USA > Ohio > Cuyahoga County > Cleveland > Early history of Cleveland, Ohio : including papers and other matter relating to the adjacent country : with biographical notices of the pioneers and surveyors > Part 5
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1777-The British and Indians hold a conference at Oswego, New York.
1778-Fort Laurens built by Congress on the Tusca- rora River, near Bolivar, two miles below where
FREDERICK POST established a mission in 1761. 1782-The British establish a Fort at Sandusky, Ohio.
1784-England refuses to deliver up the western posts.
1786-Blankets and other goods obtained at Cuya- hoga, from British traders, for our troops at Pittsburgh; and flour delivered here for the British.
The Moravians establish a mission at the mouth of Tinker's Creek, in Cuyahoga County. Soon after, a British vessel is wrecked within the present city of Cleveland.
EARLY MAPS OF THE LAKE COUNTRY.
Upon the geography of the region of the Lakes, there is nothing, based upon personal observation, earlier than CHAMPLAIN's map, a portion of which is given on the next page. He spent his life among the Indian tribes of the valley of the St. Lawrence, either in a friendly or a warlike character. Those on the North of the St. Lawrence, (originally St. Laurent); were secured to the French interest by his personal influence. He always went with them across the river southward, to make war upon their enemies, the Iroquois, who were friendly to the English. In 1634, CHAMPLAIN published his map of New France. The French had not, at this time, dared to venture upon Lake Erie, neither had they the benefit of information from Indians, who lived upon its shores. In his expedition of 1615 against the Onondagoes, on the waters of the Oswego River, and the Senecas at Canandaigua Lake, CHAMPLAIN obtained some knowledge of that
NATION
DES PUANTS
MINE DE CUIVRE
SAULT
GRAND LAÇ MICHICAN)
SAULT
MER DOUCE (L. HURON ) EXPLORED 1614 & 1618.
SAULT
HURONS
PETUNS
LAC ST LOUIS ONTARIO )
SAULT NEUTRAL NATION --
HIROCOIS (IROQUOIS !
a
ANTO RONONS (SENECAS )
A PORTION OF CHAMPLAIN'S MAP OF NEW FRANCE. 1634, a FORT ATTACKED BY CHAMPLAIN 1615.
AL GOMMEQUINS OTTAWAS
79
LAKE HURON.
country. His route is shown on the map by dotted lines; and the position of the Seneca Fort by the letter a. From the country of the " Antoronons" or Senecas, on the head of the Genessee River; and of the "Carantouannais," on the head waters of the Susquehanna, an Indian road or trail, led away to the westward, and the streams running north into Lake Erie. The Falls of Niagara are noticed only as a rapid or sault, like the other rapids of the St. Lawrence. From thence, a grand strait, with Islands, connecting Lake St. Louis, or Ontario with Lake Huron, is all the representation given of Lakes Erie and St. Clair. CHAMPLAIN only knew that his "Mer Douce" had a connection with Lake Ontario, but of the existence of another great lake, between them, he was clearly ignorant. His route to Lake
Huron was always through the friendly tribes, by way of the Ottowa River, and "Lac de Biserenis"
or Lake Nepissing. Evidently, he had not explored the "Grand Lake" (Michigan) or Lake Superior. The "Puants" or Winnebagoes, who occupied the north-western parts of Lake Michigan, he supposed were north and east of Superior. The Chippeways, Ojibways, or Sauteurs, were at that time, as they have been since, the masters of the shores of that lake. If CHAMPLAIN had been upon the waters of Lake Michigan, he would not have put the sault, at the outlet of that lake, instead of Superior. Neither would he have represented the last named lake, as a
80
WYANDOTS AND PETUNS.
diminitive body of water, not larger than Lake Nepissing. The fact of the existence of copper, he derived from the Indians.
But grotesque as his map appears to us, it possesses much interest. It shows where the savage nations were located, when they were first encoun- tered by the whites. The Iroquois held the waters of Lake Champlain, the Hudson River, and the Upper Susquehanna. On the North shore of Lake Ontario were the Hurons, afterwards known as the Wyandots. On the North shore of Lake Erie, the "Petuns," or Tobacco Indians were located.
