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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 02302 5346
Josefle B. Thoburn
A Standard History
OF
OKLAHOMA
An Authentic Narrative of its Development from the Date of the First European Exploration down to the Present Time, includ- ing Accounts of the Indian Tribes, both Civilized and Wild, of the Cattle Range, of the Land Openings and the Achievements of the most Recent Period
BY
JOSEPH B. THOBURN
Assisted by a Board of Advisory Editors V.1
VOLUME I
Gc 976.6 T352 VII
ILLUSTRATED
THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY CHICAGO AND NEW YORK 1916
Copyright 1916 By THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
1535235
Dedication To that Pioneer, Patriot, Patriarch, Priest and Prophet Reb. Dr. Joseph Samuel Alurrow,
Whose long and active life has been devoted to the unselfish service of the people of Oklahoma, who has been a kindly brother to his fellow man and whose splendid personality, like a golden chain, serves to bind the present age of attainment with the long-gone era of be- ginnings in which he first labored,
this work is affectionately and reverentially inscribed.
-
PREFACE
It is sometimes asserted that Oklahoma has no history-that it is too new and that its people have not yet developed such a spirit of civic coherence as to entitle them to have a history. And, if his- tory is to be measured in the terms of some individual ideals, that is possibly true. However, that is only a matter of personal opinion and one that depends largely upon the viewpoint from which it happens to be regarded. For instance, it is quite possible that the man who endured the hardships, privations and dangers incident to a campaign against the hostile Indians in the western part of the Indian Territory during the late '60s or early '70s, the one who followed Payne in one of his bootless, fruitless invasions of the Oklahoma country during the early '80s, the one who rode in the mad race for homestead claims on that bright April day in 1889, and the more recent arrival who sat as a delegate in the convention which framed the state constitution, should each have a very posi- tive personal opinion as to'when the real history of Oklahoma began. Yet, after all, history must be a consensus of enlightened opinion on the part of the many, rather than a matter of personal viewpoint on the part of the few.
When our Aryan ancestors invaded Western Europe, centuries before the dawn of its written history, they probably drove out or utterly destroyed a primitive race, whose culture was analogous to that of the American Indian, and then forgot it so completely that not even a tradition of its existence remained; indeed, we are indebted to the archaeologist for our present knowledge of such a people. In America, it has been different. True, the Aryan came here also as a conqueror, and a heartlessly selfish one at that, yet, happily, he did not seek to blot out the remembrance of the primitive people whom he found occupying the land when he arrived. Because they had been dispossessed elsewhere, many years ago, there were gathered hither the nations and tribes and bands of people whose fathers a few generations back had been still living in the Stone Age. In their new homes in the Indian Territory,
V
vi
PREFACE
slowly assimilating the culture and ideals of the stronger race, in the due course of time they were again overtaken and surrounded by the restless Aryans by whom they will ultimately be absorbed. If it is really worth while for the archaeologist to investigate and speculate upon the forgotten Stone Age man of Europe, who shall question the wisdom of recording the story of the primitive people who were the first pioneers of Oklahoma and whose descendants arc destined to always have a part in its history ?
It is seldom that men can write the history of more recent periods entirely free from the bias of personal prejudice or pre- dilection, nor is it possible for the writer of history to get such a perspective of comparatively recent events as to enable him to accurately gauge relative historical values until the lapse of time has tended to soften the asperities and liberalize the opinions of both writer and reader. For this reason a history of Oklahoma, like that of any other state, cannot dwell at length or in great detail upon the events of the more recent years-they must form a fruitful and interesting field for other writers in the years to come.
