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1. அரச
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Gc 974.801 L52r v.1 1140686
GENEALOGY COLLECTION
m
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 00826 4936 E
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016
https://archive.org/details/historyoflehighc01robe
Frederick 6. Thuhus' Date. July, 20, 1920 1
5
نوملقاء
HISTORY
OF
LEHIGH COUNTY
PENNSYLVANIA
AND A GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. RECORD OF ITS FAMILIES
BY
CHARLES RHOADS ROBERTS,
Member of Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Lehigh County Historical Society, Pennsylvania German Society, Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, Historian Newhard Family.
REV. JOHN BAER STOUDT,
Member of Pennsylvania German Society, Society of American Folklore, Historical Society of Berks County, Lehigh County Historical Society, Northampton County Historical and Genealogical Society, Historian of the Baer Family, Author of History of the Western Salisbury Reformed Congregation, Fifteen Years of Grace, Life and Times of Col. John Siegfried, The Riddles and Nursery Rhymes of the Pennsylvania Germans.
REV. THOMAS H. KRICK,
Member of Pennsylvania German Society, Historical Society of Berks County, Lehigh County Historical Society, Historian of the Krick, High and Overholtzer Family Associations.
WILLIAM J. DIETRICH,
Member of Pennsylvania German Society, Historical Society of Berks County, Lehigh County Historical Society, Bucks County Historical Society, and Author of Dietrich Families in America.
IN TWO VOLUMES-Illustrated
VOL. I.
LEHIGH VALLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, LTD. ALLENTOWN, PA. 1914
COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY LEHIGH VALLEY PUBLISHING CO.
PRESS OF UNITED EVANGELICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE, HARRISBURG, PA.
1140686
RESOLUTIONS BY THE LEHIGH COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
WHEREAS, The year 1912 marks the close of the first century of Lehigh's ex- istence as a separate county, and
WHEREAS, Lehigh county embraces one of the most historic sections of the state of Pennsylvania, and
WHEREAS, No separate and complete history of the county has ever been pub- lished, and
WHEREAS, It is the sense of the Lehigh County Historical Society and the county in general that such a publication would fittingly commemorate this event; therefore, - be it
Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the society to compile and ar- range for the publication of the same.
The following constitutes the committee :
Charles R. Roberts, Rev. John B. Stoudt, Rev. Thomas K. Krick, William J. Dietrich, and Miss Minnie F. Mickley.
RESOLUTION BY THE ALLENTOWN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
The Lehigh County Historical Society having appointed a Historical Committee to compile the history of the county for 1912; the Chamber of Commerce of Allen- town hereby endorses the publication of such a history and approves of the plan of pub- lishing such history by the Historical Society.
January 9, 19II.
111
FOREWORD.
The first History of Lehigh County appeared in a volume issued by Prof. I. D. Rupp, in 1845, containing histories of Northampton, Lehigh, Carbon, Monroe, and Schuylkill counties. In 1860 Mathew S. Henry's History of The Lehigh Valley, containing a history of the county, was pub- lished; and in 1884 Mathew and Hungerford's History of Lehigh and Carbon counties appeared. Besides these, two biographical publications, containing portraits and biographies of some of the Le- high county families, were issued-Portraits and Biographical Records of Lehigh, Northampton, and Carbon counties, by the Chapman Pub. Co., in 1894, and The Lehigh Valley, by the Lewis Pub. Co., in 1905.
No separate history of the county and its people having been issued and there being a general desire for such a work the Lehigh County Historical Society appointed the committee whose names appear on the preceding page to compile and publish a history of the county and to include genealog- ical data and biographical sketches as a fitting memorial to mark the centennial of the county.
The committee immediately after their appointment organized a staff of assistants, and now, after four years of united efforts present this work. Owing to unavoidable circumstances Miss Min- nie F. Mickley was unable to assist in the editorial work; nevertheless she co-operated with the com- mittee in the compiling of the genealogies of some of the early and prominent families. Chapters not specially denoted were prepared by the committee.
