 364
Discovery of Natural Gas in Findlay 366
The Great Development-The Waste. 368
Gas and Petroleum Statistics 370
CHAPTER XIV.
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS FORAKER, CAMPBELL, McKINLEY AND BUSHNELL
The Liquor Issue-Campaign of 1885. 373
Foraker's First Election. 377
Cincinnati Frauds and Legislative Mix-Up. 378
The Foraker Administration 382
His Reelection, 1887 384
The "White Caps" 387
Campaign of 1889 389
The "Ballot Box Forgery" 391
Governor Campbell.
394
The Standard Oil Case 398
Mckinley-Campbell Campaign of 1891 400
xii
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
The Piqua Tin Plate Episode. 402
Governor McKinley's Two Terms 405
First Election of Bushnell. 409
William Mckinley, President 410
The Urbana Lynching 4II
CHAPTER XV.
OHIO IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
The Causes of the War 415
Ohio's Preparedness 418
The Participating Organizations. 421
Ohio Generals-Henry W. Lawton. 426
Administrative Direction by Ohioans 428
Senator Foraker 429
CHAPTER XVI.
RISE OF MARCUS A. HANNA
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS NASH, HERRICK, PATTISON, HARRIS AND HARMON
The Cleveland Strike-Mr. Hanna 433
Hanna's Election to the Senate, 1898. 435
Campaign of 1899-John R. McLean. 438
"Golden Rule" Jones. 440
Governor Nash. 442
Death of John Sherman. 444
Death of Mckinley-Taxation Reform 446
Nash's Second Term. 449
The Chillicothe Centennial Celebrations 451
Governor Herrick 454
Governor Pattison 457
Governor Harris 458
President Taft. 460
Governor Harmon.
461
The Fourth Constitutional Convention. 465
CHAPTER XVII. OHIO'S PART IN NATIONAL EXPOSITIONS
President Mckinley on Expositions 47I
The Centennial at Philadelphia. 472
Notable Address by Edward D. Mansfield. 474
The World's Fair at Chicago 477
Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. 483
Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis. 484
Jamestown Ter-Centennial 487
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
xiii
CHAPTER XVIII.
STATE BANKS AND BANKING
The Miami Exporting Company, of Cincinnati. 489
Other Early Banks. 491
Opposition to the Bank of the United States. 493 Early Banking Conditions 494
The State Banking Law of 1845. . 499
Savings Banks-The National Bank Act. 50I
Present Banking Situation 502
CHAPTER XIX.
HISTORY OF LIQUOR LEGISLATION IN OHIO
General Review 507
Early License Provisions. 508
End of License System, Constitution of 1851 518
License Rejected also in 1874 and 1883. 520 Miscellaneous Early Regulations. 52 I
Sales Prohibited to Indians and Troops 523
The General Revision of Liquor Laws.
524
A Distinctive Legislative Policy Adopted
525
Laws Prohibiting Sales to Certain Persons
526
Right of Action Given to Injured Parties
527
Broadened by Amendment. 528
The Effect of the Adair Law 529
Certain Authority Conferred upon City Councils. 530
Inauguration of the Taxation of the Liquor Traffic. 53I
The Pond Law Held to be Unconstitutional 532
The Dow Law Sustained.
533
The First Local Option Law.
534
Sustained by the Supreme Court
535
The Brannock Law Passed. 5.36
Subsequent Local Option Laws. 537
The County Made Unit for Local Option 538
The First Sunday Law, Passed in 1815 539
Its Amendments and Extensions. 540
The "Search and Seizure Act" 541
ILLUSTRATIONS
William Henry Harrison
. Frontispiece . Facing page 26
Thomas L. Hamer
«
70
John Johnston
84
Seabury Ford.
66
106
Salmon P. Chase.
¥
120
Levi P. Coffin
130
Joshua R. Giddings
140
William Dennison.
150
Benjamin F. Wade
¥
172
David Tod.
66
182
Edwin M. Stanton
194
Ulysses S. Grant
210
William T. Sherman.
222
John Brough
¥
244
James B. McPherson
256
William S. Rosecrans
268
James A. Garfield.
282
Jacob D. Cox.
292
Allen G. Thurman.
302
Edward F. Noyes.
310
Morrison R. Waite
322
William Allen .
330
Rutherford B. Hayes
¥
338
Charles Foster
346
George Hoadly
358
Bellamy Storer
368
Joseph B. Foraker
380
James E. Campbell
392
William McKinley
404
Asa S. Bushnell .
418
George K. Nash
434
Myron T. Herrick.
¥
452
Judson Harmon
¥
462
William H. Taft.
