USA > Pennsylvania > Cambria County > History of Cambria County, Pennsylvania, Volume I > Part 41
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CHAPTER XIX.
FALL OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD PLATFORM.
The first great disaster in Johnstown occurred in the fall of the portion of the platform over the Cambria Steel Com- pany's railroad at the station of the Pennsylvania railroad, on Friday, September 14, 1866. There were three persons killed, three who died within a few days, and 387 injured. In fact there were few families who did not have one or more mem- bers or a relative included. The accident happened on the occasion of the visit of President Andrew Johnson and his most distinguished company in his "swing around the circle."
An interminable conflict existed between the president and congress on the policy of reconstruction after the Civil war. The president vetoed every bill passed by congress, which promptly passed it over his objections; the country was in ac- cord with the views as expressed by congress. The congres- sional elections for that year were to take place, in October and November, and the president undertook the trip through the north and west to endeavor to change the membership of the next congress to his views. The crisis came when Mr. John- son tried to remove Edwin M. Stanton, who was Lincoln's sec- retary of war. This was followed on February 24, 1868, by the impeachnnent of the president for high crimes and misde- meanors. He was acquitted, however, by a vote of 35 to 19 nays, lacking one vote of the constitutional two-thirds vote.
The company of persons traveling with the president was composed of the most eminent men of the time: Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant; Admiral David G. Farragut, Will- iam H. Seward, secretary of state; Gideon Welles, secretary of the navy; Senator Edgar Cowan; Major General George A. Custer : and John Covode, of Lockport, the leader of congress.
An immense crowd had gathered to meet the distinguished persons when the special train arrived about 11 o'clock in the morning. It stopped opposite the station, but in order to pro- cure more room for the people it was moved up to the crossing when the multitude passed to the east end of the platform. Mr. Covode introduced the President, who bowed and stepped back.
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HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY.
When General Grant appeared on the rear platform of the car in his full uniform of General of the Army, Mr. Covode had only said, "Ulysses S. Grant," the enthusiasm of the people could no longer be restrained, and like one voice rose a continued cheer, the air white with handkerchiefs. The crowd swayed in effort to reach him when he retired, and in his place appeared the sur- passing figure of Admiral Farragut, also in full naval uniform with yellow decoration, as his last promotion had been just con- firmed by the Senate. Tall, erect, light of step, his sixty-five years had but slightly faded his light hair, falling in waves on his neck. At his name the enthusiasm doubled; what had been cheers became a triumphal roar of welcome; hats were tossed, with shouts for "Farragut ! Farragut!" Veterans tried to force a passage to the front; those on the bridge leapt to the vacated space on the platform; then, with a grinding sway, the entire structure gave way, and two thousand persons sank from sight as though the earth had opened.
Such a scene, can it be depicted? The train moved some distance above the crossing. The President and his company alighted, and from the edge of the abyss, gazed down the sheer, distance where the victims writhed, covered with blood, before they could be rescued. Captain John P. Suter had charge of the presidential train from Pittsburg to Altoona, and was met at the station by Mrs. Suter. They were standing by General Grant and when women and little children were laid on a strip of green sod they heard him say: "It was sadder than a battle- field." General Custer, who had faced death many times, stood abashed in grief.
The President sent a letter and five hundred dollars to Mr. Morrell from Altoona, as below:
"Sir: I am requested by Andrew Johnson (who deeply sympathizes with the families who have suffered by the terrible accident at Johnstown today) to request that the enclosed amount be applied to the relief of the most needy of the bereaved and wounded.
"I am, sir, very respectfully yours,
"WILLIAM G. MOORE, Assistant Adjutant-General."
On the next day Major-General John W. Geary wrote to Mr. Morrell, thus : "While on my way from Pittsburg to Harris- burg this morning, I was shocked and grieved at the intelligence of the terrible accident of yesterday. I find among the killed and wounded many of my personal friends and neighbors, and I
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beg that you will extend to the latter and to the relations of the * former my heartfelt sympathies. I enclose my draft, * .