The writer of this work has to thank many friends for assistance kindly lent and suggestions generously offered in the collection and arrangement of the material therefor. It would be a real pleasure to mention by name all who have thus contributed to the interest and completeness of the work, were it not that the enumeration would scarcely serve to convey the distinction intended and de- served. Especial acknowledgments are due to Dr. Emmet Starr, of Tahlequah ; to Hon. J. F. Weaver, of Fort Smith; to Rev. Dr. J. S. Murrow, of Atoka; to Mr. W. P. Campbell, custodian of the Oklahoma Historical Society, and to Professors J. S. Buchanan and Roy L. Gittinger, of the Department of History in the University of Oklahoma, with all of whom the writer has had occasion to consult more or less frequently. Most of the advisory editors have also been laid under tribute for similar assistance and all have readily responded, including the two worthy pioneers-Hon. Neal Evans, of El Reno, and Hon. Z. T. Walrond, of Muskogee-both of whom died after the work was well under way.
JOSEPH B. THOBURN.
LAND OF MY DREAMING
By George Riley Hall
Land of the mistletoe, smiling in splendor, Out from the borderland, mystic and old, Sweet are the memories, precious and tender, Linked with thy summers of azure and gold.
O, Oklahoma, fair land of my dreaming, Land of the lover, the loved and the lost: Cherish thy legends with tragedy teeming, Legends where love reckoned not of the cost.
Land of Sequoyah, my heart's in thy keeping. O, Tulledega, how can I forget! Calm are thy vales where the silences sleeping, Wake into melodies tinged with regret.
Let the deep chorus of life's music throbbing, Swell to full harmony born of the years; Or for the loved and lost, tenderly sobbing, Drop to that cadence that whispers of tears.
Land of the mistletoe, here's to thy glory! Here's to thy daughters as fair as the dawn! Here's to thy pioneer sons, in whose story Valor and love shall live endlessly on!
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
CLIMATE, SOIL, VEGETATION AND ANIMAL LIFE. 3
CHAPTER II
THE INDIANS OF OKLAHOMA
7
CHAPTER III
THE SPANISH EXPLORERS IN OKLAHOMA.
17
CHAPTER IV
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS
23
CHAPTER V
RIVALRY OF FRANCE AND SPAIN
26
CHAPTER VI
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE.
36
CHAPTER VII
EARLY AMERICAN EXPLORATIONS
41
CHAPTER VIII
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST MILITARY POSTS.
49
CHAPTER IX
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
54
CHAPTER X
INDIAN MISSIONS
61
ix
X CONTENTS CHAPTER XI
INDIAN AFFAIRS
65
CHAPTER XII
AN INDIAN TERRITORY 73
CHAPTER XIII
TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL 81
CHAPTER XIV
REMOVAL NEGOTIATIONS
86
CHAPTER XV
NEGOTIATIONS FOR REMOVAL-CONTINUED.
91
CHAPTER XVI
REMOVAL NEGOTIATIONS-CONTINUED
95
CHAPTER XVII
REMOVAL NEGOTIATIONS-CONCLUDED
102
CHAPTER XVIII
REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS FROM THE EAST
107
CHAPTER XIX
WASHINGTON IRVING'S VISIT
117
CHAPTER XX
THE LEAVENWORTH EXPEDITION 121
CHAPTER XXI
THE CHEROKEE FEUD 128
CHAPTER XXII
INDIAN PEACE COUNCILS 143
xi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXIII
MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES 147 +
CHAPTER XXIV
THE CHEROKEE FEUD
157
CHAPTER XXV
INDIAN TRADE AND TRADERS. 164
CHAPTER XXVI
RIVER NAVIGATION
171
CHAPTER XXVII 1
MISSIONS AND EDUCATION 181
CHAPTER XXVIII
POLITICAL AFFAIRS
207
CHAPTER XXIX
EXPLORATIONS, SURVEYS AND TRAILS
214
CHAPTER X XX .
MILITARY POSTS AND MOVEMENTS
224
CHAPTER XXXI
THE EXILE OF THE CADDOES AND OTHER TRIBES FROM TEXAS. .. 233
CHAPTER XXXII
INDIAN COUNCILS
246
CHAPTER XXXIII
DEVELOPMENT OF SLAVERY IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 252
CHAPTER
XXXIV
SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC CONDITIONS.