Not long before the Iroquois achieved their first great victory over the Eries, which occurred about 1655, they expelled the Neutral Nation from the shores of the Niagara river. The Iroquois called the Neutrals, the Nation of the "Cat," meaning the wild cat, an animal of the family of the lynx. By the French, the Eries were also known as Cats, but this name they applied to the raccoon. In this way, the two Nations are confounded. Their fate was alike, but they were not even allies. The Eries, under the name of Erigas, remained a long time in Ohio, having been driven from the Genessee river, past Buffalo, to the heads of the Scioto. They were originally of the Iroquois stock, speaking a dialect of the same language. As usual, when people of the same lineage become enemies, their
81
LOCATION OF THE ERIES.
hatred is more fierce and lasting, than where there is no community of blood.
At the eastern end of Lake Michigan, a great river comes in from the South, whose head waters are as low in latitude as the capes of Virginia. A large river discharges into Lake Huron, near the western portion, opposite an island. On this is located the " Gens de Feu," or nation of the Fire, since called the Mascoutens. Another large river from the south, discharges into what answers to Lake Erie. On the sources of the three last named streams was the nation "which has plenty of Buffaloes." Numerous Indian villages, fields, and graves, are represented on these rivers, and throughout all the country. There are also abundant mountains, in all parts of the western and north-western country, as well as in New England and Virginia.
LEWIS EVANS' MAP-1755.
Neither had the English much reliable knowl- edge of Lake Erie, until after the year 1700. As soon as peace was secured by the French, with the Iroquois, they hastened to possess the country west of the Allegheny mountains. The English were equally hasty in opposing them. LEWIS EVANS, of Philadelphia, assisted by Governor POWWALL, of New Jersey, between 1740 and 1750, gathered materials for the map of 1755. Captain THOMAS HUTCHINS, who was the Engineer to Colonel
82
EARLY ENGLISH MAPS.
BOQUET's expedition of 1764, also published a map, embracing a part of Lake Erie, and the Upper Ohio. JOHN FITCH, the great American improver of steam- boats, and who invented more of its useful parts than any other man, published a map of the Ohio country in 1784 or 1785. In March, 1780, he was made prisoner by Indians, at Blennerhasset's Island, near Marietta, on the Ohio, and taken by them through the country to Detroit. He obtained from them what information he could; drew, engraved and printed, the map with his own hands.
EVANS included in a general sketch, all the country westward from the sea coast, to the Missis- sippi River, which is remarkably accurate. His detailed map extends no farther West than the Great Miami. As early as 1670, the Jesuit Fathers published a map of Lake Superior, which appears . to have been corrected by celestial observations. It seems impracticable to construct a chart of so large a tract, with so much geographical accuracy, without such corrections. The positions of impor- tant points on EVANS' map, do not appear to have been determined by astronomical instruments; but his sources of local information, must have been very numerous and reliable.
-
A PORTION OF
X
SISSISAGOES.
LAKE ONTARIO.
OTSI
KETO
OR
r
A LONG RIVER WITHOUT
OXNIA GARA FALLS.
FORT NIAGARA. WANDONES 8 MILES PORTAGE.
N. AMERICAN COLONIES
FORT
VILLA GES OF POTAWATOMIES.
IN 1755.
PONTCHARTRAIN
DATAWAS.
OR DETROIT.
DARONTONONS
PUBLISHED AT
PHILADELPHIA.
LONG PT
UNDER THE INSPECTION OF
GOV THOS POWNALL .
REDUC BY M.T. ALLARDT 18 66.
LAKE
ERIE
THE CONFEDERATES
FORMERLY OF 5 NOW OF 7 NATIONS
CALLED BY THE
FRENCH IROQUOIS CONSIST OF
FORT
I= CANUNGOES OR MOHOCKS 2º ONAGUTS
PRESQUE ISLE.
TAW ISTEWAS TUWNX
WERE LATELY
ALLOTED TO
RIFTS,
7TH SISSIAGO
MINEAMI .R .
THE
FORT SANDUSKY.
GUA HUAHUA
(CAYAHOGA.RY
ELK CREEK
HIGHLANDS & PONDS
VENANGO
CATAWAS
W BRANCH
KISHKISKIAS
TOWN
SKY
RIVER.
PORTAGE FALLST 4 MILES .
MOHICANS TOWN. K
SHANOPINS.
WHITE WOMANS
TOWN.