The Relief Committee was quickly organized, consisting of H. A. Boggs, chairman; H. D. Woodruff, secretary, and Howard J. Roberts, treasurer. The members from the wards were: First ward-James Morley, Irvin Rutledge, Frank W. Hay, Mrs. J. M. Campbell, Mrs. Evan Roberts, and Mrs. Abraham Kopelin. Second ward-H. A. Boggs, General James Potts, Rev. J. B. Uber, Mrs. W. C. Lewis, Mrs. Alexander Hamilton,
Mrs. II. A. Boggs. Third ward-Robert P. Linton, D. C. Morris, Lewis Plitt, John Flanagan, Mrs. Emil Young, Mrs. Charles Zimmerman. Fourth ward-William Dysart, George Carroll, Wesley J. Rose, Mrs. John Lowman, Mrs. William Masterton and George Engelbach. Fifth ward-Leonard Dill, Mrs. John Benton, Mrs. R. A. Fink, Captain J. K. Hite, Mrs. John Parks, William H. Rose. Conemaugh Borough, First ward-Captain H. D. Woodruff, Mary Griffin, Margaret Davis, Jane Wilson, Margaret Hesselbine, John Devlin, Nicholas Freidhoff and Thomas J. Chapman. Second ward-Rev. Patrick Garvey, Mrs. Heslop, Mrs. Nolen, Mrs. Slater and Mr. Braddock. Millville Borough-Evan G. Lewis, Lewis R. Jones, Jonathan Lewis, David M. Davis, Joseph Masters, A. M. Gregg, Mrs. George Stuzman, Mrs. Daniel M. Davis. Cambria Borough-William A. Krise, Mrs. John Ryan, Mrs. Owen McCaffrey, Mrs. Adam Tawney, John Ryan and Daniel McDonald. Prospect Borough -John White, Mrs. John Smith, Mrs. Gardner, Mrs. John Cav- enaugh, Robert Dimond and Hugh McMonigal. Taylor town- ship-James Cooper.
Those killed in the disaster were: Catherine Quirk, wife of John Quirk, of Prospect; Nathaniel Duncan and David Metz- gar .. Those who were injured and died within a few days were: Mrs. Bridget Downey, Mary Jane Quinn and Mrs. Sarah Walsh. The injured were :
Rev. B. L. Agnew, ankle; Henry Alde, both limbs broken; Benjamin Andrews, hand.
F. Bader, serious ; William Baker, head and side; Lowman Barclay, slight; Mrs. Charles Barnes, slight; James Barnes, slight; Solomon Beadman, leg; Andrew Beck, ankle; Louis Beemer, slight; Philip Beiter (Wilmore), slight; Frank Ben- ford, severe; R. E. C. Bennett, slight; Richard Bennett, slight; Daniel Berkey, leg broken; John Berkey, leg broken; Christian Biffinger. back: William Bledsoe's daughter, serious; Michael
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HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY.
Boland, contusions; Michael Bolan, slight; Lewis Bomer, slight; Captain W. B. Bonacker, collar bone broken; Ellen Bowers, bruised; William Bowers, back; Alice Bowman, bruised; Fred- erick Bowman, bruised; James Boyle, slight; Pius Braddock, nose and leg; Edward Brady, serious; John Brady, leg broken ; Edward Breever, feet; Kate Bridges, arm broken; Robert Bridges, leg broken, cut seriously; John Brown, arm; Rev. Brown, ankle broken; John S. Buchanan, slight; ex-Sheriff John Buck, bruised severely; James Burtnett, slight; Joseph Bush, arm; Elijah Butler, leg, and Thomas Butler, thigh.
W. H. Campbell, slight; Letitia Canan, serious; Robert H. Canan, slight; William H. Canan, internally; Charles Caney, Conemaugh, bruised; James Caney, slight; Nicholas Cannan, shoulder and knee; Dennis Canon, leg and face, serious; A. Car- peuter, head, serious; Edward Cartwright, serious; David Clark, severe ; Peter Clarkins, shoulder and thigh broken; Mrs. Sarah Clawson, slight; Christian Colburn, nose broken; Casper Collins, leg and back; Stephen Connelly, bruised; Ahlum Cope, slight; Geo. W. Cope, slight; Alexander Cover, slight; B. F. Cover, slight; John Cox, Esq., leg, serious; Emma ('oy, slight; D. Cramer, slight; James Craver, slight; Mrs. David Creed, slight; Joseph Crouse, slight; J. P. Culbertson, arm and leg; and Isaac Culin, slight.