The chapter on Geology was prepared by Prof. Benj. L. Miller, Ph.D .; on Flora, by Harold W. Pretz, A.M .; The German Pioneers, by Rev. George W. Richards, D.D .; The Delaware Indians, by Alfred F. Berlin; The History of the Borough of Alburtis, by Rev. Frank P. Laros; Catasauqua, by William H. Glase, Esq .; Coopersburg, by Hon. Frank B. Heller; Fountain Hill and West Bethlehem, by Clarence E. Beckel; Macungie, by O. P. Knauss. Of the histories of the townships Wilbur L. King compiled Hanover ; Adam P. Frey, Esq., Lowhill ; Hon. James A. Miller, Lynn; Rev. M. B. Schmoyer, Lower Macungie; Rev. Frank P. Laros, Upper Macungie; Hon. Frank B. Heller, Upper Saucon; Ralph T. Sowden, M.D., Washington, and Sol. Rupp, Esq., Weissenberg.
In addition to the above named contributors the committee is indebted to the following :
The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the publishers of the Republikaner and the Friedenbote, for the use of their files, and to Morton L. Montgomery, Benj. F. Trexler, Prof. W. J. Hincke, D.D., Col. S. D. Lehr, Andrew Keck, Hon. James L. Schaadt, Charles Ziegenfuss, Sr., Major Frank D. Beary, Lewis Balliet, M.D., Prof. J. O.Knauss, Prof. J. P. Deibert, Henry D. Gross, Wil- liam Grosscup, Tilghman Neimeyer, Prof. H. J. Reinhard, Rev. J. F. Lambert, Rev. A. O. Ebert, Wm. L. Hartman, James Hausman, Capt. H. C. Wagner, F. C. Seiberling, M.D., C. D. Weirbach, Wilson A. Wert, Esq., Elmer C. Kistler, Esq., Thos. P. Wenner, Samuel B. Lewis, James G. Rausch, Wilson K. Peter, E. M. Handwerk, Edward Randall, Nathan Bartholomew, E. J. Guth, T. L. Wieand, William H. Henninger, W. H. Reitz, H. H. Romig, John S. Matchette, C. D. Schaeffer, M.D., H. I. Klopp, M.D., Lewis B. Erdman, Sarah Brobst, and many others whose courtesies, val- uable assistance and support has made this Centennial History possible.
Confident that its value will be more and more appreciated as the years go by, this work is en- trusted to its subscribers and readers.
COMMITTEE. October 1, 1914.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGES.
PAGES.
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER XIX.
Geology,
I-14
Allentown from 1762-1811,
388-416
CHAPTER II.
CHAPTER XX.
Flora,
CHAPTER III.
15-17
Allentown as a Borough, 1811-1867, .
417-446
CHAPTER XXI.
Delaware Indians,
18-40
Allentown as a City, 1867-1914,
447-494
CHAPTER XXII.
German Pioneers,
41-53
Churches,
495-556
CHAPTER
XXIII.
Borough of Alburtis,
557-564
CHAPTER
XXIV.
Borough of Catasauqua,
565-630
CHAPTER
XXV.
Borough of Coplay,
631-634
CHAPTER XXVI.
Borough of Coopersburg,
635-640
CHAPTER
XXVII.
CHAPTER IX.
Borough of Emaus,
641-655
Fries Rebellion,
166-21I
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Borough of Fountain Hill,
656-658
CHAPTER
XXIX.
Borough of Macungie,
659-672
Bench and Bar,
224-247
CHAPTER XII.
Borough of Slatington,
673-695
Education in the County,
248-276
CHAPTER XIII.
Newspapers,
277-283
CHAPTER XIV.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Borough of Bethlehem (West Side), .
698-704
CHAPTER
XXXIII.
CHAPTER XVI.
Charitable Institutions,
358-372
Heidelberg Township,
717-737
CHAPTER XVII.
CHAPTER XXXV.
Internal Improvements,
373-384
Lowhill Township,
738-751
CHAPTER XVIII.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Census of the County,
385-387
Lower Macungie Township,
752-765
vii
CHAPTER XXXI.
Borough of South Allentown,
.
696-697
Medical Profession, .
284-297
CHAPTER XV.
War Periods,
298-357
Hanover Township,
705-716
CHAPTER
XXXIV.
