USA > Ohio > Tuscarawas County > The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio > Part 1
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THE
HISTORY
OF
TUSCARAWAS COUNTY,
OHIO,
CONTAINING
A HISTORY OF THE COUNTY; ITS TOWNSHIPS, TOWNS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, ETC .; GENERAL AND LOCAL STATISTICS; MILITARY RECORD; PORTRAITS OF EARLY SETTLERS AND PROMINENT MEN; HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY; HISTORY OF OHIO; MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS, ETC., ETC.
ILLUSTRATED.
CHICAGO: WARNER, BEERS & CO., 1884.
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JOHN MORRIS, SUCCESSOR TO
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UNIVERSITY OF CHICA A00
LIBRARIES -+- CHICAGO, ILL
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PREFACE.
TN presenting the History of Tuscarawas County to its patrons, the publish- ers gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and support their enterprise has received, and the willing assistance rendered in enabling them to sur- mount many unlooked for obstacles and overcome unexpected difficulties.
The importance of rescuing from oblivion and preserving, in a permanent form, the early annals of the county and its varions local communities has been duly appreciated by many of its citizens, whose assistance has contributed materially to the success of this work. Acknowledgments are due to Mr. A. R. Holmes, Auditor of the County; to his Deputy, Mr. J. D. Elliott, Jr. and to other county officials; also to Mr. Andrew Patrick, and to the press for many favors bestowed and valuable assistance rendered.
The history was compiled by Mr. J. B. Mansfield; and to procure material for it, many pages of written records have been explored, and every other avenne of reliable information has been diligently searched. The data have been culled, item by item, from sources widely scattered - in books, pamphlets, periodicals and newspaper files ; in manuscripts, church records, court records and Justices' dockets ; in funeral sermons, obituary notices and inscriptions on monuments, and in traditions received from the memories of the oldest settlers, who were interviewed.
The sketch of Dennison is the production of Mr. W. A. Pittenger, of that village. Rev. J. H. Summers, of Newcomerstown, assisted in the sketch of Oxford Township, and Mr. Milton S. Dearth furnished no little matter for Wash- ington and Perry Townships histories. Mr. J. D. Laughead contributed partial information relative to the bar in Chapter IX. Much information pertaining to township history has been obtained from the Tuscarawas Chronicle. The chapter on Topography and Geology is a condensation of the official report made by Prof. J. S. Newberry, State Geologist. The histories of the various military companies engaged in the war of the rebellion have been gleaned largely from Reid's "Ohio in the War." Taylor's "History of Ohio," Howe's "Historical Collections," " Doddridge's Notes, " De Schweinitz's " Life of Zeis- berger," "Manual of the Moravian Church," Roundthaler's " Life of Hecke- welder," " Heckewelder's Narrative," Graham's "History of Coshocton," Mitchener's " History of the Tuscarawas and Muskingum Valleys," and other works have been made use of in the preparation of the general history of the county. The biographical sketches were mailed to the several subjects, giving
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iv
PREFACE.
to each an opportunity to correct any errors that might have crept into their sketches. Where the copies were not returned, the publishers were obliged to print from the originals.
That errors must necessarily arise in the production of a work of this mag- nitude, all previous similar efforts will bear witness. Some discrepancies will be noticed in the orthography of proper names. As they appear in early rec- ords and newspapers, they are sometimes different from the spelling now adopted, and, inasmuch as the names are easily recognizable, the old orthog - raphy has, in some cases, been retained.
In submitting the history to the public, the publishers trust that it will be received in that generous spirit which is gratified at honest and consci- entious efforts, and believe that its contents will prove satisfactory.
THE PUBLISHERS.
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CONTENTS.
PART I.
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Geographical Position. 19
Early Explorations .. 20
Discovery of Ohio. 32
English Explorations and Settlements.
34
Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War.
78
PART II. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF OHIO.
History of Ohio. 93
Governors of Ohio. 160
French History 96 Ancient Works. 174
Ordinance of 1787, No. 32. 105
The War of 1812. 122
Banking .......... 126
128
Ohio Land Tracts.
129
Improvements ... 132
State Boundaries. 136
Organization of Counties
137
Description of Counties 137
204
Early Events.
137
PART III. HISTORY OF TUSCARAWAS COUNTY.