Margaret Daily, thigh; Mrs. Daly, widow, leg and arm; D. L. Davis, slight; Mary Ann Davis, severe; Mary M. Davis, slight; Miriam Davis, wrist; Louis Diner, slight; Frank Dibert, leg broken; John Dickey. thigh broken; James Dimond, slight; Patrick Dimond, eye put out and leg injured; John Donnelly, slight; William Doubt, side; Samuel Milton Douglass, ankle; Mrs. James Downey, serious ; Samuel Dumfee, severe; William Dumfee, severe, and Michael D. Duncan, slight.
Casper Easly, severe; James Eldridge, leg and wrist; George Engelbach, back; August Erb, ankle; Hannan Etzel, shoulder and leg; Rev. Evans, slight, and Stephen Evans, slight.
Bridget Fehely, slight; Jacob Fend, nose broken; Tillie Fend Gageby, collar bone broken; William Fennell, slight; Dennis Finnerty, serious; Peter Fisher, Conemaugh, back; Ed- gar O. Fisher, slight; John H. Fisher, serious; Judge John Flanagan, slight; Michael Flattery, leg crushed; Theodore Fock- ler, slight; Josiah Folsom, leg broken and internal; Ellen Fred- ericks, ankle; Mrs. Henry Fritz, slight, and Mrs. Fromald, in- ternal.
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James Gall, side; Joseph Garver, leg broken; Barbara Geis- Foster, slight; Rose Geis-Quinn, serious; William R. Geis, leg bruised; Sarah Gibson, both legs broken; David Gillis, head and leg; Christian Good, Jr., bruised; Fanny Gordon, slight; Thomas Gore, slight; D. W. Goughnour, ribs broken; Jonas F. Gough- nour, leg broken; Mrs. Bridget Graham, slight; Margaret Gra- ham, shoulder broken; Wesley Green, leg broken; Andrew Greenwood, slight; Amanda Grist, serious, and Charles Grist, slight.
Joseph Hafner, slight; Christian Hager, slight; George A. Hager, head, serious; Jacob Hamilton, shoulder, serious; Jessie Hamilton, slight; Mary Hamilton, slight; Mrs. Haney, serious; John Harker, Jr., head; Elizabeth Harris, both shoulders broken; Mrs. Harris, internal; Christian Harrison, slight; N. B. Hartzell, ankle; Louisa Hawker, severe; John B. Hay, arm broken; Henry Headrick, serious; William Hess, leg, severe; Frank Higgins, leg bruised; David Hite, slight; Jacob Hoff- man, slight; Elizabeth Hohman, leg; Rev. Nathaniel Horne, slight; Peter Hornick, head and leg; Henry Howard, face; James Howard, head cut; John Howlett, breast and ankle; Nicholas Huebner, thigh; Jennie Hunt, shoulder; Timothy L. Hunt, serious ; Samuel Hutchinson, slight.
Miss Jelly, serious; Richard Jelly, serious; Morgan Jen- kins, slight; Mrs. Jenkins, both arms broken; Rev. Thomas Jenkins, serious ; J. M. Johnston, internal and serious; J. John- ston (Westmoreland), bruised; Mrs. Ann Jones, slight; Daniel Jones, nose and knee; David Jones, slight; Elizabeth Jones, slight; Mrs. Maria Jones, severe; Reese Jones, slight; Thomas Jones, back and legs, and Frank A. Joy, leg.
Margaret Kenly-McMillen, slight; Thomas Kenny, slight; Thomas M. Kernan, shoulder; Adam Kettering, Jr., leg broken ; George Kettering, thigh broken; Casper Killion, serious; Ida King-Kirkbride, wrist; King (Scalp Level), severe; John Kinney, foot; George Klucker, slight: George Klug, serious; Pius Klug, leg broken; Baltzer Kohler, leg; George Kohler, leg broken; Christian Kolp, nose and back; Emma Kooken, slight; William Kooken, slight; Joseph Kuntz, leg; Mrs. Kopes, slight; John Kraft, bruised, severe; Albert Krauss, ankle and breast; Cecilia Kuhn, slight, and Christian Kunkel, side.