Organization of Lehigh County,
212-223
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XXX.
CHAPTER X.
French and Indian War,
75-99
CHAPTER VII.
Indian Massacre of 1763,
100-113
CHAPTER VIII.
Revolutionary War,
114-165
CHAPTER VI.
First Settlement as Part of Bucks
County,
54-74
CHAPTER IV.
CHAPTER V.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGES.
PAGES.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
CHAPTER XLIV.
Upper Milford Township,
766-794
Upper Saucon Township,
922-948
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
CHAPTER XLV.
Lower Milford Township,
795-809
Washington Township,
949-966
Lynn Township,
CHAPTER XL.
Weissenberg Township,
967-999
North Whitehall,
841-866
CHAPTER XLVII.
CHAPTER XLI.
Whitehall Township,
1000-1032
Salisbury Township,
867-881
CHAPTER XLVIII.
CHAPTER XLII.
Industries,
1033-1089
South Whitehall Township,
882-903
CHAPTER XLIII.
CHAPTER XLIX.
Upper Macungie Township,
904-921
Family Reunions,
1090-1093
CHAPTER
XXXIX.
810-840
CHAPTER XLVI.
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Map of Lehigh County, Frontispiece
St. John's Lutheran Church, . 510
Indian Implements, 29
St. Peter's Lutheran Church, 512
Indian Ornaments, . 34-35
St. Michael's Lutheran Church, 513
Zeisloff House, Lynn Township, 80
St. Luke's Lutheran Church, 516
Sechler House, Lynn Township, 90
Group of Churches, 518
Map Showing Indian Trails and Kern's Mill, Slatington, 94
Calvary M. E. Church, Bet-Hügel,
522
Map of Massacre of 1763, 106
Grove House,
527
Fort Deshler (1860), (1910), II2
Churches of Evangelical Association, Allentown, .
529
Allentown College for Women, 270
Trinity U. E. Church, 534
Bishopthorpe Manor, 272
United Evangelical Churches, Allen- town, 5.36
Bethlehem Preparatory School, 274
Facsimile Jugend Freund, 283
Rev. John Schell, 540
Phobe Deaconess and Old Folks Home, .
365
Rev. Solomon Neitz,
541
Good Shepherd Home, 366
Rev. Jos. M. Saylor,
541
Allentown Hospital, 1898-1902, 368
Rev. Moses Dissinger, 542
Rev. B. J. Smoyer, 543
544
Rhoads House,
389
Deshler's Mill,
394
Ebenezer Holiness Church,
545
Original Plan of Allentown, 1762,.
Zion U. B. Church, 547
Allen Coat of Arms,
398
Immaculate Church, 552
William Allen (Chief Justice),
399
Sacred Heart Church, 554
St. John's Baptist Church,
555
Anne Penn Allen,
407
James Greenleaf,
407
Trout Hall,
410
Memorial Presbyterian Church, 563
CATASAQUA-
Catasauqua (1852) 567
Early Fire Engine, 571
Eagle Brewery, 574
Crane Iron Works, 576
Views of Allentown, 450
Mauser and Cressman Mill, 579
View of Center Square ( 1876), 452
Wahnetah Silk Mill,
580
Fire of Center Square ( 1876), 452
Goldsmith Planing Mill, 582
584
School Buildings, 460
Views of Dorney and Central Parks, 470
Eighth Street Bridge,
47I
Pine Street Bridge,
587
Post Office,
592
Allentown Band, 484
Fraternal Houses, 490
Zion's Church (1773),
496 497
Zion's Reformed Church,
498
St. John's Reformed Church, 50I
Christ Reformed Church,
504
Trinity Lutheran Church, 612
Soldiers' Monument, 618
Lincoln School House, 621
Bank Notes, 627
ix
Wahnetah Silk Mill and West Catasau- qua, 585
Picturesque Scenes, 473
George Taylor House ( 1768),
603
First Church, 605
First Presbyterian Church, 607
Grace M. E. Church, 609