260
xii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXXV
BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WAR IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY .. 269
CHAPTER XXXVI
CONFEDERATE TREATIES WITHI INDIAN TRIBES. 280
CHAPTER XXXVII
THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST OPOTHLEYOHOLA 288
CHAPTER XXXVIII 295
THE FIRST FEDERAL INVASION
CHAPTER
XXXIX
THE SECOND FEDERAL INVASION
301
CHAPTER XL
THE WANE OF WAR IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY 314
CHAPTER XLI
CONDITIONS AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR
341
CHAPTER XLII
THE FIRST PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
351
CHAPTER XLIII 1
THE CHISHOLM TRAIL AND THE OVERLAND CATTLE TRADE .. 364
CHAPTER XLIV
THE NEW TREATIES
372
CHAPTER XLV
MOVEMENT OF INDIAN TRIBES.
385
CHAPTER XLVI
THE MEDICINE LODGE COUNCIL. 393
xiii
CONTENTS CHAPTER XLVII
WAR WITH THE TRIBES ON THE PLAINS.
403
CHAPTER XLVIII
THE WINTER CAMPAIGN-CONTINUED 417
CHAPTER XLIX
THE FIRST RAILWAYS
429
CHAPTER L
(50)
POLITICAL AFFAIRS.
449
CHAPTER LI
RESTLESS RED MEN ON THE RESERVATION. 478
CHAPTER LII
THE LAST GENERAL INDIAN WAR.
493
CHAPTER LIII
THE EXTERMINATION OF THE BUFFALO
515
CHAPTER LIV
THE RANGE CATTLE INDUSTRY
529
CHAPTER LV
MORE INDIAN TRIBES REMOVED TO OKLAHOMA.
541
CHAPTER LVI
INDIAN OUTBREAKS AND TROUBLES.
550
CHAPTER LVII
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHT OF SETTLEMENT. 564
CHAPTER LVIII
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHT OF SETTLEMENT-CONTINUED .. 574
xiv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER LIX
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHT OF SETTLEMENT-CONCLUDED .. 590
CHAPTER LX 60
THE OKLAHOMA QUESTION IN CONGRESS 603
CHAPTER LXI
THE CHEROKEE OUTLET 611
CHAPTER LXII
SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
619
CHAPTER LXIII
THE OPENING OF OKLAHOMA 1 630
CHAPTER LXIV
TAMING THE WILDERNESS
637
CHAPTER LXV
AGITATION FOR TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT-THE ORGANIC ACT 643
CHAPTER LXVI
ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. 653
CHAPTER LXVII
THE CONTEST OVER THE CAPITAL LOCATION
659
CHAPTER LXVIII
EARLIER AGITATION FOR STATEHOOD
672
CHAPTER LXIX
POLITICAL AFFAIRS
690
CHAPTER LXX
INDIAN LAND CESSIONS AND ADDITIONAL LAND OPENINGS. 717
CONTENTS XV
CHAPTER LXXI
THE END OF THE STRUGGLE FOR STATEHOOD 741
CHAPTER LXXII
RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION 781
CHAPTER LXXIII
THE DAWES COMMISSION AND THE CURTIS ACT. 790
CHAPTER LXXIV
INDIAN TROUBLES AND MILITARY AFFAIRS.
819
CHAPTER LXXV
THE SEQUOYAH STATEHOOD MOVEMENT
824
CHAPTER LXXVI
THE COURTS OF OKLAHOMA AND INDIAN TERRITORY
831
CHAPTER LXXVII
AGRICULTURAL AND MINERAL DEVELOPMENT 836
CHAPTER LXXVIII
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.