66
472
Stanley Matthews
484
John Sherman.
496
George H. Pendleton
¥ 508
Calvin S. Brice
520
John M. Pattison
¥
¥
536
Thomas Corwin.
48
Samuel Shellabarger
96
William Medill.
¥
162
Clement L. Vallandigham
¥
234
Philip H. Sheridan
¥
¥
CHAPTER I. OHIO'S SHARE OF THE SURPLUS REVENUE OF 1837
I N 1836, for the first time in its history, the United States was out of debt and had a large surplus in its Treasury. This was the Golden Age dreamed of, anticipated, and often talked about by the early statesmen of our country. Thomas Jefferson was the first of the presidents to see that the continued increase of tariff receipts would produce more than enough to run the Government. Accordingly, in his second inaugural address he advocated that such a surplus should be divided among the states, to "be applied in time of peace to rivers, canals, roads, arts, manufac- tures, education and other great objects within each State. "
It was not, however, until the administration of Andrew Jackson that the surplus revenue became a really serious question. The tariff imposts, augmented by the proceeds of the sale of the public lands, had piled up a huge fund that became a great temptation to "log-rolling" appropriations and extravagant ex- penditures. President Jackson in his first annual message recommended a distribution of the surplus "among the several states according to their ratio of representation"; he was also in favor of an amend- ment to the Constitution if that was necessary to legalize such legislation. He afterwards repented of this position, and although he finally signed the bill which carried out the ideas of his first message, he did so with great reluctance.
The history of the legislation relating to the surplus is a part of the stormy administration of Andrew Jackson, and cannot be detailed here. It is sufficient to say that only after prolonged and able debates
.
4
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
was any conclusion arrived at. On January 27, 1836, Senator Thomas Ewing of Ohio reported from the Committee on Public Lands in favor of distrib- uting the proceeds of the land sales among the states for a definite period, to be used for education and in- ternal improvements. Henry Clay proposed a distri- bution plan of his own. Calhoun believed distribution unconstitutional, and proposed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution so as to legalize any legislation distributing the surplus. He also presented a bill regulating the deposit of the public money. Through Webster's labors this latter bill was amended by providing for the division of the surplus among the states. When it came over to the House, Webster's distribution feature was stricken out and a clause was inserted in its place making the states the deposit- aries of the surplus, subject to recall by the Secretary of the Treasury. In this shape it passed. It was to be a loan and not a gift.
Senator Benton, in his "Thirty Years' View" (Vol. I, p. 652), thus describes this legislation: "It is in name a deposit; in form a loan; in essence and design a distri- bution. It is known to be so; and all this verbiage about a deposit is nothing but the device and con- trivance of those who have been for years endeavoring to distribute the revenue, sometimes by the land bills, sometimes by direct legislation, sometimes by proposed amendments to the Constitution. It has no feature, no attribute, no characteristic, no quality of a deposit." Nevertheless, the bill passed Congress by large ma- jorities-38 to 6 in the Senate, 155 to 38 in the House. Benton, in his work referred to (Vol. II, p. 657), says
5
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
that Jackson signed the bill "with a repugnance of feeling, and a recoil of judgment, which it required great efforts of friends to overcome; and with a regret of it afterwards which he often and publicly expressed."
The law was entitled "An Act to Regulate the Deposits of the Public Monies," and it was approved by the President June 23, 1836. Section 13 of the act, the same inserted by the House, as a remarkable instance of financial legislation, is given in full: "That the money which shall be in the Treasury of the United States on the first day of January, 1837, reserving the sum of five million dollars, shall be deposited with the several states, in proportion to their respective representation in the Senate and House of Represent- atives of the Congress of the United States; and the Secretary of the Treasury shall deliver the same to such persons as the several states may authorize to receive it, on receiving certificates of deposit signed by the competent authorities of each State, each for such amount and in such form as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, which shall set forth and express the obligation of the State to pay the amount thereof to the United States, or their assigns; and which said certificates it shall be competent for the Secretary of the Treasury, in the name and in behalf of the United States, to sell and assign, whenever it shall be necessary, for want of other money in the Treasury, to meet appropriations made by Congress, all sales and assignments, however, to be ratable, and in just and equal proportions, among all the states, according to the amounts received by them respectively; and all such certificates of deposit shall be subject to
6
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
and bear an interest of five per cent. per annum, payable half-yearly, from the time of such sale and assignment, and shall be redeemable at the pleasure of the states issuing the same."