Thomas Lane, slight; William Layton's child, serious; Francis Leckey, slight; Nancy Leitenberger, leg and neck; Samuel Lenhart, Jr., leg, severe; Lucy Levergood, arm broken;
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HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY.
Henry M. Lewis, leg, slight; J. Lewis, slight; Thomas Lewis, slight; Mrs. Thomas Lewis, slight; Charlotte List, arm broken; Mary Livingstone, serious; Elizabeth Lloyd, slight; Charles Lowny, head and face; George B. Lucas, ankle, serious; L. Horner Luther, bruised; Mary E. Luther, bruised, and E. F. Lyte, Ebensburg, serious.
Mrs. Sarah H. Maclay, bruised; Ellen Magee, severe; Ben- jamin Marsh, slight; Mrs. Matilda Mansell, slight; Samuel Man- sell, slight; Michael McCabe, ankle; Owen McCabe, both legs broken, serious; McCann, Catherine, severe; John McClellan, slight; W. D. McClelland, slight; James B. McCreight; nose and internal; Mrs. McDonald and two children, slight; Thomas Mc- Gough, ankle; Daniel McKenna, both ankles dislocated; Daniel Mclaughlin, Esq., slight; Michael McNealy, slight; J. McNulty, slight; Daniel McPike, leg broken; Frank McPike, slight; Mrs. Mary Meldren, slight; C. Menstill, serious; James Merty, serious; Mary Michaels, severe; Mrs. Charles Miller, ribs; Daniel H. Miller, bruised; William Miller, serious; Denny Mitchell, slight; Mary Morgan, bruised; Richard Morgan, serious; Mary Morris, leg broken; Mrs. Moses, back, serions; Elizabeth Moyer, back and legs; John Mullen, hips, serious; James Murphy, ankle; Eddie Myers, stomach, and Joseph W. Myers, slight.
Jacob Needs, arm broken; - Nensteil, severe; Patrick Nevin, severe, and John Nowe, serious.
Daniel O'Connell, slight; Hannah O'Connell, slight; Patrick O'Connell, slight; William Owen, mouth and shoulder; Benja- min F. Orr, bruised, severe; William Orr, slight; Henry Owen, arms and back; James Owens, arm broken and chest bruised, and Patrick Owens, leg broken.
John Palmer, slight; William Palmer, Sr., slight; William Palmer, Jr., slight; John Parfitt, serious; Miss Parry, internal; Robert Parsons, serious; Mrs. Parsons, back; Miss Parsons, slight; ex-Sheriff Jesse Patterson, slight; William P. Patton, slight; Harry S. Peelor, slight; Thomas J. Petrikin, chest; John Pfarr, ribs and back, serious; - Palmer, Mill Creek, slight; John Power, ribs broken; Susan Pringle, slight, and Robert Pritchard, leg broken.
John Quinn, slight and Mrs. Thomas Quinn, internal and serious.
Edward Ralph, knee and breast; Charles Randolph, slight; Captain John H. Reed, slight; Martin Rist, shoulder and side;
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HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY.
David D. Reese, leg broken; Mary Ann Rees, arm; Morgan Rees, contusions ; Mrs. Morgan Rees, contusions; Charles Reilly, ribs broken; Jacob Replogle, slight; J. C. Riffle, bruised; John D. Roberts, slight; ex-Sheriff John Roberts, slight; William Roberts, severe; Robert P. Robinson, leg broken; George Rob- inson, colored, slight; William Roland, head; Martha Rosen- steel-Adams, seriously, and Mrs. Alexander Royer, arm, side and head.
Henry Scher, slight; Philip Schultheis, slight; Mrs. Jacob Schultz, arm broken; John Seese, rib broken; Henry Shearer, back; Miss J. Sheehan, slight; Dr. Campbell Sheridan, serious; Elizabeth Sherman, leg; C. Sherman, serious; Catherine Sheets, arm broken; John Sheets, slight; Mary Shepard-Whitehill, slight; Joseph Shoemaker, slight; Daniel Shoupe, severe; John Slick, severe; Anthony Sloan, slight; Isaac Snell, slight; Caro- line Snyder, side; Jacob Snyder, slight; Matilda Snyder and son, slight; Otho Steiner, leg broken; Elias Stevens, severe; William M. Stevens, severe; Peter Stormer, leg broken; John Stroup, arm broken; Annie Suppes-Hay, left wrist and head, and Libbie Swank, slight.