841
CHAPTER LXXIX
OKLAHOMA UNDER STATE GOVERNMENT 861
CHAPTER LXXX
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
873
APPENDIX 881
-
INDEX
Abbott, Warren D., 1166 Abbott, William F., 931 Abeny, L. D., 946 Abernathy, John R., 1817 Abert, James W., 214 Abraham, Joe, 1610
Absentee Shawnees, 233, 389, 884
Acton, C. B., 946 Acton, O. B., 936, 940
Acts of Indian Council to be Approved by President, 816
Adair, George W., 162
Adair, William C., 915
Adair, William P., 317, 359, 389 Adams, Benjamin E. J., Jr., 2070
Adams, E. Lee, 1837
Adams, James H., 1766
Adams, M. S., 326
Adams, P. M., 1281
Adams, Virginia, 398
Addington, J. P., 370
Addle, James M., 1948
Adelhelm, W. M., 1998
Adkins, John J., 1418
Adobe Walls, 496
Adobe Walls fight, 496
Agee, A. E., 930
Agricultural and Mechanical College, 775, 874
Agricultural and Normal School for Colored People, 701
Agricultural College, 664, 670 Agricultural development, 836 Agricultural leases, 805 Ainsworth, N. B., 807, 818
Akers, L. J., 924 Akin, Oliver H., 938
Albert, Augustus, 566, 569 Albertson, Van H., 1586 Alderson, J. A., 924 Aldrich, Samuel, 151
Alexander, Charles R., 921, 927 Alexander, William L., 760, 928 Allan, John S., 916
Allen, Alanson, 153 Allen, C. H., 916 Allen, E. B., 918 Allen, George W., 931
Allen, Harry K., 934, 937 Allen, Harvey L., 2057
Allen, Jamies K., 916 Allen, John L., 1790 Allen, Miles W., 920 Allen, R. J., 924 Allen, W. B., 2126 Allen, W. H. H., 931
Allis, Edward K., 2107 Allison, William M., 675, 1547
Allotment of lands, 808 Alsobrook, D. D., 206 Alton, Harry E., 2063 Alton Mercantile Company, 2063
Alvord, Henry E., 482 American Board of Missions in the Cherokee Nation, 187
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 147, 181, 194, 255, 270
American explorations, 41
American Indian Mission Association, 198 Ames, Charles B., 746, 759, 760, 1089 Ames, Edward R. S., 182
Among the Ruins of Fort Towson (view), 51 Amos, French S. E., 1656 Amos, Pinkney R., 1990 Anadarko, 492 Anadarkoes, 233, 385
Anderson, F. W., 937 Anderson, J. A., 922
Anderson, H. S., 319
Anderson, Wesley, 807, 818
Andrews, Guy L., 1060
Anthony, W. B., 931, 938
Anthony, William B., 1370
Anti-Slavery Agitation in the Indian Territory, 233 Anti-Treaty (Ross) party, 157 Apaches of the Plains, 146, 363, 401 Apiatan, 819 Appleby, John D., 1809
Arapahoes, 362, 363, 401, 478, 479, 484, 560 Arbuckle, Matthew, 50, 225 Archer, Ada, 625 Arkansas laws adopted, 907 Armstrong Academy, 196, 203, 342 Armstrong Academy, Choctaw Nation (view), 335
xvii
xviii
INDEX
Armstrong, Arthur, 1280
Armstrong, Benjamin F., 1662
Armstrong, Francis W., 182, 264, 792
Armstrong, Frank C., 183, 560, 792, 807, 818
Armstrong, James R., 1324
Armstrong, Jesse T., 931
Armstrong Orphan Academy, 808
Armstrong, Robert, 114, 183
Armstrong, R. N. 1469
Armstrong, William, 113, 122, 162, 266 Armstrong, William H., 931
Arnett, George T., 1667
Arnold, Samuel L., 1807
Asbury Manual Labor School, 186
Asbury Manual Labor School (Creek), 185
Ashby, H. S. P., 931, 938, 944
Ashby, S. G., 938
Ashinger, Charles F., 634
Ashley, Jerry, 1056
Ashton, Wilfred G., 929, 1334
Asp, Henry E., 836, 843, 922, 924, 1134
Asphalt, 840
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, 521, 632
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 369, 782
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 493, 532
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company, 627, 788 Atkins, William D., 2102
Atlantic & Pacific Railway, 565
Atlantic & Pacific Railway Company, 786
Atoka, 443, 484
Atoka Agreement, 792, 806, 807
Attorneys general, 928
Atwood, C. C., 1827
ยท Aubrey, Oliver W., 1482
Augur, Christopher C., 397, 479 .