According to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury for 1838 the amount deposited with the states was $28,101,644.97. The law provided that payments of the surplus should be made on the first days of January, April, July and October, 1837. Three installments, being the amount referred to, were delivered to the states, but the October deposit was never made. A severe financial panic followed, due largely to this legislation, and Congress, at the sugges- tion of President Van Buren, postponed indefinitely the payment of the fourth installment.
At different times some of the states, when they became money hungry, would demand this last pay- ment, only to be refused by the Secretary of the Treas- ury. The right of the states to this last installment was finally determined in 1884. The Supreme Court of the United States, in Ex parte Virginia (III U. S. Reports, pages 43-48), refused to grant a writ of mandamus applied for by the State of Virginia to compel the Secretary of the Treasury to pay from the surplus revenue of the Treasury the fourth installment. Justice Harlan, speaking for the Court in deciding the case, said: "No case is made for a mandamus. If it was the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, in execution of the act of 1836, to make the fourth installment of deposit on the day fixed in that act, whatever may have been, on that day, the wants of the public treasury, his failure to do so was legalized by
7
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
the act of October 2, 1837, postponing that deposit until January 1, 1839. Of the latter act the State could not complain, because that of January 23, 1836, created no debt or legal obligation upon the part of the Government, but only made the states the deposi- taries, temporarily, of a portion of the public revenue not needed, as was then supposed, for the purposes of the United States." Concluding, the Court said: "We are of the opinion that the Secretary of the Treasury has no authority under existing legislation, and without further direction from Congress, to use the surplus revenues in the Treasury, from whatever source derived, or whenever, since January 1, 1839, it may have accrued, for the purpose of making the fourth installment of deposit required by the act of 1836."
The State of Ohio, through its Governor and Legis- lature, at the earliest time took steps relative to its share of the deposit. Governor Lucas, in his last annual message to the General Assembly, December 6, 1836, said: "This sum being providentially placed under our control, through the operation of our revenue laws, after the entire extinguishment of the National debt, is truly a cause of gratulation, and if judiciously applied within the State to purposes of a paramount character, cannot fail to extend its benefits to the latest posterity. This money is emphatically the property of the people, in which the poor and the rich have an equal right, and in its application special regard should be had to an equal distribution of the benefits to be derived therefrom." The Governor then proceeded to recommend "in the most solemn
8
THE RISE AND PROGRESS
manner" the propriety of constituting Ohio's share of the surplus a common school fund, to be irrevocable, and the State to become the trustee with authority to invest the principal either in the extinguishment of the canal debt or in such stocks within the State as might be deemed safe and valuable. It will be seen that these suggestions of the Governor were substan- tially carried out by subsequent legislation.
The act providing for the distribution and invest- ment of Ohio's proportion of the surplus revenue was passed March 28, 1837 (Ohio Laws 35, pages 97-103), and it is a model of legislation concerning the subject of which it treats. It ordered that the money received from the United States should be deposited with the several organized counties of the State and, following the lines of Governor Lucas's message, that the net income should be applied to the support and encouragement of common schools within the State. This fund in each county was to be under the charge and control of the county commissioners, who were constituted a board of "county fund commissioners" for that purpose, and were to take a special oath and give a special bond to the State equal to one-half of the amount assigned to their county, that they would faithfully take charge of such fund.
The law made it the duty of the Auditor of State, when he received satisfactory evidence that a county had complied with the provisions of the act, to issue a warrant on the State Treasurer for the amount of the funds apportioned to the county in proportion to the number of white male inhabitants above the
9
OF AN AMERICAN STATE
age of twenty-one years at the last enumeration. Thecounty fund commissioners were given power to loan this fund to any company then incorporated, or after- wards incorporated, for the construction of a canal, railroad, turnpike road or other works of internal improvement in the county or in connection therewith, provided that security in double the amount loaned should be given for the repayment of the loan. They were also authorized to make loans to the State or to any bank in the county or State, or they might loan the county a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars for the erection of county buildings. If a loan was made to the State, the county was to receive six per cent. per annum. In case the fund was not invested in this way, it could be loaned to individuals at a rate of interest not exceeding seven or less than six per cent. per annum. But in making these individual loans the county fund commissioners were required to take from the borrower a bond secured by a mortgage on unencumbered real estate situated in the county double in value to the sum loaned, or other adequate security. All obligations and securities were to be taken in the name of the State of Ohio.
The act further provided that each county receiving any part of this fund should be held bound to the State for the amount received and not repaid.
The State canal debt at this time was the greatest burden the people were carrying, and it gave them much concern. We find, therefore, that with this in view it was provided that all the loans made were to fall due on or before January 1, 1850. At this time the fund,
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