CHAPTER I .- Preliminary Survey 215
CHAPTER II -Topography and Geology 220
CHAPTER III .- The Aborigines-The Mound Builders- Their Forts. Mounds, Implements . -Indians-t'onquest of Ohio by the Five Na- tions-The Delawares- Traditional History -Subjugation-Occupation of the Tuscarawas -Chiefs and Villages-Habits and Customs ... 239
CHAPTER IV .- Early Military Expeditions - Roger's Expedition-Bouquet's Expedition- Fort Laurens .. 251
CHAPTER V .- The Moravian Missions-The Mo- ravian Church-Post's First Effort in Ohio- Missions Established on the Tuscarawas-C'ar- ried into Captivity-The Massacre of Ginaden- hutten-The Wandering Moravians-Return and Founding of Goshen-Sketches of the Missionaries-First Child Born in Ohio-The Gnadenhutten Monument 264
CHAPTER VI .- Lands and Surveys -. Congress Lands-Dobrman's Grant-United States Mili- tary District-Its Extent-The Location of Quarters by Speculators-Subdivision of C'er- tain Quarters into One Hundred Acre Lots- Conversion of the Unappropriated Residue to Congress Land - Western Reserve School Lands - Moravian Tracts - Survey of the Greenville Treaty Line .. 323
CHAPTER VII .- The Pioneers - Emigration- Selection of a Home-The ('abin-The Earliest Pioneers-Preparing the Soil-Mills - Wild Game-Ginseng-Hunting - Domestic Ani- mals and their Enemies-Whisky-Clothing - Social Gatherings-Churches - Schools - First Road-Gleanings from the " Chronicle" -The Pioneer Association 328
CHAPTER VIII .- Official and Statistical-Organ- ization of Tuscarawas County-Formation of Townships-The First Commissioners' Pro- ceedings-County Buildings-County Officers -State and National Officers - Presidential and Gubernatorial Vote-Population-Valu- ation and Taxation-Churches. 858
CHAPTER IX .- Court, Bench and Bar-Court Rooms-First Cases-The Funston Trial-As- sociate and President Judges-Common I'leas Judges-First Attorneys-Prominent Law- yers-The Present Bar. 374
CHAPTER X .- Canals and Railroads-Early Leg- islation-Surveys and Route of the Ohio Canal -Its Construction Through Tuscarawas Coun- ty-Contractors-Abram Garfield-Effects in Stimulating Agriculture-Management of the Canal-The Sandy & Beaver Canal and its Failure-The Steubenville & Indiana Rail- road-The Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad- The Cleveland, Lorain & Wheeling Railroad -The Marietta & Pittsburgh Railroad-The
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Some General Characteristics. 177
Outline Geology of Ohio ... 179
Ohio's Rank During the War. 182 A Brief Mention of Prominent Ohio Generals 191
The Canal System
Some Discussed Subjects.
196
Conclusion ..
200
Comments upon the Ordinance of 1787, from the Statutes of Ohio. Edited by Salmon P. ('hase, and Published in the year 1833. .....
American Settlements.
59
Division of the Northwest Territory
65
Tecumseh and the War of 1812 ..
69
vi
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway -The Valley Road-The Connotton Valley Railroad .. ... 386
CHAPTER XI .- Agriculture and Agricultural Society - First Domestic Animals -- Early Crops-Tobacco Crop Statistics-Organization of the Agricultural Society-First Fair- Growth and Present Condition 400
CHAPTER XII .- Tuscarawas County in the Wars of 1812 and 1846-State of the County in 1812
-Departure of the Indians-Panic-Number of Soldiers Engaged-Gallant Defense in be- half of Three Indian Prisoners at New Phila- delphia-Mexican War-Brief Campaign of Tuscarawas Guards 406
CHAPTER XIII-The War of the Rebellion- Enlistment of the Tuscaraway Guards-Camp Meigs -Drafts-Morgan's Raid-Tuscarawas County in the Field-Quantrill, the Rebel Guerrilla 413
PART IV.
TOWNSHIP
GOSHEN TOW SHIP ... 494
Its Early History
494
Surface . Features. 4:1
First Settlers 495
Organization 528
Justices.
528
Christian Deardorf. 528
Other Pioneers. 529
Indians 530
Churches 533
Blicktown
Winfield 533
DOVER.
534
Its Growth
534
534
Additions 535
536
Early Teachers.
536
Union Schools.
537
Churches.
538
Orders 540
Physicians
540
The Press
543
Industries
543
FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP. 545
Location 5-45
Formation 545
Streams 545
Minerals
545
Furnace
545
Early Settlers 545
547
Name .. 508 Churches 548
Organization 508 Fairfield
Physical Features 503
Mineral Resources .. 504
First Settlement.
504
First Mill
506
First School. 506
Churches
500
Ragersville
505
Justices.
BUCKS TOWNSHIP 509
Boundaries and Organization. 509
Topography
Pioneers.
509
Mills.
510
Schools
513
Greensburg
513
Milton
555
Rowville
513
Churches. 514
515
Justices
CLAY TOWNSHIP 515
Its Historic Interest. 515 Erection
Site of First White Settlement 515 Boundaries 557
Moravian Pioneers .. 515
Primal Church 515
Products
558
First Settlers
558
Mills ... 560
Schools and Churches 560
Pleasant Valley 563
Phillipsburg
563
Justices
563
LAWRENCE TOWNSHIP 564
Historic Grounds. 564
An Original Township ..