YELLOW
OR
FORT DUQUESNE.
BIG SWAMP TOWN
MUSKINGENUM.
LEAGUE.
ENGLISH FORT TAKEN 175 2 ..
HOCKHOCKINGS TOWN.
DUCK BRANCH ..
ANCIENT SCULPTURES,
PIQUAS
RICHES ENG
COLUMS
TOWN.
DELAWARES
FRENCH MARGOUS.
OHIO - ALLEGHANY
8 CREEK.
WELING ISLAND
FORT
RIVER BY THE
PURCHASE 1754.
ADMITTED TO
WYANDOTS
SANDUS
FORT JUNE NDAT BUILT /75 4
FRENCHHOUSE.
WYANDOTS.
PORTAGE
CREEK. TUSCARAWAS
SEWICKLY OLD
COAL
TOWN.
TOWN
THREE LEGS\
PORTAGE
THEIR
WHEN THEY
ES
TOWN.
CREEK. PETROLEUM.
SHINGOESS TOWN.
BELLE
CHARTIERS OLD TOWN.
THE CROSS'S
THESE PARTS ARE BY THE CUINFEDERAV
AWYAND OTS.
RIVER.
8PRETTY GENTLELY RIVER MUDDY
LEVEL
5 WAMPS
SHAN UNGUAS TOWN. *SALT SPRING.
IFORT.
3º ONONDAGOES4- CAYUGAES 5TH CHENANDONES OR SENECAS 6 TH TUSCARORAS
--- ------ LINE OF THE
SHAWNEES. PAWATA. THEPIKI
INDIANS CROSS THE LAKE,
IN THERE CANDES FROM
THE SE ISLANDS.
JADAIXQUA
PORTAGE 20 MILES.
OR SAXUA
KASHUXUAS
RIVER.
SI DENIS RIV. SISSISAGOES.
HURONS-
R. AUK CEDRES.
FISHING BATTERY.
TYARONKIES.
ST CLAIR
LEWIS EVANS MAP OF THE
FALLS.
CHERAGA.R
S. BRANCH.
PORTAGE.L
MINGOES
LAUMUNKITAS
84
TITLE OF EVANS' MAP.
His title is quite a geographical memoir, and reads thus :
" A GENERAL MAP OF THE MIDDLE BRITISH COLONIES IN AMERICA,
VIZ : VIRGINIA, MARILAND, DELAWARE, PENSILVANIA, NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, CONNECTICUT AND RHODE ISLAND ; OF Aquaishuonigy Country, of the Confederate Indians, comprehending Aquaishuonigy proper, their place of residence; Ohio and Truxsaxrunthe, their deer hunting country, Couxsaxrage and Skaniadarade, their beaver hunting countries of the Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain, and a part of New France ; wherein is also shown the antient and present seats of the Indian Nations."
NOTE .- "The Confederates, July 19, 1701, at Albany, surrendered their beaver hunting country to the English, to be defended by them for the said Confederates, their heirs and successors forever, and the same was confirmed Sept. 14, 1728, when the Senecas, Cayugaes and Onondagoes, surrendered their habitations from Cayahoga to Oswego, and sixty miles inland to the same for the same use."
A comparison of the early maps, gives the best history of the migrations of Indian tribes. Their rapid extinction, is also made conspicuous by such comparisons. In place of the "Petuns" of Cham- plain, on the North of Lake Erie, towards the Falls of Niagara, are, according to EVANS, the "Sissisoquies." Between the Oswego and Genessee (Kashuxca) Rivers are the "Cayugaes"; on the heads of the Genessee, the Senecas; and in Ohio,
85
LOCATION OF INDIAN TRIBES.
the Erigas, or Eries. No notice is taken of the Neutral Nation. The "Chawanes" (Shawnes and Shawanese,) were then on the Ohio, around the mouths of the Scioto, and the Kenhawa. On the Great "Mineami," (Miami,) were the "Tawixtawis," and the Mineamis. The Hurons, Wyandots, or " Wiandots," had been pushed from the North shore of Lake Ontario, to the western part of Lake Erie, embracing both shores.
For local details, the map of EVANS' is a great advance upon CHAMPLAIN's. The outlines of Lake Erie are too large every way, but the resemblance to nature is easily traced. Several of the Indian trails and portages are given, showing their prin- cipal routes of travel, by land and by water.
