USA > Ohio > Cuyahoga County > Cleveland > A history of Cuyahoga County and the City of Cleveland, (Vol. 1) > Part 4
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Thomas, George F., III, 30 Thompson, J. Paul, III, 300 Thompson, Robert, I, 220
Thorp, Clark N., III, 149 Thorp, Cornelius, I, 287
INDEX
xxvii
Thorp, W. A., I, 245 Three Cent Fare, I, 366, 369, 518 Thwing, Charles F., I, 427; III, 147 Tiffin, Edward, I, 22 Tilden, Daniel R., I, 345 Tilden, Henry A., II, 12 Tinker, Joseph, I, 29 Tinker's Creek, I, 29
Tinnerman, George A., III, 113
Tippecanoe Club, I, 531
Tisdale, 'George A., III, 218
Toledo, Norwalk & Cleveland Rail- way, I, 163 Tomson, John G., III, 220
Tool & Supply Company, the Cleve- land, I, 509 Tools of Mound Builders, I, 13 Topography, I, 3
Torches for illuminating, I, 116
Total Abstinence Society, I, 127
Tourists Camp, Albion, I, 114
Town House Corners, I, 162
Town Meetings, I, 525
Townes, Clayton C., II, 41
Townsend, Amos, II, 291
Townships, I, 24; original, of Cuya- hoga County, 25 Trade, I, 515 Transportation, I, 17, 34, 515
Treadway, Augustine R., III, 296
Treadway, Francis W., I, 460; III, 298 Trial of Cassie Chadwick, I, 453
Trinity Cathedral, I, 380
Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church, I, 380
Trumbull County, I, 22, 23 Trust Company, Cleveland, I, 498 Tuberculosis, early treatment of, I, 143
Tuberculosis hospital, I, 370 Tucker, Charles H., III, 28 Turkey Foot Grove, I, 167 Turner, J. M., I, 35 Turney, Joseph, I, 281
Turnpike companies, I, 114
Tuttle, Benjamin, I, 127
Tyler, Washington S., III, 3
Underground Railway, I, 43, 60, 184 Union Club House, (illustration), I, 527; Club, 533 Union Grange, Brecksville Township, I, 58 Union Oil Company of Cleveland, III, 107 Union Passenger Station, I, 515 Union Trust Building, I, 489 Union Trust Company, I, 489 Union Village, I, 265
United Banking and Savings Com- pany, I, 501 United States in 1783, (map) I, 18
United States Mortgage Co., The, III, 312 University School, I, 419, 431
University School Building, (illustra- tion) I, 426 Upton, Harriet T., I, 485; II, 286 Ursuline Academy, I, 431
Utopia, in Middleburg Township, I, 127
Valley Railroad, I, 91 Valway, William H., II, 123 Van De Boe, H. Robert, II, 99 Van De Boe, Joseph S., II, 98 Van D Boe-Hager Company, II, 98 Vanderwerf, Anna H., III, 67 Vanderwerf, Jacob W., III, 65 : Van Dorn, James H., III, 267 Van Scoter Bottoms, I, 170 Van Sweringen, M. J., I, 515 Van Sweringen, O. P., I, 515
Vaughn, Ephraim, I, 122, 124, 125 Vaughn, Jonathan, I, 121 Vaughn's log gristmill, I, 104
Vickery, Willis, I, 135, 451; III, 140
Village of Cleveland, I, 313
Village of Newburgh, I, 279
Villages of Warrensville Township, I, 269; Idlewood Village, 269; Shaker Heights Village, 269; East View Village, 269; North Randall, 269; Cleveland Heights, 269
Vincent, Justus H., I, 225
Vinson, Robert E., I, 427 Volk, Samuel H., III, 184
Wagar, Mars, I, 173
Wagar family, I, 176, 183
Waibel, Henry, III, 63
Waite, Walter, I, 52
Waitt, Maude C., I, 352; II, 25 Walk-in-the-Water, first steamboat, I, 321; (illustration) 519 Wallace, Charlotte, I, 112
Wallace, James, I, 132
Wallace, Robert, II, 34
Walter, Eugene, I, 485
Walworth, A. D., I, 258
Walworth, A. W., (illustration) I, 511
Walworth, John, I, 333
War Board, I, 545
War Industries, I, 545
War of 1812, I, 43, 97, 122, 251, 286, 312; Cleveland soldiers in, 334 War Record of Euclid Township, I, 254
