USA > Ohio > Cuyahoga County > Cleveland > A history of Cuyahoga County and the City of Cleveland, (Vol. 1) > Part 73
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The food supply became a paramount question, and on July 6th the women of the city in large numbers distributed food thrift pledge cards to aid in conserving the food supply. The Federated churches aided in this work.
When the draft came Cleveland was ahead of other cities in preparing the numbered lists of those registered under the draft law. The courthouse was the draft center and Starr Cadwallader was chairman of the Cuyahoga
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County Draft Board and he daily through the newspapers and personally was answering questions pertaining to the procedure under the law.
On July 12, 1917, announcement was made of the appointment of John R. McQuigg as colonel of the First Regiment of Ohio Engineers, and Dr. A. Lincoln Moore as chaplain. On this day Miss Carrera, daughter of Anna Held, spoke on the Public Square following a parade of the Engi- neers' recruiting force. The First Regiment went into camp at Gordon Park, near the statue of Commodore Perry, an incident that seemed to suggest victory. They began their career as soldiers July 16th.
The county registration in the draft was 111,687 and the city 102,846. The city's quota was 8,100, more than one-fifth of the quota for the whole State of Ohio. From this registration the drawing of 10,500 names was followed by examinations as to the fitness for service and disqualifications for various reasons. The first man accepted was Harry V. Oberlin, who had the distinction of being the first man in the state accepted for the new National army.
About the time of the draft Frank A. Scott, who had been serving on the United States Munitions Board, was made a member of the War Industries Board. The goodbyes to the boys as they went to camp from time to time was characterized by a dignified calm. It was a serious busi- ness and this character was stamped on the community. Little was known of the whereabouts of our soldiers after leaving camp for the front as there was necessarily a strict censorship maintained. The people at home were busy with the new problems brought on by the war, and in the various agencies by which they could aid in the prosecution of the war.
On August 3, 1917, an office at the Red Cross headquarters at 2525 Euclid Avenue was opened for the registration and organization of volun- teer workers. Mrs. Stephenson Burke, Jr., head of the Red Cross Chapter, and Mrs. Charles A. Otis were in charge of this work. Federal agents were busy rounding up "slackers" and twenty were arrested the first day the campaign began. On August 5th Cleveland guardsman and all National Guard organizations were made members of the United States regular army. On August 11th, 3,000 soldiers left Cleveland for camp and 100,000 men and women lined the curbs for seventy blocks to see them off. Mayor Davis and city officials saluted and extended felicitations. Gen. Charles X. Zimmerman was marshal of the parade. Among the Cleveland men to receive commissions were Captains Sterling E. Graham, Wilber N. Albert- son, Clifford C. Crafts, Richard T. F. Harding, Philip W. McAbee, William P. Edmonds, Chandler Montgomery, John B. Dempsey, Herbert N. Smith, Charles L. Krum, Luke P. Wolford, Collin McAllister, Charles D. Gentsch, Edwin P. Westenhaver, William K. Gunn, Cary B. Moon, John J. McLeod, Jr., Henry S. Chapman, Samuel A. Feller, George T. Smith, David K. Ford, Joseph A. Fortin, Audley M. Post, Reuben B. Lawrence, Edward P. Rudolph, and Melvin Christopher.
An incident indicating the enthusiasm of the home workers is deserving of mention. An appeal was sent out by the Navy Department for surgical dressing. The Cleveland women got in their quota, twenty-four cases, in four days although the order specified two weeks. The response from S. M. Green, director of chapter activities, was as follows:
"We cannot express our appreciation too strongly for the prompt and splendid response of the Cleveland Chapter in filling its quota of medical supplies for the United States Navy."
The chapter also sent 390 comfort kits to the Third Regiment, formerly the Cleveland Grays.
Vol. I-18
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We should mention the appointment of Bert M. Crandall of Cleveland as junior officer of the United States steamship Wittekind, located, when the appointment was made, "somewhere in the Atlantic," and the fact that Gen. Clarence R. Edwards of Cleveland was in command of the first con- tingent of the National Guard to go to France.
The comfort and well being of the soldier boys in camp and at the front soon became a paramount question and something to lighten the dreary life of the soldier was in the minds of many. The question of insurance as enacted by the Government was discussed in public meetings. The Cleve- land Public Library was designated as one of the twelve collection centers for the collection of books for the army.
Like other parts of the United States, Cleveland was not exempt from traitors in the rear. On September 3, 1917, C. E. Ruthenberg, socialist candidate for mayor, addressed an audience at Luna Park and during the course of his speech denounced the war and the Government of the United States for engaging in it. Immediately soldiers in uniform jumped upon the stage, broke up the meeting and then engaged in patriotic dem- onstrations.