A great war path extended southerly from the Tawixtawi towns, at the Forks of the Maumee, to the French post on the Great Miami; afterwards known as Loramies; thence to the mouth of the Scioto, and to the Blue Licks in Kentucky. From Loramies or the Piqua towns, another led eastward to the Delaware towns, on the Scioto; and thence across the Hockhocking, probably at Lancaster, to the White Woman's town, at the forks of Muskingum, near Coshocton. Coal is laid down on the Tusca- rawas, near Bolivar; petroleum on the Ohio, near Yellow Creek; and salt water on the Mahoning River, in Trumbull county.
86
PORTAGES LAKE ERIE TO THE OHIO.
At the issuing of this map, the French were in possession of all parts of Lake Erie, and its waters. No Englishman had traversed this country, unless it was some unknown prisoner among the Indians. The first of these we know of, was here in 1754-5. HUSKE's map prefixed to DOUGLASS' summary ; a general history of North America, 1760, has the following title:
" A MAP wherein the errors of all preceding maps, Brit- ish, French and Dutch, respecting the rights of Great Britian, France and Spain, and the limits of each of his Majesty's provinces are corrected."
CARRYING PLACES BETWEEN THE OHIO AND LAKE ERIE. From the Topographical Description, &c. By Capt. THOMAS HUTCHINS, 60th Regiment, London, 1788.
"The Canawagy Creek, (Chatauque) when raised by freshets, is passable with small batteaux, to a lake, (Chatauque) from whence is a portage of twenty miles, to Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Jadagque, but this is seldom used, as the Canawagy has scarcely any water in a dry season."
Chatauque is no doubt derived from "Jadagque," or "Jadaixqua," according to EVANS.
"French Creek affords the nearest passage to Lake Erie, being navigable by a very crooked channel, with small boats to Le Beuf. The portage thence to Presque Isle is fifteen miles."
" Beaver Creek has sufficient water for flat boats. At Kishuskes, about sixteen miles up this creek, it has two
87
PORTAGES LAKE ERIE TO THE OHIO.
branches, which spread opposite ways. One interlocks with French Creek and Cherage; the other with Musk- ingum and Cayahoga, on which, about thirty-five miles above the forks, are many salt springs. It is practicable for canoes about twenty miles further."
" From Muskingum to Cayahoga, a creek that leads to Lake Erie, which is muddy and not very swift, and nowhere obstructed with falls or rifts, is the best portage between the Ohio and Lake Erie."
"The mouth is wide and deep enough to receive large sloops from the lake, and will hereafter be of great importance."
"The lands on the southern shore of the lake, and for a considerable distance from it, for several miles East of the Cayahoga, appear quite level, and are extremely fertile."
EXPEDITIONS OF MAJOR ROGERS, MAJOR WILKINS, AND COL. BRADSTREET. 1760, 1763, 1764.
In reference to the English expeditions into the lake country, which followed the French War, I have not space to notice them fully.
Major ROBERT ROGERS, of the Provincial Rangers, which were raised in New Hampshire, left Fort Niagara with his battalion in October, 1760, to take possession of the French Posts. The command sailed in batteaux, capable of carrying fifty men, which coasted along the south shore. When the wind was fair they made good progress; if it was unfavorable, their boats having sails were capable of beating against the wind.
Major ROGERS was a bold, restless, enterprising, intriguing man, who had served with distinction in the French War. He traveled extensively through- out the lake country, and published two volumes in reference to it in 1765. His Journal of the expedition to Detroit is very full. It contains the
7
·
90
INTERVIEW WITH PONTIAC.
progress of nearly every day, with the courses and distances made on each stretch by the boats.
Historians have assumed, that the celebrated meeting of PONTIAC, "PONDEACH" or "PONTEACH," with Major ROGERS and his Rangers, haughtily demanding by what authority the English troops entered this country, occurred at the mouth of the Cuyahoga.
"On the 7th of November, 1760, they reached the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, the present site of Cleveland. No body of British troops had ever advanced so far. The day was dull and rainy, and, resolving to rest until the weather should improve, ROGERS ordered his men to prepare their camp in the neighboring forest. The place has seen strange changes since that day."