564
Lock 17
526
HISTORIES.
DOVER TOWNSHIP.
527
School, Congress and Military Lands 527
Topography 5:27
The Goshen Indians 496
Lockport
497
Pike Run .. 49%
Ontario Mills 499
Mooreville
499
Churches
4
Salt Works
Justices
NEW PHILADELPHIA.
Location of County Seat
467
Its Foundation
467
Early Settlers.
417
The Village in 1820.
470
Additions
473
Incorporation
474
Public Buildings
474
Schools
474 476
Societies
450
The Press.
455
Physicians 4.86
Medical Society
Banks.
457
Industries. 483
493
Hotels
AUBURN TOWNSHIP 503
First Preaching.
548
Valley City 548
Savana
548
Mount Tabor.
548
549
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 550
Organization
550 Size 550
Justices. 5.50
Sugar Creek Valley 550 550
Soil, etc.
First Settlers 553
· First School 555 Mills, etc. 555 555
Sugar Creek Falls
Strasburg
555
First Preaching 550
Churches
557
JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP 557
557
Surface Features 557
Beersheba Church.
516
Other Religious Societies. 516
Commencement of Methodism in County.
519
Value of Commodities in 1800.
Mills
Schools
523
Erection of Clay Township ...
523
Justices. 523
Location
524
Gnadenhutten
5:24
Justices
565
Digitized by
520
523
Cemetery
480
Churches
First Settlers
Incorporation
Justices
.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Topography
565
First Schools .. 567
( hurches 636 Lawrenceville 5087
Glasgow Furnaces
636
Port Washington. 638
638
Incorporation.
Schools ...
638
638
Churches,
639
Societies 639
Industries 640
SANDY TOWNSHIP
Organization. 643
Physical Features.
Canal and Railroads 613
Mines.
613
Lands.
644
Pioneers
1:44
Schools,
6-16
Industries
647
Sandyville
647
Mineral City
649
Valley City
650
Churches.
653
Justices
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP 654
Name and Erection
Justices.
Boundaries
654
War of 1812.
Pioneers .
655
Mills.
657
Schools.
657
+
Barr's Mills
659
Shanesville
6.59
Shanesville Horror.
660
UNION TOWNSHIP 661
Boundaries.
661
Surface.
661
Organization. 661
Justices
662
Settlement
662
Black Horse Tavern. 663
Reign of Whisky
664
Highways
607
Schools
664
Gekelemuk pechunk
First White Occupation 608
Early Settlements.
Rock ford
665
Schools
WARREN TOWNSHIP 666
610 Formation
Change of Boundaries.
Pioneers
666
Indians ...
669
Topography
669
One Les Creek
669
669
schools
671
Mills ..
671
Justices.
671
WARWICK TOWNSHIP. 672
Formation
672
Topography 1672
First Entries of Military Lands
673
Pioneers
673
Mills.
674
Churches
675
Justices
676
Trenton
676
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 678
Organization
678
Surface Features.
678
First Settlers.
678
Newton.
679
Albany
6.50
Gilmore
Churches
680
Justices
WAYNE TOWNSHIP 682
Location
682
Formation
652
Justices. 635 First settlers 566
PAGE.
Bolivar .
568
Churches
570
The Zoar Society
MIL.L. TOWNSHIP
Name.
Streams
577
Organization, etc ..... 577
Pioneers
578 579
Justices.
579
Fast port
5-0
Newport
UHRICHSVILLE
553
Its Growth.
Original Plat and Additions.
First Residents
Incorporation and Mayors
5.80
Schools
Churches
Cemetery.
Societies
599
Physicians.
590 590
Newspapers
Industries and Business 593
DENNISON ..
591
First Location and Foundation
594
Dennison Land Company. 595
Railroad Shops
Incorporation 587
Schools
597
598
Societies.
Physicians
Newspapers 803
Post Office
The Railroad Station.
Attorney's 604
Early Industries, etc. 604
Historical Miscellany ,05
Early Settlers 606
OXFORD TOWNSHIP 607
Location
Churches
Justices
610
NEWCOMERSTOWN
613
Churches
611
Societies
615
Schools.
615
Industries, etc.
617
618
Incorporation.
PERRY TOWNSHIP 619
Boundaries 619
Water-courses 619
Early Settlers
619
Hunting Grounds
623
Westchester.
623
Wilmington.
6224
Mills .. 624
Churches
624
626
RUSH TOWNSHIP 627
Organization. 827
Physical Features. 627 First Settlements. 627 Early Teachers. 628
Lima ...