On October 1, 1917, the second campaign for the sale of Liberty Bonds began. Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo spoke on the Public Square. In the first campaign 114,000 persons subscribed for bonds, but now with a quota of $60,000,000 it was announced that it would be neces- sary for 250,000 to subscribe.
The quota asked from the Cleveland Federal Reserve District was $300,000,000. The city objective was $80,000,000. D. C. Wills, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of the Cleveland District, announced that their objective would be $400,000,000. At the meeting referred to Mr. McAdoo was introduced by Mayor Davis, who spoke briefly. Homer H. McKeehan delivered a ringing address and at its close Tris Speaker, man- ager of the Cleveland Baseball Club, came forward and subscribed for the first bond, $1,000. Responding to frequent calls he made a brief speech. During the course of the meeting a street car and trailer, gaily decorated in red, white and blue, circled about the meeting. There was a flag raising and Mr.' McAdoo assisted by Sergt. Ben H. Bird and Priv. H. Leim- kuhler of the United States Army, and Chief Gunner's Mate Joseph Jelinowski and Seaman J. Eisner of the United States Navy, raised the flags.
A great day in this loan drive was October 25, 1917, when former Ambassador Gerrard spoke in Cleveland. This date was designated Liberty Day and $14,000,000 was the day's harvest in the sale of bonds. On this date the city reached its quota. There was a parade also in celebration of the fact that the $60,000,000 had been subscribed.
On October 28th Cleveland reached its objective of $80,000,000, an over-subscription of $20,000,000.
Parades and mass meetings were the order from this time and Novem- ber 10th was designated as "Mercy Day," when 8,000 women with Red Cross flags over their shoulders marched in a parade that wound up with a mass meeting.
A campaign to raise funds for the Young Men's Christian Association was inaugurated and $1,378,127 was the total received. This was swelled somewhat by contributions after the active campaign closed.
The coal shortage made the people at home realize that war was on and on December 14, 1917, the schools and 100 manufacturing plants of the city were closed. The shortage of cars was the principal cause of the coal shortage but soon coal came and the young idea began to shoot again and the furnaces were lighted.
The censorship gave the people at home little news of their absent
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THE CITY OF CLEVELAND
soldiers, but occasionally a bit would seep through the lines and get home. On December 29, 1917, word was received that Dr. (Major) George W. Crile, Lieut .- Col. H. L. Gilchrist and three nurses, Miss Inez McKee, Miss Grace Allison and Miss Helen Briggs of the Lakeside unit had been cited for bravery by Field Marshal Haig, commander-in-chief of the British forces.
In the early part of the year 1918, with more of our boys at the front, there was less patience with the expressions of pro-German sentiments on the part of some of our citizens. Pres. Arthur L. Breslich of German Wallace College, Berea, was called upon the carpet by a committee of Methodist bishops after a petition, signed by 150 students asking for his. removal had been presented. While his examination was in progress 200 students with American, English and French flags, guns and bayonets, marched under the windows where the investigation was held, singing "The Star Spangled Banner." In their march through the town they were wildly cheered. The report of the investigators included this paragraph: "That President Arthur L. Breslich of Baldwin-Wallace College be relieved of all relations to the institution for the present." He was never returned.
In conserving the fuel supply, Federal Administrator Harry R. Garfield ordered a six-day week, or as it was called, a heatless Monday. This was varied to make the days Tuesday in some instances. The exemptions were churches, clubs that served meals, banks, restaurants, stores selling food- stuffs, drug stores, markets, to close at noon ; street cars, libraries, shops on war work, doctors and dentists offices, coal dealers, railroad offices, horse- shoeing shops and spectacle repair shops for immediate repairs only, and illuminating companies plants. This saving of the fuel supply enabled the relationship between supply and demand to right itself but it brought to the people also the fact that everyone was touched by the great war.
On February 16, 1918, Captain Gasiorowski with forty-one recruiting officers interested in raising a Polish army in America came to Cleveland and addressed a mass meeting at Gray's Armory. Among the speakers at this meeting were Paderewski, the great pianist; Countess Gozdawi Turczynowicz, an American girl, wife of a Polish nobleman, and who had achieved much notoriety by the publication of "When the Prussians Came to Poland." Mayor Davis presided and extended the greetings of the city to the visitors.
On March 28th two members of the city council, Noah C. Mandelkorn and John G. Willert, were expelled from that body on charges of dis- loyalty to the Government. The vote stood twenty-three to two, only the accused members themselves voting against their expulsion. The council immediately filled the places of the members expelled by electing John Braschwitz and Daniel Carroll to fill the places left vacant.
On April 6, 1918, the people of Chagrin Falls, who had abolished the study of German in the public schools, burned the German kaiser in effigy and fed the flames with German textbooks.