"Soon after the arrival of the Rangers, a party of Indian chiefs and warriors entered the camp: They proclaimed themselves an embassy from PON- TIAC, ruler of all that country, and directed, in his name, that the English should advance no further until they had had an interview with the great chief, who was close at hand.
"He greeted ROGERS with the haughty demand what his business was in that country, and how he dared to enter it without his permission." (PARK- MAN'S Conspiracy, pp. 147-148.)
ROGERS himself leaves the place of this meeting in much obscurity. In his Journal he does not
-
91
ERROR IN REGARD TO THE PLACE.
speak of PONTIAC, but in his "Concise Account," published in the same year, that warrior, with his lordly bearing, is made conspicuous. The place where the interview was held is not described.
"Nov. 4th, 1760, set out from Presque Isle, (Erie) and made about twenty miles. Nov. 5th, lay by on account of the weather. Nov. 6th, advanced ten or twelve miles. Nov. 7th, set out early and come to the mouth of the Chogage river. Here we met with a party of Attawawa Indians, just arrived from Detroit." (ROGERS' Journal, p. 214.)
After some parley, the Indians held a council, and promised an answer the next morning. Nothing is said of the Chief, or of their assuming a threatening attitude. In the morning, they gave a reply, and said their warriors should go with the party. They were given presents, and charged to prevent annoy- ance on the way, by sending some sachems with Capt. BREWER, who was driving the cattle along shore.
Major ROGERS was detained at "Chogage" until the 12th. That day, by his reckonings, stearing various courses, he made forty-one miles and reached "Elk river, as the Indians call it." Elk river, or "Elk creek" upon EVANS' map, is east of Cuyahoga. During the 4th, 5th and 6th of November, Major ROGERS had advanced from thirty to thirty-two miles, which did not place him beyond Conneaut creek. How far he moved on the 7th, is not stated.
92
GEOGRAPHICAL UNCERTAINTIES.
From Conneaut creek to Grand river, is forty miles ; and thence to Cuyahoga, thirty miles. Could he have made seventy miles on the 7th ? If so excellent a day's work had been done, would not Major ROGERS have made note of it ? By his reckoning, it is forty-one miles from "Chogage" to the Elk, a distance which they accomplished on the 12th; but this includes the several courses run by his fleet of boats, standing out and in to keep the wind. He did not advance this distance in a direct line along the shore, probably not more than thirty miles, or from Grand river to Cuyahoga. From his Elk creek to Sandusky bay, is fifty miles, as the boats ran ; only two rivers having been observed on the way. His failure to note the distance which they made on the 7th, leaves the record very incomplete. On none of the early maps is Elk river laid down west of the Cuyahoga.
In KALM's travels, (London, 1771,) it is placed first on the east. Upon JEFFERSON's map, (Notes on Virginia, 1787,) it is the third river east of this; and on HARRIS' map, (1803,) the fourth. In MORSE's Geography, (London, 1792,) there is neither Cuyahoga or Elk rivers, the Grand river being farther west than the Cuyahoga should be.
It would be a very good day's sail in batteaux, to reach Grand river from Conneaut creek. The computed distances from thence to Sandusky, are approximately correct, which leaves a fair presump-
-
93
POSITION OF ELK CREEK.
tion in favor of the mouth of Grand river, at Fairport, as the place where the Ottawas held their first interview with the English troops.
But comparing all of ROGERS' statements in regard to this expedition, which are not entirely consistent, it is by no means clear that PONTIAC was a party in this interview. On the morning of the 20th, the command left a river, about ten miles east 'of Sandusky bay, (Huron river,) encamping that night at the second stream beyond the bay, which should be the creek next west of the Portage, or "Carrying" river. Here Major ROGERS was met again by an embassy, who demanded his business there, representing that they spoke for four hundred warriors, who were at the mouth of the " great streight," to obstruct his passage. He quieted the sachems by explanations and promises, and on the 21st, they all set forward in good humor. (ROGERS' Journal, p. 218.)
At "Cedar Point," on the night of the 23d and 24th, the same messengers returned, among whom was a sachem of the "Attawawas." The next morning, sixty Indians offered to escort the English to Detroit. PONTIAC is nowhere mentioned. If he was present at a meeting east of the Cuyahoga, he was out of the country of the western Indians, and had no right to question the conduct of the British commander. Until after passing that stream, he was in the Territory of the Six Nations, from which
94
CHOGAGE NOT THE CUYAHOGA.
they had driven the Hurons long before, making the Cuyahoga their boundary. All this must have been well known to PONTIAC, and to Major ROGERS.