St. Paul's Lutheran Church, 610
St. Paul's, Interior View, Church, 611
St. Andrew's Reformed Church, 505
Brick Church (1856), 508
St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Ch'ch, 509
ALBURTIS-
Christ Chapel,
561
Allentown in (1830),
419
Allentown in (1845),
429
Allentown in (1853),
436
Old School House,
438
View from Square ( 1862), 442
Fire Engine Houses, . 455
Dery Silk Mill,
Waldheim Park, 544
Allen Tract, 397
Grace U. B. Church, 546
James Allen, 404
Rev. David Mertz,
ALLENTOWN-
Allentown Hospital, 1912, 369
526
Muhlenberg College, 267
Rev. Abraham Blumer,
X
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
National Bank, 628
Lehigh National Bank, 629
COPLAY-
Washington School Building, 631
Schreiber Homestead, 632
National Bank, 634
COOPERSBURG-
Boyè Residence, 639
EMAUS ---
Everett Home (1763), 644
Moravian Church ( 1748), 647
Jacob Ehrenhardt Home, 649
St. John's Union Church, 652
MACUNGIE-
Grandy Miller, 660
Nescoe Meeting House, 661
Grace Lutheran Church, 662
Singmaster Homestead, 665
Sallade Home, 667
Singmaster Tannery, 668
Keystone Roller Mills, 669
SLATINGTON-
Kern's Mill, 673
Lehigh Gap, 675
Lower Main Street, 678
Firemen Fountain, 680
National Bank, 681
Slate Quarry, 686
North Main Street, 692
Firemen Monument, 694
SOUTH ALLENTOWN- Stuyvesant Silk Mill, 697
HANOVER TOWNSHIP-
Christ Union Church, 712
St. Peter's Union Church, 713
Beulah Park, 714
T. L. Wieand Cottage, 715
HEIDELBERG TOWNSHIP-
Bernhard Heff Homestead (1767), ..
722
Fritzinger Home, 729
Handwerk Homestead (1769), 769
Bear Rocks, 737
LOWER MACUNGIE TOWNSHIP-
Romig Homestead (1805),
753
Old Lehigh Church, 762
UPPER MILFORD TOWNSHIP-
Milestone, 778
Shimer Homestead, 784
Zionsville Reformed Church, 789
LOWER MILFORD TOWNSHIP- Milestone (1773), 795
Great Swamp Reformed Church, 805
LYNN TOWNSHIP-
Kistler Homestead, 813
Heinrich Fink Homestead, 814
Straub Homestead, 815
PAGE.
First Public House, New Tripoli,
Ebenezer Church, 830
NORTH WHITEHALL TOWNSHIP-
Paul Gross Homestead, 842
George Remeli Springhouse, 844
Hollenbach Mill, Sand Spring, 856
Kern Mill ( 1806), 857
Daniel Gross Home, 859
John Siegler Home, 861
SALISBURY TOWNSHIP-
Rev. Daniel Zellers, 867
Western Salisbury Union C'h ( 1819), 868
Western Salisbury Church, 869
Congregational Vessels and Schlatter Bible, 870
Eastern Salisbury Union Church, 873
Nunnermacher Homestead, 878
SOUTH WHITEHALL TOWNSHIP-
Jordan Reformed Church, 885
Leibelsperger Homestead, 890
Lorentz Guth Homestead (1745), 892
Troxell Homestead (1800), 894
Henry Guth Home, 897
Sieger Homestead, 899
Peter Troxell Homestead (1744), 902
Troxell Barn (1806), 903
UPPER SAUCON TOWNSHIP-
Map of Township, 924
Blue Church, 932 Owen's Hotel (1748), 938
Fiedensville Zinc Mines, 939
Frank B. Heller, 942
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP --
Frederick Kern Homestead (1786), .. 951
House built in 1797, 953
Old House at Slatedale, 954
Henritzy Homestead (1790), 955
Residence of John F. Peters (1799), . 957
Devil's Pulpit, 959
WEISSENBERG TOWNSHIP-
Rupp Barn (1794), 971
Bleiler Homestead, 972
Ziegel Church, . 977-980-983
Helfrich Homestead, 985
WHITEHALL-
Map Showing Early Settlers, 1004
View of 180,000,000 Gallon Dam, ...