Ward, Artemus, I, 481, 484
Ward, Harry H., III, 121
Warner, William H., II, 133
Warner, Worcester R., III, 225
Warner and Swasey Company, I, 512 Warnsman, Henry F., II, 189
Warren, Daniel, I, 260
Warren, Mrs. Daniel, I, 260 Warren Family, I, 261
Warrensville farm, I, 369
Warrensville Township, I, 260; first settler, 260; woman pioneer, 260; first birth, 261; pioneer names, 263; emigration from Isle of Man to, 264; the Shakers, 264; Schools, 267; first postmaster, 267; plank road, 268; railroads, 268; taverns, 268; pioneer families, 268; officers, 268; villages of, 269
Warrensville Township, workhouse and infirmary in, I, 273
INDEX
xxviii
Washburn, Timothy, I, 30 Washington County, I, 19, 23
Water power, I, 31; in Chagrin Falls, 231 Water power mills, I, 92 Water supply, I, 362
Waterworks, I, 360
Way, Rexford D., III, 73
Wayne County, I, 21, 23
Weather Bureau Station, Royalton Township, I, 104 Weber, G. C. E., I, 467
Webster, Samuel J., III, 90
Weddell House, I, 92 (illustration); 360, 539 Weed, F. J., I, 468
Weiss, Wilbur G., III, 92
Weld, John N., III, 41
Wells, Oliver, I, 213
Wells family, I, 213
West Cleveland, I, 75 West Manual Training School, I, 419
West Side, I, 23
West Park City, I, 177; officers of, 181
West Side Municipal Market House (illustration) I, 363
West Technical High School, I, 419 West View, I, 163
Westenhaver, D. C., I, 452
Western Reserve, I, 22
Western Reserve, 1796, (map) I, 33
Western Reserve Historical Society, I, 362 Western Reserve Medical College, I, 186
Western Reserve School of Medicine, I, 464
Western Reserve University, I, 425
Weygandt, Carl V., II, 137
Wheeler, Wm. J., I, 275 Wheelock, Lincoln A., III, 170
Whig, Cleveland, I, 476
Whisky, at house raisings, I, 105 Whisky, drinking, I, 174
Whisky Lane, I, 59
Whitaker, May C., I, 37, 421; III, 254
White, Henry C., I, 345, 440
White, John G., I, 425, 446; III, 152
White, Pierre A., I, 460; III, 263
White Manufacturing Company, 508 I,
Whittern, Charles S., I, 85; III, 259 Whittern, Mrs. Charles S., I, 165
Whittlesey, Charles, I, 15, 476, 484; (illustration) 486 Whittlesey, Frederick, I, 531 Wiegand, Edward A., II, 218
Wigman, John H., II, 84
Wilcox, Edwin, I, 104
Wilcox, Frank, I, 62
Wilcox, Frank N., I, 460
Wilcox, John, I, 62 Wilcox, John M., I, 85, 136, 376, 483 Wilcox, Josiah, I, 54 Wilcoxen, Harry H., III, 262
Wilhelmy, Christopher B., III, 311 Wilkins, George R., III, 174
Wilkinson, Claude A., III, 254 Willey, John W., (illustration) I, 70; 363, 434
Willeyville, I, 71 Williams, Aaron, I, 297 Williams, Guy H., I, 282 Williams, Robert W., II, 106 Williamson, Samuel, I, 435, 493; (il- lustration) I, 441 Williamson, Samuel E., III, 143
Willis, Luther, I, 31
Willis, Ziba, I, 31, 34
Willow (village) I, 94
Willson, Frederick, I, 244
Willson, Hiram V., I, 437, 444, 451
Willson's Mills, I, 241
Wilmot, Ernest P., I, 234; III, 83 Wilson, John, I, 151
Winch, Louis H., III, 21
Winchester, Philander, I, 184
Winchester family, I, 184
Wing, Francis J., I, 452; III, 37
Wing, Marie R., III, 39
Winslow and Cushing Homes, (illus- tration) I, 371 Wischmeier, Elmer, III, 118
Wischmeier, William, III, 117
Withington, Albert L., I, 495
Witthuhn, Frederick C., III, 48
Witthuhn, Walter W., III, 48
Wolcott, Samuel, I, 52 Wolff, John, I, 94 Wolff, Levi, I, 94
Woman's hospital, I, 471