628
Post Offices
629
Churches 629
629
Justices
SALEM TOWNSHIP 633
Original Boundaries. 633
Topography 633 Salem. 633 Mills 633
Settlement.
634
vii
Digitized by
654
Churches.
£58
Churches.
581
587 5.39
Attorneys
573
577
577
First Church
Its Growth
Wolf's Station
636
Legend of Gilmore.
679
680
First School
681
655
Churches
1964
610
Surface and Streams ..
:07
Mills
583
Justices ..
New Cumberland.
viii
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Justices 682
Organization 685
Physical Features
School Landy 6:3
Mineral Wealth 686
First Settlers.
683
Surface and Streams.
Elections
Justices 687
First Settlers 687
Industries. 689
Early schools. 689
Churches
689
Name ..
685
PART V. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.
Goshen Township.
693
. Perry Township .. 884
Auburn Township
728
Salem Township 898
Sandy Township 916 Clay Township. 734
Dover Township.
739
Sugar Creek Township. 927
Fairfield Township. 765
Union Township. 950
Franklin Township. 769 Warren Township. 959
Jefferson Township. 776 Warwick Township 969
Lawrence Township. 780)
Mill Township .. 796
Wayne Township. 993
York Township 1000
PORTRAITS.
Ackermann, Sr., Jacob, Lawrence Township. 315
Barkley, Andrew, Rush Township.
522
Benner, Thomas R., Mill Township. 371
Black, Philip, Sandy Township. 471 Lewis, E. O., Dover Township.
Bourquin, A. L. , Goshen Township. 134
Maurer, Jacob, Lawrence Township. 641
. Burt, James M., Oxford Township. 390
Mel'ullough, Alexander, Mill Township. 380
Burt, Mrs. Mary Ann, Oxford Township 391
Mccullough, Leslie, Union Township ... 334
Beyer, Mrs. M., Sugar Creek Township. 570 Moore, Thomas, Goshen Township. 115
Clantz, Jacob H., Perry Township.
551
Creter, Andrew, Oxford Township.
279
Davis, Lorenzo C .. Oxford Township 151
Roby, Richard M., Goshen Township
Rummell, David, Goshen Township.
562 Evans, Michael, Lawrence Township. 631 Shohl, L., Mill Township .. 651
Edie, Alexander, Mill Township 362 Stocker, Edward, Salem Township .. 451
Eckman, Hiram, Warwick Township 621
Strawn, William, Warren Township. 4-42 F'ertig, Samuel, Dover Township .. Unger, Michael, Warwick Township 411 601 Fout, Philip, Washington Township. 580 Fout, Sarah, Washington Township. 581
Gram, David, Clay Township. 491
Gray. William B., Goshen Township. 226
Winkelpleck, Jesse, Sugar Creek Township
482
Hamilton, William, Clay Township. 502
Wolf E. G., Saiem Township
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Source of the Mississippi ..
22
.La Salle Landing on the Shores of Green Bay
24
26
Trapping
28
Tecumseh, the Shawnee Chieftain. 68
Mouth of the Mississippi.
31
High Bridge
33
Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain
42
91 Perry's Monument, Cleveland.
Indians Attacking Frontiersmen 55 Niagara Falls. 92
MISCELLANEOUS.
Map of Tuscarawas County
Constitution of the United States 79
Area of the United States 203
ix
Population of the Principal Countries in the
World. 203 Population of Ohio by Counties. 202 Population of Tuscarawas County 370
Digitized by
Houk, Jacob, Rush Township. 542
Latto, William, Rush Township .. 511
Lechner, George, Sandy Township. 592
Mosher, Henry, Goshen Township. 243
531
Rankin, T. B., Rush Township. 211
Evans, William, Union Township .. 262 612
Evans, Matthew, Union Township. 187
Shipton, Thomas, Mill Township.
Walton, Josiah, Warwick Township 402
Wagner, J. A., Dover Township 431 Wiand, Henry, Warwick Township
Indians Attacking a Stockade ... 71 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain. 74
Washington Township. 985
Oxford Township.
863
PAGE.
Post Offices. 6.56
Mill
684
Schools
684
Dundee
684
Churches
685
YORK TOWNSHIP 685
7:24 Rush Township. 890 Bucks Township.
Hoopingarner, Peter, Mill Township. 351
Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago in 1833 58 A Pioneer Dwelling .. 60 Lake Bluff 622
Buffalo Hunt.
TUSCARAWAS COUNTY
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PART I.
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
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THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.
When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the "New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old "Northwestern Territory."
In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States.
Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe.
For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States.
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THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
EARLY EXPLORATIONS.
In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New World.' He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries.
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In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result ; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac.
During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied -as all others did then-that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a
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THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY.
request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking.
On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant "chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of the Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of
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