IOII
Winter Scene of 3,000,000 Gallon Res- ervoir, IO12
West Catasauqua High School Building, 1020
Fullerton School Building, IO2I
Stone Church at Egypt, 1785, 1023
Egypt Church, 1024
Mickley's Church, 1026
xi
INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
Hokendauqua Presbyterian Church, . 1027
Butz School House, 1028
School Building, Egypt, 1030
INDUSTRIES-
Bryden Horse-shoe Works, Catasauqua, 1047
Dent Hardware Company, Fullerton,. . 1049 Keystone Barrel Works, Allentown, . 1076
Kurtz Furniture Works, Fullerton, . .. 1052
Erich Establishment, Allentown, .. . . 1054
Interior of G. F. Erich Company's Office, 1055
PAGE.
Queen City Silk Mill, 1060
H. J. Feldhege Silk Co., Egypt, 1061
McBride Bros. Silk Mill, Fullerton,. . 1062 National Silk Dyeing Co., 1064
Views of Cement Mills, 1068
Establishment of Lewis D. Clauss, 1075
Allentown Flint Bottle Company, 1077
Schlafer Bakery,
1083 H. Ray Haas & Company, Allentown, . 1087
Geo. L. Weisel, Marble Works, 1089
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CHAPTER I.
GEOLOGY BENJAMIN LEROY MILLER, PH.D. Professor of Geology in Lehigh University
INTRODUCTION
Ever since man began to exercise his reason- ing powers he has been seeking information con- cerning the existence of the various objects in Nature by which he is surrounded.
The sun, the moon, the stars, and the planets seem to have exercised the greatest attractions for primitive man and he early sought for explana- tions of their movements, their characteristics, and their origin. Many of the attempts to solve these problems now appear very crude to us and yet no doubt every effort put forth by honest and sincere investigators had some useful effect upon the development of the science of astronomy, in that each investigation probably resulted in the acquisition of some new scientific fact and each new theory proposed contained some truth. Fur- ther, each investigation acted as a stimulus to other men who may have had the same innate desire to learn the ways of Nature and to clear away her mysteries.
It seems strange that the science that deals with objects which we can never study except at long range should have first gained recognition, but it seems that astronomy long antedates the other natural sciences. Biology apparently de- veloped later when man began to observe the multiplicity of animals and plants and to note their resemblances and differences. Aristotle and others initiated the study by their attempts to classify living forms of life and by so doing laid the foundations for the modern sciences of Botany and Zoology. Gradually these have developed during succeeding centuries and with each ad- vance the keen insight of the leaders has discov- ered ever more and more problems awaiting so- lution.
As is so frequently the case, the commonplace objects that are ever with us were the ones long- est ignored. The soils which yielded the mineral matter for plants necessary for existence, the rocks which were used in the building of structures for shelter and protection, the streams which aided or interfered with man's work, the hills and mountains which protected or menaced early man were long disregarded, judging by our earliest
records. The unusual spectacular phenomena of Nature such as earthquakes and violent volcanic eruptions received much attention and aroused the interests of all beholders, but the ordinary geo- logic phenomena were overlooked.
The political history of almost any country shows the same tendencies, for most historians have ignored those periods when conditions were stable or have treated them lightly as of little consequence, while entering into detail in the de- scriptions of the wars and revolutions, the catas- trophes that have befallen the peoples, and the cataclysms by which governments have been over- thrown. Of far greater importance are the slow gradual changes that have ever been taking place, and these brief periods of turmoil should be regarded as merely incidents in the progressive development of men and nations.
Perhaps the chief reason for the rocks, soils, and other geologic phenomena so long escaping attention was the prevailing belief in the un- changeableness of the earth and its constituent ;. The earth was believed to have been brought ir .. o existence in the form which it at present possesses and to represent the ideas of the Creator whose plans it would be useless to attempt to fathom. Under such conditions of belief little more could be done than to tabulate some of the various kinds of minerals and rocks that were observed.
