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THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS R
L
STATE CAPITOL, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL
CYCLOPEDIA
OF
DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA,
COMPRISING
A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE COUNTY,
BY SAMUEL T. WILEY.
Author of Histories of Niagara County, New York : Preston and Monongalia Counties, West Virginia : Fayette, Westmoreland, Blair, Indiana and Armstrong Counties, Pennsylvania, etc.
TOGETHER WITH
NEARLY FOUR HUNDRED BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE PROMINENT MEN AND FAMILIES OF THE COUNTY.
REVISED AND EDITED
By WINFIELD SCOTT GARNER.
Allustrated.
GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY: RICHMOND, IND., AND NEW YORK. 1894.
BARY
- ? NEW YORK FU . IC LIBRARY 837868A
4. L- LENOX AND DER FOUNDATIONS P 1938 L
-
PRESSES OF M. CULLATON & CO. RICHMOND, INO
·
REFAGE.
T HERE is no more profitable study than that of the lives of those who have been che instruments in making the county, State and Nation what they are to-day : and the deeds which make up the history of each, are but the result of the interaction and combination of the deeds of its imfividial citizens. It is recog- mized to-day that history is not a mass of facts and dates devoid of connection or arrange- ment. but a -- continuous. unbroken stream. having its sources in the far-off past, its outlet im the ocean of the future.
History is a science and has its laws ; history and biography are inseparably con- nected, as the latter forms the basis of all historical structure, and is the only means of preserving personal and ancestral history in permanent form. In individual memoir and personal narrative of this volume is treasured and preserved the life story of those who Dand the corner stone of civilization on this soll, and of those who afterward made the history of Delaware county It cannot fail to be attractive to those who come after us. and will prove of great value in tracing lineage. Contemporary biograph, has been given im connection with ancestral history, and thus is presented the lives of those in the present as well as those in the pest. who have been identified with the growth and development of the county-a fitting home for nearly every great industry which labor and capital can se: in motion and a rich and prosperous land where moral and intellectual pe:gress keeps pace with maritime. commercial ani micstrial progress.
The geology given is taken mainl from the volumes of the Second Geological Sur- wey of Pennsylvania. while the roster of those who gave their lives in defense of the Union has been carefully compiled from all available sources of information. The classified statistics ci population, manufactures and arnetlture tell their own story without zeed of explanation.
In importance and interest the history of Pennsylvania is equal to that of any other State of the Republic. and its earliest chapter -the founding of Chester ind the settle- mex: of Delaware county -is indispensable to the proper understanding of the mighty po tical structure. that reaches from the Delaware to the Ohio.
PUBLISHERS.
CONTENTS.
HISTORICAL.
PAGES
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DELAWARE COUNTY. 17 150
CHAPTER I .- Geographical Description-To- pographical Features - Geological Struct- ure - Mineral Localities 17-92
CHAPTER II -Botany - Climatology - Quad- rupeds - Birds - Fish 22-27
CHAPTER III - Aboriginal Inhabitants - Dutch Occupation - Swedish Settlement - Dutch Invasion - English Conquest and Erection of Upland County . 27-40
CHAPTER IV. - Penn's Purchase - Voyage of the Welcome - Upland named Chester- County of Chester - Provincial Capital - First Assembly-Welsh Tract Swedes in 1693 - Circular Boundary Line. . ...
41-47
CHAPTER V - Penn's Work - Inter-Colonial Wars and Associators Acadian Exiles. 48-51
CHAPTER VI -- Beginning of the Revolution- Quaker Neutrality - Battle of Brandywine - British Ravages-County Seat Removal to West Chester 51-58
CHAPTER VII .- Erection of Delaware County 58-59
CHAPTER VIII -Whisky Insurrection -Sec- ond War with England-Cotton and Woolen Manufactures 59-62
PAGES
CIIAPTER IX .- Delaware County Institute of Science-Haverford College -Ten Hour Movement -Early Railroads-Great Flood - Villanova College - County Seat Re- moval to Media .. 62-68
CHAPTER \ .- The Civil War - Regimental Histories - Naval List. 68-78
CHAPTER XI -Ship-building-Ivy and Glen Mills - Pennsylvania Military Academy - Swarthmore College-Pennsylvania Train- ing School-Crozer Theological Seminary -- Burd Orphan Asylum - New Industries. . . 78-80
CHIAPTER XII - Bi- Centennial of Penn's Landing-Later Railroads-House of Ref- uge -Williamson School - Oil Refining - Electric Railways - Progress of the County 81 -85
CHAPTER XIII -Courts - Members of the Delaware County Bar- Public Buildings - Civil and Judicial Lists. 85-98
CIIAPTER XIV - Schools - Churches and Temperance Organizations. 98-103
CHAPTER XV .- Early Practitioners of Medi- cine -Medical Societies - Registered Phy- sicians 103-105
CHAPTER XVI. - Financial - Postal - Po- litical and Historical. 105-108
x
CONTENTS.