Charles Taylor, hip dislocated; Henry Theis, arm broken; Edward Thomas, serious; - - Thomas, Woodvale, shoulder ; Cyrus Tittle, severe; James Tittle, severe ; John S. Tittle, back, serious ; Mrs. John Tittle, bruised; C. HI. Trabert, head and side ; Mary Trabert, serious; George Turner, severe, and Mr. and Mrs. Tyler, slight.
Daniel Unversaght, thigh broken; Elizabeth Unversaght, severe; William Updegrave, sprains and bruises, and William Upton, slight.
Mrs. John Vogle, severe and Miss Vowinkle, slight.
Dr. George Wagoner, leg broken; Mrs. Walsh, head and back; Henry Walters, leg and arm broken; Henry Walters, Summerhill, breast, serious; William H. Watkins, ankle; Phin- eas Watkins, paralyzed, slightly; Jolin Weakland, leg broken; Samuel Weaver, child, serious; - - Weaver, two children from the Island, injured; William Walsh, contusions; Emery West, side; Mrs. Jeanette Whannell, severe; John White, Jr., sliglit; Charles Whittle, severe; Mrs. Susannah Wild, head; Anna Williams, leg broken; Mrs. Eliza Williams, slight; Hannah Williams, slight; James Williams, serious; Jared . Williams, slight; Mary Williams, ankle and back; William Wilson, ribs broken; William Wilson, St. Yestown, slight; Henry Wiseman,
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HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY.
arm broken; Charles Wolstoff, back and Mrs. Wunderly, back and arm, serious.
Emanuel Young internal, serious; Horace F. Young, elbow dislocated, and William Young, ribs and arm.
Richard Zachariah, slight; August Zerbe, head; Charles Zimmerman, Sr., serious; Emma Zimmerman, bruised, and Jacob Zimmerman, Esq .. slight.
Coroner William Flattery summoned a jury consisting of Robert P. Linton, George Engelbach, John F. Barnes, John Flanagan, Jacob Horner, and Joshua F. Carpenter to inquire when, where, how and after what manner David Metzgar came to his death. On the 19th the jury filed its finding that the platform was defective, and that the death was caused by the negligence of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
The election for governor and congress was to take place on the second Tuesday of October, and meetings were adver- tised by both parties for October 6, but, owing to the grief pre- vailing, W. Horace Rose, chairman of the Democratic county committee, and Robert W. Hunt, of the Union executive, can- celled them.
The case of David Gillis vs. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for damages growing out of the great disaster, is one of the famous law actions of the county. The plaintiff came from Gallitzin to see the presidential party, and was seriously injured. There were about two hundred cases pending, when it was agreed among the complainants that the Gillis case, being the best cause of action, should be taken, and the others would abide by the result. The plaintiff was represented by Robert L. Johnston, Abraham Kopelin and Daniel Mclaughlin, and the defendant by Cyrus L. Pershing and John Scott.
The plaintiff contended: First, that the Company was lia- ble for not having a safe platform at its station, and had ad- vertised the expected arrival of the train. Second, that it car- ried the presidential party for hire, and that the platform was a part of the Company's right of way. Third, that the plaint- iff was a passenger, and had got off the train on the platform which broke. Fourth, that plaintiff went to the station at the instance of defendant; that the train had not stopped- at its usual place, but about two hundred feet beyond, without noti- fying the multitude, which compelled the movement of the people to get a better view.
The defense denied the averments; contending that it was
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a special train furnished without compensation; that the schedule was made and five minute stops arranged on the spe- cial request of President Johnson; that the newspapers had publishing the schedule without authority of the Company; that the defendant gave no notice of the arrival of the special and that the train had stopped at the usual place, but President Johnson being on the rear platform, in order to accommodate more people it was moved eastward a short distance.
The cause was tried before Judge Taylor, at December term, 1867. At the conclusion of the plaintiff's case the defen- dant submitted two points to sustain a compulsory nonsuit, and the plaintiff presented twenty-seven points in opposing it.
After a very exhaustive argument, Judge Taylor sustained the motion for a nonsuit. He said: "We were present and wit- nessed this sad disaster, and we trust in God we may never witness another scene like it. We are free to say that for the sufferers, we have the most profound sympathy. At the same time, the question is here, as a legal question, whether the de- fendant is responsible for it."