Sir WILLIAM JOHNSON, while he was Superin- tendent of Indian affairs, made a journey from his home, on the Mohawk, to Detroit, the next season after the English obtained possession of that place. On his return, by way of the south shore, in the summer of 1761, his Diary has the following sen- tence:
"Embarked this morning at six of ye clock, and intend to beach near Cayahoga this day."
The "Cayahoga" is a prominent river on EVANS' Map, published five years previous. It was well known to JOHNSON and to ROGERS, who describes the country adjacent, in his "Concise Account." If the interview with PONTIAC had occurred here, a place already notorious among the Indians and well known to geographers, it would have been prop- erly named. As a misprint, Chogage, is too far from Cayahoga, to warrant the conclusion that the words were meant for the same. Sheauga, the Indian name for Grand River, is much nearer both in sound and orthography.
For the present, therefore, something must be left to conjecture, in reference to the spot where this great Indian warrior and medicine man, asserted his ideas of the supremacy of his people. Finding himself grievously mistaken, he soon concocted a
95
THE NORTH-WESTERN CONSPIRACY.
great conspiracy of the north-western tribes, which burst forth simultaneously, upon every English gar- rison and trading post in the spring of 1763.
The French fort, Junendot, at Sandusky, does not appear to have been garrisoned at this time. Between 1760 and 1763, the British put a schooner afloat on Lake Erie, called the "Gladwyn," which carried supplies to the post at Detroit, and the upper forts. In the last named year, the conspiracy performed its bloody work. The history of that murderous conflict is so familiar, that I confine myself to other events, referring those who would understand this savage tragedy, in all its horrible details, to the fascinating narrations of PARKMAN.
Major ROGERS commanded a detachment, sent to the relief of Detroit during the seige of 1763. His battalion of provincials, assisted in covering the retreat of DALZELL's command, after their defeat at Bloody Run, on the morning of July 31st.
An important expedition was sent into the Indian country in the fall of 1763, in command of Major WILKINS. On the night of the 7th of November, it was shipwrecked, and so thoroughly disorganized as to be obliged to return.
Prof. J. P. KIRTLAND, of Rockport, resides near the reputed spot where this calamity occurred. He has thoroughly investigated the historical proofs in support of his opinion, and has kindly furnished me his conclusions, with a description of the relics found there. This valuable paper is inserted entire :
DISASTERS
ATTENDING THE EXPEDITIONS OF MAJOR WILKINS, AND COLO- NEL (AFTERWARDS GENERAL ) BRADSTREET, NEAR THE PRESENT CITY OF CLEVELAND.
BY J. P. KIRTLAND, M. D., LL. D.
The lapse of a century casts an oblivious shade over imperfectly recorded events. That two expe- ditions, engaged in prosecuting the Pontiac War, were wrecked on Lake Erie, the one in the Autumn of the year 1763, the other about the same period in the year following, are well established historic facts. Neither authors nor tradition have, how- ever, attempted to point out the exact locality where those events occurred.
Since the first settlement of the township of Rock- port, some fifty years since, the attention of observ- ing individuals has been awakened, by the frequent discoveries of vestiges of military implements, and other articles, not usually scattered at random in a new and uncultivated country.
Those discoveries have been made at two local- ities :
98
EVIDENCES OF A SHIPWRECK.
First .- In the vicinity of the junction of Rocky River with Lake Erie, embracing the sandy beach bordering the Lake, and the right bank of the river; and the high bluff now known as Tisdale's Point, which is an extension of the left bank into the Lake, and which presents a perpendicular rocky face, sev- enty feet high, on its Lake front.
Second .- McMahon's beach, which borders the Lake, under a high clay bank, fronting the farms of Messrs. BROWN, McMAHON, Col. MERWIN, and the late Gov. WOOD, and, also embracing the ridge extending eastwardly from the last named farm, by the resi- dences of FREDERICK WRIGHT, JOHN WILLIAMS, and Fletcher's Hotel, to the present crossing of Rocky River on the Plank Road bridge.
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