PAGES
CHAPTER XVII. - Slaves and Redemption-
ers - Early Iron Works and Paper Mills .. 108-110
CHAPTER XVIII .- Census Statistics - Pop- ulation, Manufactures and Agriculture ... . 110-113
CHAPTER XIX .- Chester City.
113-121
CHAPTER XX .- South Chester, Upland and
Eddystone Boroughs.
131-123
CHAPTER XXI - Media Borough
123-127
CHAPTER XXII. - Aston, Bethel and Bir- mingham Townships. 127-130
CHAPTER XXIII. - Chester and Concord
Townships.
130-132
CHAPTER XXIV. - Darby Township and
Darby Borough
132-133
CHAPTER XXV. - Edgmont and Haverford
Townships
133-135
PAGES
CHAPTER XXVI - Lower Chichester Town- ship and its Villages of Trainer's and Lin- wood, and Marcus Hook Borough. 135-137
CHAPTER XXVII. - Marple, Middletown, Nether Providence and Newtown Town- ships 137-141
CHAPTER XXVIII .- Radnor Township and
its Suburban Village of Wayne ..
141-142
CHAPTER XXIX - Ridley Township, and
Rutledge and Ridley Park Boroughs.
...
142-143
CHAPTER XXX .- Springfield, and Thornbury
Townships
143-145
CHAPTER XXXI .- Tinicum, the Island Town-
ship .
145-146
CHAPTER XXXII - Upper Chichester, Up-
per Providence and Upper Darby Town-
ships, and Lansdowne and Clifton Heights
Boroughs
146-150
CHAPTER XXXIII .- Miscellaneous
149-150
xi
CONTENTS.
BIOG IOGRAPHICAL. Z
A
PAGE
Armitage, George L
212
Armstrong, John W
223
Armstrong, A B.
157
Armour, Stephen L
195
Ashmead, Henry Graham
318
Ayars, Benjamin D., jr.
418
B
Baker, J. Engle.
436
Baldt, Frederick
185
Barnard, Hon. Isaac D.
417
Bartram, John
407
Bartleson, Zachariah T
494
Baxter, Albert
213
Beatty, John F
210
Bird, William, M D
354
Black, J Frank
233
Blaine, Edward.
201
Blakely, William S.
324
Boon, Jacob, M. D
328
Booth, John Wesley
384
Booth, John W
453
Booth, Robert.
252
Boulden, William M
376
Bowen, William Henry
221
Bowen, Zacchens M
414
Bradley, Frank A
480
Brewster, Joseph F
258
Crothers, Samuel R., M. D ..
313
Broomall, Hon. John M
406
Crozer, John P.
431
Brown, John T.
269
Cullingworth, John Rhoades
173
Brown, Ellen E., M D.
345
PAGE
Bullard, HIon. Orson Flagg 312
Bunting, David S.
299
Burton, Samnel J
158
Burns, David H
240
C
Calhoun, William, jr.
177
Campbell, Maj. James A G
230
Carns, Robert
413
Carson, William
432
Carr, Elwood T
464
Cass, Rev. John A
491
Cassin, John
401
Chadwick, Hon. Robert.
205
Childs, George W
500
Clayton, Hon. Thomas J.
451
Clyde, John Edward ..
273
Cochran, John
498
Cochran, Henry
382
Cochran, Archibald A
356
Cochran J Engle.
206
Conard, Bayard A.
437
Conrad, Rev. Thomas K , D. D. 446
Cook, James.
162
Cox, Edwin L.
397
Craig. Jacob, jr.
165
Crawford, Cornelius, C.V., M D. 335 Crosby, Rear Admiral Pierce .. 397
Custer, Bethel Moore
467
D
PAGE
Davis, Horace B.
235
Deemer, John J
381
De Lannoy, Clarence W., M D .. 455
Denis, Geffroy P.
259
De Silver, Joseph Tillinghurst
272
Dickerson, Edward
392
Dolbey, Conrad K
225
Donald on, Henry L.