Women, place of, I, 68; lawyers, 460; pioneer, 260; principals in schools, 414; in Civil war, 342; in medicine, 464, 471
Wood, Charles L., II, 231
Wood, Reuben, I, 320, 344; (illustra- tion) 350; 434 Wooden dishes, I, 126
Woods, John L., I, 464
Woods, William B., II, 179
Wool market, Dover Township, I, 153 Woolen factory, Strongsville Town- ship, I, 117 Woolsey, John M., I, 337
Woolsey, Sarah C., I, 484
Woolson, Constance F., I, 484; II, 292 Workhouse and infirmary in War- rensville Township, I, 273
World War, I, 97, 376; medical of- ficers, 468; practice, 472; 484, 543, in Cleveland, 544; first death list, 552
Worthington, George, III, 172
Worthington, George H., III, 155
Wright, Rufus, I, 171, 174
Writers, I, 474
Writing, art of, I, 11
Wyatt, James E., I, 119
Wyatt, Major, I, 275 Wyckoff, Wilson H., II, 266
Wyrick, David, I, 11
Yawberg, Alfred G., II, 253 "Yellow Grocery," I, 94 Yoder, Harvey E., III, 195 Yoder, Ivan I., II, 117
York, Robert H., III, 282 York Street, I, 103
INDEX XXIX
Youghiogheny & Oil Coal Company, II, 92 Young, Ansel, I, 323 Zeisberger, Moravian missionary, I, 19 Ziemer, William O., III, 297
Zimerman, Charles X, II, 187 Zimmer, John A., III, 98 Zimmerman, Gus, II, 285 Zinner, Nicholas L., III, 214 Zipp, John, III, 87 Zmunt, Jerry R., III, 289
GENERAL MOSES CLEAVELAND
CUYAHOGA COUNTY
AND THE
CITY OF CLEVELAND
CHAPTER I
BEFORE THE RED MAN AND THE FORESTS OUR PIONEERS FOUND
Geologists, aided and abetted by the paleontologists, and all backed up by the archæologists, tell us that Cuyahoga County was once a part of a broad continental area, composed of the same rocks that now con- stitute the highlands of Canada and the Adirondacks of New York. In process of time this area began to sink and the sea gradually encroached upon its surface finally covering all except the Canadian highlands and the Adirondacks, which have never been submerged.
From this sea in its various advances and retrogressions our different geological formations have been deposited. These consist of sandstones, shales, limestone, and conglomerate, and a commingling of these different rocks, clay, sand and gravel.
All continental areas are constantly suffering erosion from rain, rivers and shore waves and the material is carried into the ocean basin and deposited along the shore. In deeper waters accumulate the finer particles, washed from the shore or contributed by the rivers, usually fine clay or sand. Beyond the point where the wash from the land or the shore waves reach, there is constantly accumulating a stratum derived from various forms of life inhabiting the ocean. Most of this life is provided with shells and so their remains when decomposed form a calcareous mud known to the sailors as ooze.
When the sea invades the land, each of these formations will be extended inland, the sheet of sand and gravel reaching as far as the submergence progresses, the finer sediment not extending so far but over- lapping. These strata when consolidated by pressure and heat and the deposit of silica or carbonate of lime, become conglomerate from gravel, sandstone from sand, shale from clay, and limestone from ooze.
Proof of the sunken continent and the deposits referred to are appar- ent to geologists as they study the formations and read the story from the fossils therein contained. As they approach the Canadian highlands and the Adirondacks the drama unfolds like the plot of a story.