The third Liberty Loan placed the quota for Cleveland at $55,000,000. At a mass meeting in Central Armory a short time after the campaign opened Mayor Davis announced that one-half of the quota had already been subscribed. On April 6th the city had passed the $17,000,000 mark and figures were given daily of the result. At one of the first meetings Mrs. E. C. T. Miller reported from her division with $150,000. The Guardian Building reported $170,000, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers reported subscriptions totaling $200,000, the Union Paper & Twine Company reported $75,000, the Weideman Company $50,000, Otis & Company $125,000, the Cleveland Trust Company $100,000, the Cleve-
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CUYAHOGA COUNTY AND
land Metal Products Company $100,000, and three anonymous subscrip- tions were reported totaling $175,000.
The people had been called upon so frequently that the third loan dragged and on April 19, 1918 Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor, and Douglas Fairbanks, idol of the screen, addressed a mass meeting at the Central Armory to stir up enthusiasm. On April 25th George A. Schneider of the Cleveland Athletic Club by the aid of two marines raised the total by selling at the Hippodrome in an interval during a performance $103,000 to the audience. During the campaign Secretary of War Newton D. Baker addressed a mass meeting at the Central Arnrory and the following day former President Taft spoke to an immense crowd at the same place. These meetings increased the sale of bonds greatly.
It was about this time that Charles F. DeWoody of the Department of Justice recommended to his department the suppression of the Wæchter and Anzeiger. The general sentiment of the community was that the paper should be Americanized rather than suppressed. No action was taken by the Government after further investigation, but the feeling aroused led to an appeal being sent to Governor Cox asking the repeal of certain old laws requiring the publication of legal notices in the German papers and under which laws the Wæchter and Anzeiger had been greatly benefited.
An event of the war period was the visit to Cleveland of the "Blue Devils" of France. They were fresh from the battlefields where thousands of American boys were engaged and they took the city by storm. When after an inspiring programme at the Armory the French buglers sounded "assembly" several hundred young women rushed upon the stage and showered the French soldiers with flowers. Lieutenant Benois, in com- mand, said: "We'd like to be captured by this kind of an army every day."
The sale of thrift stamps became a method of raising war funds during the latter part of the war period. On June 8th in connection with this work there was a great parade of boys and girls in the city carrying ban- ners and singing songs of victory, one of the stunts engaged in was the nailing of Kaiser Bill in his coffin with thrift stamp nails. By June 18th the sale of thrift stamps reached its height following a great "Freedom Fete" at Wade Park. One hundred and fifty thousand people gathered in the park to witness this pageant, which gave as its central motto "Free- dom for All Forever."
On June 30th, 1918, Eugene V. Debs, four times the socialistic candi- date for President, was arrested in Cleveland charged with violation of the espionage act. The arrest took place at the Bohemian Gardens where Debs was to address a meeting. He had previously been indicted by the Federal grand jury in Cleveland on charges growing out of an address delivered at Canton, Ohio. His sentence to prison and subsequent release by President Harding is a matter of general history.
Fourth of July, 1918, was a great day in Cleveland. The parade in- cluded men speaking thirty different languages. Floats and banners with war mottoes were much in evidence. The grand marshal was H. P. Shupe. Mayor Davis, Myron T. Herrick, chairman, and others of the mayor's war board were on the reviewing stand. Shortly after it was charged that the Anzeiger or Wæchter and Anzeiger were publishing garbled reports of the successes of the German forces in France. The English daily papers soon published reports of the successes of the American forces in France, and then began to come the casualty lists that were scanned with that interest that a father, mother, sister, brother or sweetheart only knows.
The first death list that was published in the Cleveland papers was short, consisting of seven Cleveland boys, John C. Kulowiak, Martin T. Moran,
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THE CITY OF CLEVELAND
Joseph Peterson, Frank Kletzky, John Cielaskiewicz, Joseph Kostalek and Walter H. Rasmusson.
On August 18, 1918, American and British aviators gave an air exhibi- tion in the city or rather over the city. Ten days later the Sunday use of automobiles was stopped for pleasure occasions to conserve the supply of gasoline. On August 30th it was announced that in June and July by its meatless days Greater Cleveland had saved enough meat to give four mil- lion people each one-half pound of beef. pork or mutton.
As incidental to the war period on September a daily mail by airplane was inaugurated in the city. September 10th former Secretary McAdoo came to the city to inspect the railroads under Government management, and September 24th Rose Moriarity addressed a mass meeting in connec- tion with sending a request to Secretary of Labor Wilson asking him to rescind his order barring women from serving as conductors on street cars.
The inaugural of the campaign for the fourth Liberty Loan was un- paralleled in its elaborate arrangements. The city's quota had been fixed at $112,100,950 (one hundred and twelve million, one hundred thousand, nine hundred and fifty dollars).