190
Downes, Richard H
323
Drayton, George
428
Dyson, Joseph.
416
E
Edwards, George.
497
Egbert, Joseph C., B S., M D .. 237 Evans, Franklin J , M. D 271
F
Fallon, George P.
274
Flickwir, Richard Flower.
334
Forwood, Francis F., M D.
460
Forwood, Jonathan Larkin, M D. 469
Foster, Prof. Charles F
282
Frazier, Nathan Standish.
363
Fulmer, Jacob.
462
G
Galloway, John L 435
Gary, John H
411
Garrett, John Lentz
211
Gardner, James
325
xii
CONTENTS.
l'AGE
Gartside. Amos. 306
Gilmore. Capt. J Campbell 351
Grayson, George. 383
Gray, Col William Clemson
280
Graham, Hon Henry Hale.
404
Green, William H . sr.
348
Green, Job L.
166
Green, William H., jr
456
Green, Taylor
322
Greenwood Samuel
279
Grundy, John P
391
H
Haas, Emil Oscar 344
Haldeman, Thomas J 375
Hall, Charles F
424
Hall, Edward H
496
Hall, William H
253
Hand, Rev. Matthew A
209
Hannum, Robert E
492
Hare. John J.
314
Hargreaves, Thomas
46G
Harrison, John Wilkinson 422
Harrison, Frank W.
434
Hart, Alexander .
460
Harvey, Orlando
315
Haser, Franz Xaver 192
Hathaway, Hiram, jr.
301
Heacock, Lewis R
323
Henderson, Matthew
486
Hendrixson, Isaac F
224
Hetzel, George C.
373
Heyburn, Caleb Ring.
355
Heyburn, Hon. George E. 478
Hill, William Andrew
347
Hinkson, William.
254
Hinkson, John B ..
181
Hipple, Harry L.
365
Hood, Rev. Robert H
438
Horning, George L
247
House, Amos Wickersham
167
Houston, Capt Thomas J
155
Houston, Charles B
153
Howard Abel.
394
PAGE Howard, George Washington 275
Huddell, Joseph H. 284
Hunter. Peter
196
J
James, Levi G
183
James, S. Pancoast
331
Jefferis, Daniel Worrall, M D .. 291
Johnson, W. W . A B. M D. 482
Johnston, Edward H
471
Jones, Nathan
475
K
Kelly. William C. 366
Kennedy, Jeremiah J 440
Kerlin, John H.
377
Kiefer. Albert Charles
472
L
Ladomus, William P. . 186
Larkin, Hon. John, jr
371
Larkin, Horace F
412
LaRoche, M. F
1G8
Layman, Thomas Aaron
346
Leary, John.
480
Leary, William J
487
Lewis, Albert P.
332
Lewis, Isaac T
376
Lilley, John, jr
311
Lindsay, George Brooke.
191
Longbottom, Smith. 476
Long, F Farwell, M D
251
Loughead, Clifford T.
174
M
Magill, Edward H . LL. D 262
Maison, Robert S , M. D.
170
Mallison, George
404
Martin, Howard L.
357
Martin, William H.
401
Mason, Harry G.
248
Mathues, William L 408
McAldon, Joseph
461
Howard, Frederick Aydelotte .. 238 McCaffery, Hugh. 159
PAGE
McCardell, S C.
326
McCoy. Charles S. 444 McClenachan, W I Blake. 293
McClure, John
178
Mccullough, Samuel Boyd
485
McDade, Capt. Joseph
242
McDowell, W
483
McDowell, Thomas A
293
McDowell, Wesley S.
251
McIlvain, Samuel
257
Meckert, J. W
490
Memminger, William M , M.D. 402
Mercer, Robert P, M D
194
Messick, Joseph
215
Miller, Lewis.
289
Miller Lewis J
290
Mitchell William K
477
Mitchell, Ferris Abner
474
Monroe, Frank W., D. D S.
302
Moore, Thomas.
213
Morton, Hon. John
395
Morrow, Henry Frederick
156
Myers, James Monroe
444
N
Neal, Charles G
305
Newsome, Daniel
234
O
Ogden, Henry
450
P
Pancoast, Rev. Samuel
385
Patton, Rev. William R
500
Pechmann, K T. William
427
Pendleton, Garnett
367
Pennington, Samuel B.
392
Pennell, Jonathan
388
Pennell, Walter C.