In the process of ages the continent was raised up and Cuyahoga County, when the elevation came, had a climate like that of Greenland,
Vol. I-1
3
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CUYAHOGA COUNTY AND
due in part to astronomical causes; so cold that whenever there was a copious precipitation of moisture from oceanic evaporation, glaciers were formed, which flowed by various routes towards the sea, increasing in velocity with the elevation. At this time, archæologists tell us, man was here. Man, in a state of development similar to that of the Eskimo, was hunting the mastodon and the reindeer, and the walrus, even in Kentucky, and the Valley of the Ohio was a long, irregular lake. There were no Niagara Falls, and no Lake Erie, but where the courthouse and city hall stands, the mammoth made his bed undisturbed by the sights and sounds of a great city.
The course of these ancient glaciers corresponded in a general way with the present channels of drainage. One of these ice rivers flowed from Lake Huron along a channel now filled up with drift, and known to be at least 150 feet deep, into Lake Erie, which was then not a lake, but an excavated valley into which the streams of Northern Ohio flowed, 100 feet or more below the present lake level. Following the line of the major axis of what is now Lake Erie to near its eastern extremity, here turning northward or north- east, this glacier passed through some channel (now filled up) on the Canadian side into Lake Ontario and thence found its way to the sea, either by the St. Lawrence or by the Mohawk and Hudson.
At this period the continent was elevated several hundred feet higher than now, giving rapid fall to the ice rivers.
This glacial or ice period was followed by a water period, when the continent was depressed 500 feet or more below its present level; when the climate was much warmer than before, when the glaciers retreated northward and were gradually replaced in the basin of the Great Lakes by an inland sea of fresh water. Then followed the "drama of the drift." Then came the deposits of clay dropped from melting icebergs floating down to prepare this territory for vegetation that should sustain our lives.
When our lake-basin glaciers had retreated to the highlands north of the lakes, icebergs were detached from them, which floated south- ward, sowing sand, clay, gravel and boulders broadcast, just as they are now doing over the Banks of Newfoundland and the bottom of the Antarctic Ocean.
Over Cuyahoga County were largely sown the clays, and these con- tain as proof of the geologists' conclusions, fossils of pines and spruces and Arctic shells from northern latitudes. These clays so generously spread, grew the forests that our pioneers found, and furnished the basis . for the soil that supports the teeming population of today.
During the water period, the old glacial channels of the rivers, deeply excavated, were silted up, in many cases entirely obliterated by these drift deposits.
Following the water period ensued an era of continental elevation, which progressed until the present elevation was reached. By this eleva- tion the old lines of drainage were reestablished and the rivers began the work of clearing out the old channels. In most cases this work is not half done. In some instances the streams did not follow the old glacial channels, but the originals can be charted.
The Cuyahoga enters Lake Erie at Cleveland more than 100 feet above the rock bottom of its excavated trough, and Chagrin River the same. Rocky River is one that did not follow the old glacial channel. Dr. D. T. Gould of Berea, by infinite pains and untiring labor, has traced this old channel practically from the lake to its source. By reference to the map which he prepared, and which shows the result of his labors, and which we print by his kind permission, you can easily follow the
Lake Erie
MAP PREPARED BY DR. D. T. GOULD Showing original glacial channel of Rocky River, as traced by him, and present course of the stream
6
CUYAHOGA COUNTY AND
course of this channel, which only at one or two points is touched by the present bed of the stream. Its great width corresponds to the width of the river valley from level to level, as cut through by the river in its new channel. In most of its course it is wider than the present valley of the stream.
At Detroit the rock surface is 130 feet below the city, and at Toledo 140 feet. The Vermilion and other streams entering the lake, exhibit the same phenomena as the Cuyahoga, thus showing that the surface-level of the lake must once have been at least 100 feet lower than now.
The Mississippi, Ohio and other great streams follow the old glacial channels, and run over troughs, the rock bottoms of which in some places never have been reached.