Aurelius, E. L., 1103
Austin, George W., 1004
Austin, Harry E., 1765
Austin, J. C., 945
Austin, James L., 941, 1905
Avant, Ben F., 1999
Avery, Cyrus S., 981
Avey, John L., 1623
Aycock, George L., 941
Ayers, Granville T., 1994
Ayres, Monroe U., 1441
Babcock, Smith H., 1710 Bacon, Otis G., 1630
Bacone Indian University, 875
Bailey, DeRoos, 1452
Bailey, Hodge, 1442
Bailey, Howson C., 1155 Bailey, J. Ross, 1699
Bailey, Joseph W., 753
Bailey, Shelby E., 1646
Bailey, William S., 1223
Baird, Philander C., 1025
Baker, Charles S., 648
Baker, Ed, 2034 Baker, H. D., 917
Baker, J. A., 924
Baker, Jesse A., 1921
Baker, John A., 944
Baker, Joseph A., 945, 1262
Baldwin, A. A., 1766
Baldwin, Arthur E., 1549
Baldwin, J. H., 931, 938
Baldwin, T. A., 456
Ball, A. B., 947 Ball, D. G., 206
Ballard, Albert A., -1943
Ballard, Perry A., 929
Ballard, P. A., 931
Ballard, Jefferson D., 920, 1225
Ballew, Thomas J., 922
Ballinger, Dyke, 922, 927
Bankhead, Smith P., 305 Banks, William E., 923, 924, 931
Banner, Henry E., 1555
Baptist Delawares and Shawnees, 459
Baptist Missions and Missionaries, 197
Barbee, L. N., 946
Barber, George S., 1225
Barde, Frederick S., 508
Barefoot, George W., 937, 941
Barham, J. S., 938, 1850
Barker, C. Edgar, 1148
Barker, Robert J., 915
Barnard, Kate, 929, 1329
Barnes, Cassius M. (portrait), 654, 702, 912 Barnes, C. M., 917, 918
Barnes, Frank, 969
Barnes, George T., 604
Barnett, Albert W., 1452
Barnett, George, 2021
Barnett, James S., 2043
Barnett, Sol D., 1793
Barnett, T., 328
Barnitz, Albert, 413
Barrett, Charles F., 938, 941, 944, 1407 Barrett, G. M., 1892
Barrows, Elva C. 1277
Barry, William N., 947, 1946
Barry, William R., 2009
Bartholomew, Eugene, 1401
Bartles, Jacob H., 2083
Bartles, Joseph A., 1077
Bartles, Nannie M., 2084
Bartley, James P., 1165
Bate, William B., 752, 753
Bates, John C., 553
Battenberg, James P., 1346
xix
Battey, Thomas C., 455, 487, 489, 490, 500 Battle of Honey Springs (view), 312
Battle of Honey Springs, 308
Baugus, J. A. J., 873 Baum, W. C., 943
Baxter, Charles S., 1984
Baxter, L. W., 913
Bayless, Stella C., 1792
Bickel, W. Milton, 944, 1230
Biddison, Arthur J., 919, 1306
Beadle, J. H., 467-472
Bierer, Andrew G. C., 913, 1925
Beal's Road Survey, 220
Beale, Edward F., 220
Big Bear, 543
Beall, William O., 1140
Bear, Hugh M., 1685
Beard, Alfred B., 1561
Beard, Henry G., 1545
Bearden, Jacob S., 1949
Beatty, John W., 916
Bilby, G. N., 922, 924
Billups, Richard A., 930, 934, 1666
Beauman, Frank, 945, 1172
Beaumont, Ralph, 694
Beaver, 602, 649, 890
Bingham, William T., 1640
Birch, James, 222
Birchfield, S. S., 535
Beaver Legislative party, 601
Beck, Adam L., 1422
Beck, William B., 931
Becker, J. P., 927
Beckham, Henry F., 1688
Beeler, Harry B., 934, 938
Beeman, Addison C., 944, 1494
Beets, Andrew M., 1733
Bixby, Tams, 791, 841, 2180