321
Price, Hannah Jackson, M D
200
Price, John C.
202
Price, William Gray.
239
Porter, Admiral David D
443
Provost, William, jr.
222
CONTENTS.
xiii
R
PAGE
Rawcliffe, Jesse W 442
Reaney, William B
423
Reilly, Richard
452
Rhodes, John C.
468
Riddle, Samuel
163
Riley, Harry S
362
Roach, John
264
Roach, John B.
264
Robinson, William F
387
Roberts, Charles.
338
Ross, George
481
S
Salmon, William V
296
Savidge, Frank Raymond.
243
Sawyer, H. H.
473
Schaffer, William I
316
Schiedt, John D
494
Schmidt, Frank.
170
Scott, James.
454
Senior, George.
356
Sheldon, John
395
Shortlidge, Prof. Joseph
421
Slawter J. Henry.
495
Slawter Clayton R.
486
Smedley, Charles D , M. D
459
Smith, Evan Russell
478
PAGE
Smith, Frank.
358
Smith, George, M D 450
Smith, James S
433
Sproul, William C.
303
Starr, Samuel, M D
189
Stiteler, George J
228
Stroud, John H
292
Weaver, Jobn H
431
Swayne, Howard R., M. D
294
Sweeney, Maj. Frank G , C. E. 463
Sykes, William S.
241
T
Targett, Archibald F., M D 445
Taylor, James Irvin
171
Whittaker, George S
415
Temple, James H
333
Wiegand, George
188
Tomlinson, Arthur H
364
Trainer, J Newlin
425
U
Ulrich, William Baggs, M. D .. 216
V
Wood, Lewis N.
175
Wood, George W
156
Wood, John A
327
Worth, Joseph Adams
484
Y
Yarnell, Gasoway O
439
Wallace, John A.
285
PAGE
Wand, Otto ..
406
Warrall, Char'es T.
482
Ward, J. M B . MD.
451
Washabaugh. Col Perry M
226
Watson, James Wesley 337
Way, John R.
295
Webb, W. Warren.
488
Webster Richard G , V S.
489
Wells, George Miles, M D.
161
West, Benjamin
403
Wetherill, Richard.
204
Wheeler, Rev. Henry, D D
499
Williams, J. B
. .
249
Williams, Capt. John J
398
Wilson, Joseph Osgood
372
Valentine, Elmer.
220
Vernon, Frank S
283
W
Wagner, Emil Christian
160
Young, Wilson B.
40℃
Wilby, Thomas.
314
Williams, John J
261
Williams. Capt. William H
182
XV
CONTENTS.
LLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
PAGE.
State Capitol at Harrisburg
Frontispiece
Hinkson, William facing
254
Ashmead, Henry Graham
facing 318
Hinkson, John B
181
Ayars, Benjamin D., jr.
418
Horning, George L ..
247
Baxter, Albert.
213
Houston, Charles B
153
Black, J Frank
233
Houston, Capt. Thomas J.
155
Bowen, William H.
221
Hunter, Peter 196
371
Bunting, David S.
299
La Roche, M F. 168
Cochran, J. Engle.
206
Mathues, William L. 408
Conrad, Rev. Thomas K , D. D
..
446
Miller, Lewis J.
290
Court House at Media
86
Roach, John
264
Deemer, John J
381
Roach, John B.
. between 264-269
Drayton, George .,
428
Riddle, Samuel
facing
163
Gartside, Amos.
306
Old Town Hall at Chester .on
103
Gartside, Benjamin.
311
Smedley, Charles D., M D.
facing 459
Green, William H., jr
456
Trainer, J. Newlin 425
Greenwood, Samuel
279
Ulrich, William B., M D ..
216
Haas, Emil O
344
Williams, Capt. John J 11
398
Boon, Jacob, M. D. ..
328
Larkin, Hon John, jr
HISTORICAL SKETCH
-OF -
ELAWARE
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
CHAPTER 1.
GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION - TOPO- GRAPHICAL FEATURES-GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE-MINERAL LOCALITIES.
INTRODUCTION.
THE territory embraced within the boun- T daries of Delaware county has had an in- teresting and eventful history.
For nearly one hundred and fifty years after Cabot planted the standard of England upon the dreary coast of Labrador, and beside it placed the banner of a free republic-his native Venice-the Indians remained undis- puted masters of the soil of Delaware county, which the English claimed by the right of the discovery of the North American continent. In 1638, the challenged but uninterrupted In- dian rule on the west bank of the Delaware river was broken, when the " Kalmar Nyckel" and the "Gripen" furled their sails on the noble stream whose name the county now bears, and the Swedish colony they bore bought lands from their savage inhabitants, whose ownership of the soil of the new world was alike denied by the gay cavalier of Vir- ginia and the stern Puritan of New England.