It is usually impossible to determine the date of the beginning of any great idea that has had far-reaching results. In regard to the time when the modern conception of Geology first began it is extremely difficult to fix any approximate date. It has, however, not been much more than one hundred years since the general recognition of the changing character of the constituents of the earth and the topographic features of the earth's surface. With the recognition of this funda- mental principle the rocks and hills acquired new interest. Each particle and collection of particles of the earth was seen to have had a past history both in regard to their constitution and their ar- rangement with respect to other bodies. Each pebble and grain of sand, each mountain range
2
HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
and expansive plain, each continent and ocean basin assumed new importance, and investigators everywhere were stimulated to search for the criteria for the determination of past changes and for the means to forecast future conditions.
In this search Sir John Lyell demands especial mention as it was he who, in the forepart of the last century, most clearly emphasized the proposition that the earth had ever been changing from the beginning of its existence and that all these modifications had been accomplished by the operations of exactly the same forces of Nature that are still at work. It thus became necessary for the geologist to study with extreme care the work that is continually going on, by which rocks are being decomposed and disintegrated by the work of the active components of the atmosphere, the rain, the frost, the winds, the waves, the streams; the work of transportation by which particles are moved from one portion of the earth to another ; the forms assumed by the transported particles when finally deposited, and the result- ant topographic shapes of those places from whence the materials were removed ; and, in gen- eral, all the forces that are ever at work in dif- ferent parts of the world.
Only when data had been secured showing the results of changes now going on did it become possible to interpret the Past. But so ably have the past generations of geologists performed their work that we now generally recognize the criteria for deciphering the records of the past written indelibly in the rocks and hills that all may read who are willing to put forth the necessary ef- forts. To be sure, the geologic record, even as human records, is broken and sornetimes so nearly illegible that there may be a variety of interpreta- tions. But with a multitude of investigators continually seeking new facts in all parts of the world the record is becoming more clear, so that in most places it is possible to determine the great events through which the particular region has passed.
In human history it is convenient to make di- visions which we designate as eras, epochs, etc., and measure by years. In geologic history it is not possible to measure time by units as definite as years. Human history dates back only a few thousand years while the earth has been in ex- istence for millions of years. For this reason we divide geologic time into periods which may be ot cxtreme variation so far as intervals of time are concerned, but each of which over some large portion of the globe represents the beginning and culmination of some active process, and is sepa- rated by some great change from earlier and later periods.
The divisions of the geologic time scale that are recognized the world over are given in the table which follows. The oldest rocks are given at the base of the table.
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE.
Era
System
(approximately)
Quaternary . ..
Pleistocene or Glacial 280,000
Cenozoic
Pliocene.
Tertiary
Oligocene.
Eocene
( Cretaceous
Mesozoic
Jurassic
3,700,000
Triassic.
( Permian
5,550,000
fDevonian
5,550,000
Silurian
3,700,000
Paleozoic ‹
Ordovician.
3,700,000
Cambrian
5,550,000
Algonkian
31,500,000
Archean
?
Length of time in years since Archean period-62,950,000
In the above table the figures given for the duration of each period in years are admittedly merely estimates in which the margin of error is probably large, yet in a general way the table shows the approximate time intervals for each period. The names in italics show the periods represented by the surface rocks of Lehigh county.
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF LEHIGH COUNTY.
Lehigh county presents four types of topog- raphy that are so distinct that they are recog- nized by even the most casual observer. These are the South mountain hills, the limestone val- leys through which the Saucon, Little Lehigh, and Jordan creeks flow, the slate hills of the north-western portion of the county, and finally Blue mountain, which separates Lehigh from . Carbon and Schuylkill counties. .
South Mountain Region .- The term, "South Mountain," notwithstanding its general use, is scarcely an appropriate name for the hills that oc- cupy the southeastern portion of the county. In- stead of a single mountain it is a range of hills with a general northeast-southwest trend but with many divergent spurs extending into the lime- stone valleys. The region is much higher than the immediate surrounding country and extremely rugged. The highest elevation of these hills within Lehigh county is about one and one-half miles southeast of Alburtis where one prominence rises to the height of 1,080 feet above sea level. There are several points near Mountainville also with an elevation somewhat more than 1,000 feet. The crests of these hills in most places, however, are from 800 to 900 feet above sea level.
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