Behimer, Benjamin F., 1730
Belinti, (Mrs.) Belle, 557
Bell, James M., 412 Bell, Jesse W., 1805
Bell, John A., 159, 162
Bell, L. B., 605
Bell, (Mrs.) R. S., 808
Bell, S. E., 1895
Bellamy, George W., 920, 928
Bellis, David B., 2060
Bellis, John H., 1969
Bence, Frank, 2042
Benedict, John D., 876
Benge, S. H., 380 Bennett, M. H., 536
Benning, S. T., 281
Benson, Charles J., 1556
Benson, Henry C., 183, 255
Benson, Henry F., 2037
Bent, George, 415 Bent, William W., 362 Bentley, James E., 1635 Benton County 601
Bentou, Thomas H., 81
Berentz, W. T., 1859
Berkey, B. F., 938
Berry, George M., 2134
Berry, G. M., 922, 924
Berry, James H., 681 Berry, James M., 1201 Berry, William R., 918 Berryman, J. C., 184
Beveridge, Albert J., 749, 751, 755 Beveridge Bill, 753 Bevill, Sims D., 1028
Big Bow, 481 Big Head, 424, 428 Bigheart, Chief James, 2068
Big Mush, 140
Big Tree, 481, 482, 484, 487, 488
Beauchamp, J. K., 914
Billy Dixon, 494 Bingaman, Alvin, 1730
Beaver City, 599 Beaver County, 601
Bird, Chief, 480
Bird, John L., 950
Bisbee, Walter G., 1916
Bishop, Nathan, 479
Bishop, W. A., 944
Bissell, John, 613, 614
Bivens, Maurice E., 1852
Bixler, Mort L., 915
Black Beaver, 169, 218, 219, 248, 249, 279, 362, 369, 490, 492
Black, Charles C., 1070 Black Kettle, 414
Black Kettle's band, 417
Blackard, Charles, 1285
Blackard, John V., 1571
Blackburn, C. R., 940
Blackwelder, Guy E., 956
Blackwell, 788 Blain, Samuel A., 241
Blaine County, 689, 718
Blaine, James G., 885
Blair, H. S., 930, 934
Blair, Robert F., 1333
Blake, Charles O., 1839
Blake, William, 1187
Blake, William G., 1555
Blakely, T. T., 1844
Blakeney, John O., 921
Blassingame, Maxwell S., 941, 945, 2167 Blattner, John W., 1164
Blaylock, Thomas A., 1394 Bleakmore, Willard R., 1832 Blesh, Abraham L., 1113
Bloomfield Academy, 186, 868 Blue, Benjamin F., 1010
INDEX
Baylor, John R., 233, 234, 237, 239
Biffle, James W., 1287
XX
INDEX
Blunt James G., 301, 307, 311, 312, 317, 319
Board, Charles W., 923, 924, 941, 945, 1476
Boardman, Homer N., 1395
Boggy Depot, 164
Boland, John L., 1425
Bolen, Hubert L., 938, 943, 1008
Bolend, Floyd J., 1049
Boles, A. H., 917
Bolger, Perry C., 1264
Bonar, John, 936
Bond, R. I., 944
Bond, Reford, 1353
Bonds, Archibald, 944
Bone, B. B., 927
Bonfoey, Donald R., 1101
Bonham, James M., 1695
Bonilla, Francisco L., 20
Bonnell, W. Le Roy, 1731
Bonneville, B. L. E., 229
Boomer Camp on the Border of Okla- homa, April, 1889 (view), 631
Boomers, 582, 592, 594, 885
Boone, Albert G., 404, 449
Boone, Fred, 1970
Boone, Nathan, 169, 214, 224, 228
Boot, John F., 153
Bopst, Samuel O., 1133
Border, G. F., 1904
Boswell, Arthur Y., 1266
Boudinot, E. C., 435, 566, 569, 595, 615
Boudinot, E. C. (portrait), 565
Boudinot, Elias, 104, 116, 130, 324
Boudinot, Elias (portrait), 133
Boudinot, Elias C., 130, 359, 384, 462, 675