The territory of Delaware county was a part of New Sweden that lay between the Dutch possessions in the valley of the Hud- son, and the English settlements in the water- girt lands of Maryland. With the decline of
Swedish power on the political chess board of the old world, New Sweden was destined to finally become the property of the strongest of its two neighboring rivals. New Sweden became a battle-ground of nations, where almost bloodless campaigns, during twenty years, had successively changed its ownership between Holland and England until 1673, when the Cross of St. George was placed in triumph over the flag of the Dutch, and New Sweden and New Netherlands were both swept from the map of the new world.
Almost half a century of Swedish govern- ment on the Delaware bay and river was suc- ceeded by about a decade of Dutch dominion and nearly twenty years of English rule, and then came the founding of the "Quaker Pro- vince" on the Delaware, whose fame soon be- came world wide, and whose first general assembly met in Chester, the present metrop- olis of Delaware county and the oldest town in the State of Pennsylvania.
In the great Revolutionary struggle "that tried men's souls," a number of the men who served from Chester county in the Continental army were from the present territory of Dela- ware county, on whose soil was fought the memorable battle of Brandywine. In every war of the Republic since the days of the Revolution the sons of Delaware county have done themselves honor by bravery and daring, and during the late civil war hundreds of them sealed their patriotism with their lives.
( 17 )
2
18
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
Delaware county lies in the southeastern or seaboard district of Pennsylvania-the garden spot of the State-and possesses that splen- did water power, whose utilization has given to her the proud pre-eminence of being one of the most important centers of manufactured goods in the great manufacturing district of the United States that stretches along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Maryland.
Not alone for manufactures is the county noted. It is also distinguished for its numer- ous and excellent educational institutions, and the intelligence, culture and morality of its people.
GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION.
Delaware county, Pennsylvania, is bounded on the northeast by Montgomery and Phila- delphia counties ; on the southeast by Glouces- ter county. New Jersey, from which it is sep- arated by the Delaware river ; on the southi- west by New Castle county, State of Delaware ; and on the northwest by Chester county. It is the smallest county in Pennsylvania. except Philadelphia, and has an area of one hundred and ninety-five square miles. or 124,800 acres. Its average length is nineteen miles and width sixteen miles.
The geographical center of the county is north of Media, in Upper Providence, while the center of population lies south of the county seat. and in Nether Providence, being drawn sonthward by the heavy population in Chester city and the railroad towns near the Delaware river.
The county possesses a mild climate, has charming scenery, and contains excellent farm- ing land, while small fruits and vegetables do well. No mountains traverse its territory, which possesses a large number of fine springs and is drained toward the Delaware river by five large creeks, whose excellent water-power drive the wheels of many large cotton and woolen mills and other important manufac- turing establishments; but the western part is broken up into small hills, that terminate
at the western edge of the tidewater district that lies along the river.
As a political division Delaware county lies in the extreme southeastern part of the State. It forms the Third representative, the Ninth senatorial, and the Thirty-second judicial dis- trict of Pennsylvania, and with Chester county constitutes the Sixth Congressional district of the State.
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
The surface of Delaware county is rather undulating and in some parts quite hilly, ard with a slight exception in Radnor township, slopes a little east of south toward the Dela- ware river. In a parallel line with the Dela- ware river, and about three miles back from that stream, there is an abrupt rise in the slope known as a "water shade." From along the summit of this "water shade " fine views can be obtained of the river and of some of the New Jersey country.
The county is drained principally by the Delaware river system through its five large creeks: Cobb's, Darby, Crum, Ridley, and Chester ; while a small part of the southeast section has drainage by Naaman's creek and the southwest township of Birmingham by Brandywine creek, both of which last named streams empty in the Delaware river through the State of Delaware. Two small parts of Radnor township. in the northwest, are drained by the Schuylkill system through its tributary streams, Gulf and Mill creeks. These creeks are all good mill streams, and the first five above mentioned before leaving the hill coun- try to pass into the tidewater belt of the county below the "water shade, " have acquired suffi- cient fall to run the large mills and factories that are scattered all along their banks for over five miles up from the river.