Significant at this time, in view of the active interest in a ship canal connecting the Great Lakes with the ocean and which would make Cleve- land a seaport as well as a lakeport city, is the statement of State Geologist Newberry, made in his report to Governor Hayes in 1871 :
"The importance of a knowledge of these old channels in the improve- ment of the navigation of our larger rivers and lakes is obvious. If it is true that our Great Lakes can be connected with each other and with the ocean by ship canals, in making which no elevated summits nor rock barriers need be cut through, the future commerce created by the great population and immense resources of the basin of the Great Lakes may require their construction."
Cuyahoga County has furnished a number of men, who have con- tributed much to geological knowledge. We have mentioned Doctor Gould. Among those who have contributed largely in geological research and the study of paleontology was Doctor Hertzer, who spent the greater part of his active life in Berea, teaching geology in Baldwin University, preach- ing and "fossil hunting," in which town he died some years ago. His work in and about Berea Grit and the limestone formations are as thrill- ing in the telling as that of Hugh Miller in the Old Red Sandstone. One discovery of his, a remarkable fossil, has been named: "Dinichthys Hertzeri" (Hertzer's Terrible Fish).
Another paleontologist, Doctor Clark, of the same university, did great work along the same lines. Some forty years ago the writer visited his studio (if that is the proper name) on the edge of the quarries at Berea, in which were displayed a most wonderful array of fossils. After making a number of models which he retained, the entire collection was sold to Columbia University. Doctor Clark had a commanding per- sonality, a piercing eye that seemed to omit no detail. It was said that in fossil hunting a dozen men would precede him and see nothing, while his trained eye would make constant discoveries.
Geologists prove to us that the last emergence of the continent took place slowly and its progress was marked by periods of rest. In these periods of rest the terraces, old shore cliffs and lake ridges were formed. These ridges are old shore lines. Local and minor terraces were formed by constantly deepening streams swinging from side to side in their valleys ; but all the great and general terraces were formed by the arrest in dead water of the materials transported by flowing water. The lake ridges mark old shore lines, on a sloping surface, composed of drift material. Just such are now being formed around the south end of Lake Michigan, and between Cedar Point and Huron, on Lake Erie.
From their elevation these ridges are well drained, and so, when man came, they formed a natural roadway. The Indian trails were along these ridges, and, when civilized man came, he found them well adapted for road building. The ridge roads through Cuyahoga County are well
7
THE CITY OF CLEVELAND
known. When these natural roadways were formed the water of Lake Erie stood 100 feet higher than now.
Compared to the ages before, the history of the world since history was written seems a short period, and indeed it may be so considered. To illustrate: We have many men at the age of ninety years in full intellectual power, whose memory and understanding was well developed at ten years of age, and we have had them in the centuries behind us.
Stone showing footprints of animals as it appears today. This stone was quarried from under several feet of earth and rock and was placed in this wall in 1854, Independence Town- ship.
Therefore, in the lives of two such men, personal recollections of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the winter at Valley Forge and the surrender at Yorktown, or the campaigns of Napoleon, Waterloo, and his imprisonment at St. Helena, could come down to us from mouth to mouth.
Within the lives of three, personal recollections of Shakespeare, how he held horses as a boy at the theatre doors in London, could come to us as tradition.
Within the lives of fourteen or fifteen such men, we could listen to a graphic account of the campaigns of Charlemagne coming to us in the same way.
8
CUYAHOGA COUNTY AND
And in the lives of twenty-six or less, we could hear the story of the crucifixion of Jesus, coming to us by word of mouth from one who witnessed the Last Supper, attended the trial before Pilate and saw the cross borne to the place of execution, and raised into the sunlight on Calvary.
Geologists usually estimate by periods or epochs or ages. Occasion- ally they get down to years. Prof. G. Frederick Wright gave us the age of Lake Erie and Niagara Falls in years. He says the reason that Lake Erie has not been filled up by the material washed into it is because it is a young lake, comparatively speaking. Estimating the amount of silt carried into the lake, he took, as an example, Plum Creek, which flows into the lake near Oberlin. This insignificant stream has carried into the lake some 633,600,000 cubic feet from its trough. Then by some method he estimated the amount carried into the lake each year, thus giving the age of the lake as 11,000 years. Another proof is given in estimating the close of the glacial period. The length of the gorge at Niagara Falls is about seven miles. Comparing recent surveys by the United States Government with one made by New York geologists in 1840, the rate of recession of Niagara Falls is found to be about three feet per year. This problem, worked out, would give about the same result as the other and would show the age of the lake and the falls to be 10,000 or 12,000 years of age-quite a young lake, geologically speaking.