Boudinot, W. P., 605
Bougie, Charles, 58
Bovee, Manley W., 947, 1361
Bowdre, William H., 931
Bowers, C. H., 923-924
Bowl, 134
Brooks, W. H., 938, 943
Broome, Charles, 938
Broome, Charles W., 931
Broshears, Jackson, 1202
Bown, 137
Brown, Addis A., 1414
Brown, Al., 1100
Boyd, James A., 1677
Boyd, R. L., 807, 818
Boyer, Orr J., 1686
Boyer, T. T., 917
Brown, A. T., 2012
Boyle, Ed, 929-931
Boynton, Fred L., 821
Bozarth, Mark L., 1917
Bradfield, G, W., 917 Bradford, William, 49
Bradley, Calvin E., 1856
Bradley, William H., 1576
Bradshaw, A. C., 1784 Bragg, Braxton, 229
Braidwood, Thomas P., 601, 922, 1976 Branscome, Charles, 583
Branson, Fred P., 931
Branson, Frederick P., 1303
Brasted, Fred, 1428
Brazell, Edmund, 930 Breckinridge, Clifton R., 792
Breedlove, J. W., 938
Breene, Harry H., 1565
Bremer, John W., 1736
Brennan, John H., 2174
Brenner, H. H., 1992
Brennon, R. C., 916
Brentnall, George, 2114
Breslin, James E., 2029
Brett, George H., 919
Bretz, Robert B., 1995
Brewer, E. E., 2035
Brewer, Henry M., 921
Brewer, O. H. P., 924, 925, 953
Brewer, Phil D., 951
Brewer, Robert P., 1125
Brewer, Theodore F., 620, 624, 877, 1515 Brewington, E. B., 2165
Bridges, John H., 936
Brief History of the Indian Mission Conference, 350
Briggs, George W., 931
Briggs, L. M., 587
Briggs, William A., 938, 941
Briles, Charles W., 1463
Broadbent, Harry W., 1157
Broadwell, Frank, 1397
Brock, Sidney L., 1000
Brockman, William J., 2076
Brodboll, H. C. R., 920
Bronson, Edgar S., 952
Brook, Eck E., 930
Brooke, Francis K., 1351
Brooks, Frank W., 1945
Brooks, Stratton D., 1771
Bowlegs, Billy, 178
Bowles, 140
Bowles, William M., 921
Boyd, David R., 874
Brown, Albert D., 2113
Brown, Alpheus H., 1950
Brown, Andrew J., 1914
Brown, Charles, 915 Brown, Charles N., 913, 917, 918
Brown, Elmer E., 1153
Brown, Ernest E., 1634
Brown, Gibson A., 726, 1196
Brown, Harry, 1913
Brown, Henry, 240
Brown, Isaac N., 1177 Brown, James, 917
1
INDEX
xxi
Brown, James L., 659, 667, 915 Brown, John, 162
Brown, John F., 374, 465, 466, 625, 825, 1718 Brown, Joseph T., 1709
Brown, J. T., 942
Brown, Kelly, 945, 1297
Brown, Lee O., 1011
Burkhardt, George M., 1993
Brown, Paul R., 1525
Burnet, David G., 138
Brown, P. I., 1929
Burnette, Swan C., 1716
Brown, Q. T., 931
Burney, Ben B., 1557
Brown, Samuel A., 1375
Burney, B. C., 625
Brown, U. S., 940
Burney, Edward S., 1182
Brown, Warren H., 1644
Burney, Paul E., 1403
Brown, W. G., 929
Burns, Foster N., 1141
Browne, Vernon B., 2034
Burns, James, 601
Browning, John W., 2060
Burns, John W., 1050
Browning, Orville H., 434, 451
Burns, Richard S., 2165
Brownlee, E. D., 930, 938
Burns, Willis, 203
Brownlee, Emory E., 934
Burrow, T. M., 1863
Brownlee, Richard C., 936
Burwell, Benjamin F., 913, 2192
Busby, Orel, 990 Bushman, John, 219
Bushyhead, Dennis W., 536, 595, 614