A war industries exposition on the Public Square was one of the lead- ing features. Charles A. Paine, director of loan campaigns, Mayor John J. Sullivan and others spoke daily on the Square. The parade that traversed the city was lead by Sousa's Band with 305 pieces. The first subscription was that of the Citizens Savings and Trust Company, now a part of the Union Trust Company, for $450,000. Among the throngs that were out in that interesting campaign were wounded soldiers back from the firing line.
The campaign dragged for a while but the totals were announced from day to day. Finally the cry was sent forth for every one to double their subscriptions, and these were published as well. Among the first to lead in this movement were the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company increasing from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000, the White Motor Company, from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000, Samuel Mather from $500,000 to $1,000,000, E. S. Burke, Jr., from $250,000 to $500,000, the Cleveland Akron Bag Company from $200,000 to $400,000, Price Mckinney from $250,000 to $500,000, and the Plain Dealer Publishing Company from $120,000 to $240,000. There were many others from day to day announced and many large individual subscriptions as well as that of the Russian girl who saved weekly from her small wages to aid the cause of her adopted country and pay for a fifty- dollar bond. From day to day the totals were published until, on October 20th the loan went over the top by $7,000,000.
On October 30, 1918, it was announced that C. A. Grasselli had given his home on East 55th Street as a home for blinded soldiers.
The news of the abdication of the German Kaiser caused much rejoic- ing, which came on November 10th, and then of the capture of a squad of German soldiers by Lieut. William W. Dawson of Cleveland single- handed, which seemed to indicate that the war was coming to a close.
On Monday, November 11, 1918, news of the surrender of Germany and the signing of terms of the Armistice reached the city and from dawn until midnight the streets of the city were filled with a raving, hysterical mob, hugging and kissing each other, shouting and laughing, singing and crying. It reached a crisis Monday night in a great parade that moved down Euclid Avenue to the Public Square, then around Superior Avenue and East Sixth Street. The downtown celebration started at daybreak when the Standard Parts band of sixty pieces marched from the West Side to the Public Square and several hundred men and women followed. Workmen on the way to work stopped to celebrate and never got there. Factories, stores and offices closed early in the
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CUYAHOGA COUNTY AND
morning. As the day advanced the furor increased. Factory trucks, gaily decorated, carried their workmen and workwomen, and traffic was in a hopeless tangle, but no one cared, they kept up the celebration. There was never such a display of flags in the city. Every American flag in the town was out as well as the flags of the Allies. Even the flag of the newest nation, the Czecho-Slovak flag, was flying. Red lights on the tops of buildings lit up the town as did the bonfires of pioneer days, but more completely.
A reporter on a Cleveland paper closed his account of the celebration with these words: "The day probably will be recorded in history as the greatest since time began. Certainly Cleveland has written into her annals her wildest, noisiest and altogether most remarkable day."
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The writer wishes to thank the members of the Board of Advisory Editors for valuable suggestions in the preparation of this work.
The files of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, the Cleveland News and Leader, the Cleveland Press and the Town Topics have been consulted. The books consulted include "Fugitive Papers," by Col. Charles Whit- tlesey; "History of the Western Reserve," by Harriet Taylor Upton ; "History of Cleveland," by James H. Kennedy; "History of Cleveland and Its Environs," by Elroy M. Avery; "The Western Reserve of Ohio," by Mrs. W. G. Rose; "Pioneers of the Western Reserve," by Harvey Rice; "The Comic History of Cleveland," by a Student Committee of the Western Reserve University and Case School of Applied Science; "His- tory of Cleveland," by Charles Orth; "History of Cleveland," by W .. Scott Robinson; "Early History of Cleveland," by Col. Charles Whittlesey ; "History of Cuyahoga County," by Crisfield Johnson; "Cleveland Illus- trated," by William Payne; "Howe's Historical Collection ;" "Centennial Celebration of Cleveland," by Edward A. Roberts ; "Women of Cleveland," by Mrs. W. A. Ingham; "Unpublished Memoirs," by Jane Elliott Snow ; "Cuyahoga County Soldiers and Sailors Monument," by William J. Glea- son ; "Reports of the State Archaeological and Historical Society," "Annals of the Early Settlers' Association," "The Bench and Bar of Cleveland," by James H. Kennedy and Wilson M. Day; "The Bench and Bar of Northern Ohio," by Judge William B. Neff; "Reminiscences," by O. J. Hodge ; "Voigtlander and I," by James F. Ryder; and "Twenty Years on the Lecture Platform," by Dr. James Hedley.
To the Western Reserve Historical Society, the Cleveland Public Library and especially its Clipping Bureau, and to Case Library our thanks are due for uniform courtesy and assistance.
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