In the fitting of this territory for human occupation there was a time when the ocean reached to Iowa and the Great Lakes to the upper Missouri, a tropical climate prevailing over the lake region, Greenland and Alaska as warm as Southern Ohio now, palms growing as far north as Lake Superior and then, as the waters receded, herds of gigantic mam- mals, the elephant, rhinoceros, the mastodon, and of the carniverous species, great cats and their corresponding prey, all ranging over a fertile and beautiful surface.
Most of these are now extinct, but the evidence of their existence is unquestioned.
In Independence Township in 1854 a stone was quarried from the rock known as Berea Grit, a fine workable sandstone, upon which are remarkable footprints of some animal and the track of a reptile. The footprints may be those of the caribou. The rock was found under several feet of "stripping," earth and loose rocks, and is preserved in a curious way. Rev. B. F. Sharp, pastor, and William Bushnell, deacon, of the Presbyterian Church, which was completed and dedicated that year, a brick structure which is now standing a short distance from the main thoroughfare which passes through the present Village of Independence, put the stone in the rear wall. It faces outward and westward. The storms of nearly seventy years have worn it, but the impressions remain quite distinct. Mr. Orth, in his excellent history of Cleveland, refers to them as carvings, which they undoubtedly are, but as archæologists have discovered no utensils of pre-historic man except those exceedingly crude, and it would require a Michael Angelo to have carved these so perfectly, they seem like impressions made in the sand or soft rock before it was hardened into our commercial sandstone and covered with drift.
Multitudes have visited the little church and viewed the footprints made so many ages back and brought to light for our inspection.
CHAPTER II
THE VANISHED EMPIRE
Of the peoples who inhabited this region before the Red Man, we have little tradition and no history. They have left monuments of earth, centuries old, crude utensils, articles denoting in some instances artistic ability, but no inscriptions. The sculptural art displayed in articles taken from these mounds has not been surpassed by any people in the stone-age period of its existence. Animal and bird forms attract attention and compel admiration, but they did not understand "the magic of the written word." Their monuments are scattered over a broad area. Their bones defying the ages have been brought to light by civilized man for study and reflection. They were the Mound Builders.
Just as we gather facts and array circumstances to be used as evi- dence in court, patiently, throughout the years, archæologists have studied the monuments left by this vanished empire. There have been differences of opinion. There have been theories advanced and exploded, but, as in court, we decide from all the evidence and so arrive at our conclusions, in this court of inquiry there are some general facts proved. As the investigation is still in progress much may yet be learned.
The settlers of this county, as in the state, bought or were given title to their land before they moved into the wilderness. Their title came from the Connecticut Land Company, in the main, but the encumbrance of the Red Man, whose faith they at times had reason to doubt, was a menace. The subduing of the wilderness was before them. They had little time to engage in archæological studies. It was not what had preceded but what was before them that engaged their attention. The mounds of the Vanished Empire were a part of their holdings and thus were in private hands. Many mounds have not been examined and ex- plored to this day because permission of the owner could not be obtained. Others have been only partially examined. In the early days much superstition was found among the settlers in connection with the presence of these ancient mounds.
Says Warren K. Moorehead in his published report: "I have fre- quently been warned that no good can come from exploring here," or "you will be haunted by the dead you disturb." He was told of lights that were seen at night, that so and so dug there years ago and heard strange noises, that an Indian came and dug by moonlight and was seen on a mound as he carried away his treasure.
Enough has been found to excite to keen speculation and certain fixed conclusions. Poets have sung and novelists have portrayed, while archeologists have patiently toiled to gather accurate information. In this research there have been some interesting episodes.
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