The plaintiff entered an appeal to the supreme court, and on July 2, 1868, 59 Pa., 129, Mr. Justice Sharswood delivered the opinion which sustained Judge Taylor. In substance it was: 1. A platform at a railroad station is in no sense a pub- lic highway. 2. It is for the accommodation of passengers, and other persons have no legal right of walking over it. 3. The owner of a house is bound to have the approach to it suffi- cient for all visitors on business or otherwise, but if a crowd gathers on it to witness a passing parade, etc., and it breaks down, though not sufficient even for ordinary use, he is not liable to one of the crowd who might be injured.
CHAPTER XX.
THE GREAT FLOOD OF MAY 31, 1889.
The veterans of 1861 had reverently placed their tributes on the graves of their comrades that beautiful Memorial Day of 1889, a wise Providence withholding from them visions of the awful carnage which was to take place on the morrow.
The rain began to fall early that Thursday evening, and before midnight was coming down in blinding sheets, continu- ing with more or less severity until Friday morning. The in- cessant downpour had not been confined to the western slope of the Allegheny mountains, but had extended throughout west- ern Pennsylvania, and in the rail-belt leading to the Conemaugh and Stonycreek rivers, a heavier storm had never been known. Both rivers rose eighteen inches per hour, and at 8 A. M., May 31, each channel was almost full to the top of its banks. Within a half hour the overflow from the dam had covered that por- tion of the town below Market street, and rising rapidly the water soon extended as far up as Jackson street.
The South Fork dam, originally an old reservoir, was a beautiful little lake nestled in the hills sixteen miles above Johnstown, having a basin of thirty-two acres, being about three miles in extreme length, from one-fourth to a mile in width, and seventy-two feet high at the breast. It was fed by the South Fork of the Little Conemaugh which drains the Cedar Swamp, and the little mountain rivulets. Completely en- circling it, beneath rows of grand old forest trees, was a de- lightful driveway, and overlooking it was a commodious club house and about eighteen quaint cottages, whither the members of the South Fork Fishing Club, who owned it, took their fam- ilies for the summer months.
The mills had closed early in the morning, and the stores, shops and street cars had shortly after followed their example, consequently most men were at home. About eleven o'clock the Poplar street bridge was carried off its piers and seemed to float intact until it reached the new Franklin street bridge. when it went to pieces. An hour later the Cambria City bridge left its moorings.
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At one o'clock in the afternoon all the people in the town were completely housed with the exception of an occasional Venetian who visited his neighbor on a rudely constructed raft. At half-past one the water was seven feet above the level of Walnut street at the Welsh church between Lincoln and Vine, and by four o'clock it had risen another foot. Dr. J. K. Lee, who resided at the corner of Main street and Cherry alley, telephoned at a quarter after two that he was then standing in thirty-four inches of water on the first floor of his home, and that he would not come down again until the water sub- sided.
At two-thirty o'clock it was estimated that the flow of the current in front of the Tribune office was twelve inches, going from the Stonycreek towards Main street at the rate of six miles per hour.
At 3:15 o'clock the Central telephone office was informed by Frank S. Deckert, agent of the Pennsylvania railroad, "that the South Fork reservoir was getting worse all the time, and that the danger of its breaking was increasing momentarily."
In commenting on this startling news the Tribune ex- pressed this opinion, "It is idle to speculate what would be the result if this tremendous body of water-three miles long, a mile wide in places, and sixty feet (ninety feet) deep at the breast at its normal stage-should be thrown into the already submerged Valley of the Conemaugh." At the moment the terrible force was passing through the break in the dam, and com- mencing its wild rush down the narrow valley, the declivity of which was 53 feet to the mile, at the rate of fifteen miles per hour.
This is the substance of the warning received by the few people who had telephones. It was only a fear, not a certainty, that the long predicted break had occurred. In a few minutes telegrams were received along the line of the Pennsylvania rail- road stating that the dam had broken, and the information quickly passed to those within reach, permitted a few to es- cape to the hills. Even had it been possible to warn all, nine- tenthis of the people could not have escaped at that hour, with the water from two to ten feet deep everywhere.
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