Smith gives the elevation of the source of Cobb's creek as 392 feet above tide; Ithan, 399 ; Darby, 440 ; Crum, 520 ; and Ridley, 520. The marsh lands and meadows bordering on some parts of the Delaware river would be
19
OF DELAWARE COUNTY.
inundated at high tide but for artificial banks that have been built for their protection.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.
The following characteristic sketch of the geology of the county is given by Prof. J. P. Lesley :
"The oldest or fundamental hornblende gneiss is laid bare in three isolated areas : the northern spreading through Radnor and New- town, into Chester county ; the middle spread- ing from southern Newtown, Edgmont, Thorn- bury, northern Middletown, and northern Concord ; the southern spreading across As- ton, Bethel, and U. Chichester into the State of Delaware. These areas are separated and surrounded by the Chestnut Hill micaceous and garnetiferous schist country holding the serpentine beds. An irregular line through Haverford and U. Darby to Chester creek (two and one-half miles from its mouth) di- vides this country from the triangular area of Manayunk and Philadelphia mica-schists, which no doubt extends southward beneath New Jersey. The county has a rolling sur- face averaging 450' A. T., but drops to a terrace of 200' A. T., and then to the mud flats of the Delaware. Patches of old Bryn Mawr gravel remain in various townships on the divides at 400' A. T. Patches and streaks of brick clay remain on the terrace, and are extensively wrought. Brick clay ( holding bowlders) passes also under the river mud. Cobb's creek (along the eastern line ), Darby creek, Crum creek, Ridley creek, and Chester creek, cross the country from northwest to southeast, flowing in rock-cut channels, or tortuous glens, presenting a lovely variety of picturesque scenery, and affording a consider- able amount of valuable mill power. The geological exposures are numerous : but the rocks are so metamorphosed, decayed, crum- pled, cross-laminated, and probably faulted, that in the absence of fossils, and of well de- fined mineral strata like limestone and iron ore, it is not easy to arrive at any definite
1
opinions respecting the order of their super- position, or the classical system to which they belong. Under an appearance of vertical stratification, they really lie almost horizontal, as may be seen at Griswold's "granite " quarry in Darby, Ward's quarry in Ridley, Deshong's quarries in Nether Providence, and the Avondale quarries in Nether Providence and Ridley townships, lithograph views of which are published for the purpose of show- ing the true structure in Report C, 5, on Delaware county. It is undoubtedly the real structure throughout the county. But, as the general dip (as shown along the Schuylkill river) is north or northwestward, carrying the Philadelphia schists under the Manayunk schists, and these again under the Chestnut Hill schists, it is hard to understand why all three should not be regarded as descending beneath the isolated areas of "older " horn- blendic gneiss. A serpentine belt extending from Chester creek at Lenni (or Rockdale) past Media to Darby creek in Radnor town- ship, nine miles, has been quarried for build- ing stone. It consists of separate and parallel outcrops; and at least twenty-seven other local exposures of serpentine in various town- ships are marked upon the map. all of them in the Chestnut Hill schist area, and apparently belonging to the upper part of that series. Castle Rock, in Edgmont township, is a huge exposure of enstatite ( anhydrous serpen- tine), of picturesque aspect, and doubtful geological structure. (See plates in Report C, 5.) Extensive mines of kaolin are worked at the west end of the county, and an outcrop of pure feldspar rock in Concord township is exploited for the use of dentists. (See num- erous heliotype views of the kaolin mines in Report C.) Mineralogical cabinets, public and private, have been amply enriched with fine specimens of corondum, tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, beryl, chrysolite, garnet, themicas, feld- spars and quartses, tourmaline, andalusite, fibro- lite, cyanite, staurolite, stilbite, sepiolite, marmo- lite, chrysotile, deweylite, damourite. jefferisite,
20
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
margarite, apatite, autunite, mirabilite, magnesite, bismuthite, menaconite, magnetite, chromite, ru- tile, molybdite, &c., from numerous exposures in different parts of the county. A small percentage of gold has been obtained by analysis from the brick clays; a few small deposits of iron ore have been tried and aban- doned; no other ore seems to exist in the county. A few small local exhibitions of trap have been noticed."
Prof. C. E. Hall in his general geology of the county, in 1885, uses the following order of description : Alluvium, gravel and clay, ferruginous conglomerate, serpentine, lime- stone, feldspar and kaoline, sandstone, and mica schists. He bases his description on the following sketch map constructed on data compiled by Dr. George Smith :
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