Bushyhead, Jesse, 151, 197
Butler, Elizur, 99, 149, 187, 256
Butler, Gavin H., 963
Butler, Henry M., 931
Butler, Pierce M., 159, 162, 177, 243, 247,248 Butler, R. B., 2101
Butler, Timothy J., 1920
Butterfield, John, 222
Butterfield Stage Line, 222
Butterick, Daniel, 192
Byars, Archibald C., 1605
Byers, J. C., 2138
Byington, Cyrus, 150, 195, 196 Byrne, Thomas J., 980
Cabaniss, Thomas B., 792, 807, 818
Cabell, John V., 1130 Cabell, William L., 305
Caddo county, 730
Caddo Hill, 72
Caddoes, 233, 385, 484
Cade, C. M., 1910
Cade, William S., 1423
Cain, W. A., 923, 925
Caldwell, Fred S., 1094
Calhoun, John C., 89
Calhoun, J. P., 936
Callahan, James Y., 700, 912
Callahan, James Y. (portrait), 700 Callaway, M. M., 2066 Calloway, James R., 1812
Cameron, E. D., 877, 913, 928
Cameron, Robert A., 1154 Camp, Foster K., 1253
Camp Holmes, 145, 164
Camp Napoleon, 332, 333, 334 Camp Russell, 591
Buckner, S. B., 336 Buckner, William V., 945, 1241 Bucy, P. L., 1981 Buell, George P., 504 Buffalo bone industry, 523 Buffalo extermination, 515 Buffalo Good, 480 Buffalo on the Great Plains (view), 523 Buffington, Benjamin F., 2054 Buffington, Thomas M., 1417 Buford, Abraham, 214 Building at Dwight Mission (view), 148 Building stones, 840 Bullock, Arden L., 1005 Bunch, C. D., 1086 Burford, John H., 841, 844, 872, 913, 941, 944, 1446
Burge, Porter C., 1383
Burger, John S., 1965 Burke, C. M., 655 Burke, Edmund, 162
Burke, George L., 1565
Burke, J. L., 1349
Burke, John J., 1319
Brubaker, Ross, 938 Bruce, Abner L., 1633 Bruin, John E., 1634
Brunot, Felix R., 479
Brunskill, Wilbert W., 1830
Brunson, David D., 1380
Bruyere, Fabry de la, 25
Bryan, George T., 929 Bryan, Milton, 927, 931
Bryan, William J., 856, 865
Bryant, B. E., 923, 925
Bryant, Frank W., 1217
Brydia, Fred F., 1012
Bryant, Loris E., 947, 2139
Blunt, James G., 312
Buchanan, Frank R., 2038
Buchanan, George V., 1550
Buchanan, James S., 923, 925, 957 Buchanan, Thomas A., 1089
- Buck, William, 1940 Buckner, H. F., 201, 202
xxii
INDEX
Camp Radziminski, 226, 231 Camp Supply, 406, 410, 412
Campbell, Charles B., 1746
Carter, B. W., 605, 625
Carter, Charles D., 914, 2181
Carter, Colbert, 360, 375, 465
Carter, David, 205
Campbell, Hiram G., 1731
Carter, Dorset, 1346
Campbell, Jefferson D., 1944
Carter, Joseph H., 986
Campbell, John A., 1131
Cartwright, Wilburn, 946
Campbell, John B., 940, 1202
Carver Chiropractic College, 1384
Campbell, John E., 1405
Carver, Willard, 1384
Campbell, John H., 921
Cary, Charles K., 1937
Campbell, Ralph E., 746, 914, 2180
Case, W. H., 943
Campbell, R. M., 921
Cash, Bryant, 946 Cashion, Roy, 875
Campbell, Richard F., 1558
Campbell, Robert, 463, 479, 1567
Casteel, Frank L., 931
Campbell, William H., 915, 1804
Castillo, Don Diego del, 21
Castle, Cornelius E., 1305
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