USA > Pennsylvania > Lancaster County > History of Lancaster County : to which is prefixed a brief sketch of the early history of Pennsylvania > Part 35
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HISTORY OF .
times happens that authors use neither the proper nor the common name of an animal, but adopt one, perhaps entirely unknown to those best acquainted with it.
The scientific appellation is the only true name of a plant or an animal, as no other will answer our principal purpose, that of giving a distinct name to every organized object. Nothing is gained by naming certain insects weavil, hammerbug or schnellkaefer, when there are more than a hundred different kinds of each in Pennsylvania, each of which has its proper name. We call an insect the rose bug, but this name will not enable us to discover the true appellation under which it may be found in European books, whether English, French or Ger- man. A little consideration upon this subject will convince any one that an animal or plant is not properly known until we are acquainted with its name, and every one interested in the study of zoology or botany, should endeavor to become familiar with the proper names. Naturalists themselves are often to blame in this matter, from a jealousy that the public at large will finally become as wise as themselves; and they accordingly invent English names which they set forth in large capitals, so that the proper names will be less likely to attract attention.
MAMMALIA *- BEASTS.
Four species of bat occur in Lancaster county, viz :
Vespertilio Carolinensis; chesnut brown above, yellowish beneath : V. Noveboracensis ; reddish brown : V. pruinosus; fur dark, tipped with white: V. subulatus? Scalops Cana- densis; mole. Condylura macroura ; star-nóse mole. Sorex brevicaudus ; found along water courses, where it constructs burrows in the grass. Procyon lotor; the raccoon is not un- common in some parts of the county. Mustela erminea; de- scribed under this name by Godman, and usually called weasel. Mustela lutreola ; mink. Mephitis Americana; the skunk or polecat. Vulpes fulvus ; red fox : V. cinereo-argentatus ; grey fox. Didelphis Virginiana ; possum, incorrectly named o'pos-
* American Natural History, by John D. Godman, 3 vols. 8 vo. plates.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
sum in modern books. Fiber zibethicus; muskrat. Arvicola xanthognatus ; meadow mouse : A. viparius; tail short, inhab- its marshes. Mus agrarius? Gerbillus Canadensis ; kanga- roo, jumping mouse. Arctomys monax ; ground-hog. Sciu- rus cinereus ; cat squirrel : S. Hudsonius ; red squirrel : S. ni- ger ? black squirrel. Tamias striata ; ground squirrel. Pter- omys volucella ; flying squirrel. Lepus sylvaticus ; rabbit.
REPTILIA *- REPTILES.
Testudinata.
Cistuda Carolina; the color of the common land tortoise is yellow, mottled with dark brown or black. Emys geographica; shell 8 inches long, with a ridge along the back ; dark brown, with lighter, indistinct, irregular lines ; used as food, and usu- ally called terrapin. Emys Muhlenbergii? 4 inches long, a large orange spot upon each side of the neck; doubtful as a native of this county. Emys picta; 5 inches long, margin of the shell marked with red stripes, common in ponds and small streams, fond of reposing in the sun. Emys guttala; black, with small yellow spots, less than the preceding, with which it is frequently found. Emys insculpta ; yellow and black, each plate comprising the carapax or upper shell is roughened by concentric and radiating furrows, a b'ack spot upon each plate of the sternum. E. rubriventris? sternum marked with red; it may be found in the lower parts of the Susquehanna. Sterno- thorus odoratus ; length about 4 inches, dark brown, sternum very narrow, carapax oval, convex and smooth, chin with several small warts. Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum ? nearly resembles the preceding, but the sternum is wider, and separ- ated into three parts, not hitherto observed within the county. Emysaura serpentina; (snapper) head large, tail long and strongly serrated above; highly prized for "terrapin soup."
OPHIDIA-Serpents.
Coluber constrictor ; blacksnake : C. sipedon ; watersnake : C. sirtalis; gartersnake: C. saurita; gartersnake: C. septem-
* Holbrook's North American Herpetology. 5. vols. quarto.
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HISTORY OF
vittatus ? gartersnake : C. punctatus ; greenish orange below, a light ring around the neck: C. amænus; light brown with violet reflexions, head very small: C. eximius ; house-snake. The above species are at present included in several genera. Heterodon platirhinus ; viper, harmless. Trigonocephalus contortrix ; copperhead.
SAURIA-Lizards.
Tropidolepis undulatus ; inhabits woods, brown, mottled, scales very rough, tail long, active, innoxious. Scincus fascia- tus ; back with 5 yellow stripes, tail blue.
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AMPHIBIA.
Rana pipiens ; bullfrog : R. halecina ; shadfrog, green with black spots : R. sylvatica ; woodfrog, reddish brown, 2 inches : R. palustris ; brown, with rows of square dark brown spots, 3 inches : R. gryllus ; 1 inch long. Hyla versicolor ; treefrog, treetoad. Bufo Americanus ; toad. Salamandra erythronota; S. cinereain : woods, under logs and stones: S. longicauda : S. maculata? S. fasciata ? S. venenosa ? -
PISCES-FISHES.
Of the fifty species of this CLASS which are probably found in our waters, we are not prepared to give a complete list, as we have not yet compared the greater part of our specimens with authentic individuals from other states ; and we are there- fore in doubt as to the names they ought to bear. This remark applies particularly to the species first made known by Dr. Mitchill, and which were found in the waterstof New York.
The several dams in the Susquehanna, have nearly cut off the supply of the shad, so important an article in domestic economy, until a recent period, that families within twenty miles of the fisheries, thought it impossible to pass through a season unsupplied with a barrel of salted shad.
Fishing is not conducted upon an extensive scale at present, the seine being employed for the shad and herring alone. The
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
former is sometimes caught by means of a large scoopnet, in such places where it is necessary for the fish to approach near the shore or a rock, to pass upwards.
Angling is in considerable repute, and the out-line is fre- quently employed. This consists of a stout cord about a hun- dred yards long, to which the hooks are attached at intervals, by lines (or links) a yard long ; the whole being stretched and anchored in a suitable place during the night. Live bait is em- ployed, and should be supplied from time to time to the hooks which have been stripped.
Various species are abundantly caught in the fall of the year in fish-baskets, made of lathwork, with diverging walls of stones, leading from the entrance up the stream for one hundred or two hundred yards. In the shallow waters, fishes are speared or gigged by torch light; the smaller streams are fished with a bow-net, into the mouth of which the fishes are driven by beating the water; and set-nets of a cylindrical shape, kept open by hoops, with an expanded mouth, and pro- vided with funnels to prevent the return of the prisoners once entered. These are set in dams, at the mouths of creeks in deep water, when suckers are principally caught; but when set in the Susquehanna, cattishes and sunfishes are usually taken.
The published materials on the history of our fishes are scat- tered through many different works, and are inaccessible except to the professed naturalist.
Perca lutea, Rafinesque ; (flavescens, Cuvier,) the yellow perch is common in the Susquehanna. Labrax lineatus, Lin ; rockfish : L. albus; Raf. (mucronatus, Cuv.) white perch .- Percina nebulosa; Hald: P. minima, (Etheostoma Olmstedi, Storer.) Pomotis appendix, Mitchill; black-eared sunfish :* P. auritus, Lin; (moccasinus, Raf.) yellow-eared sunfish .- Lucioperca Americana? Cuv .; salmon. Cottus viscosus, Hald .; (cognatus ? Rich.) resembles a small Pimelodus or catfish .- These nine species include all those which have spiny rays in the first dorsal fin, as far as we have been able to determine,
Cyprinus cornutus; Mitchill-hornchub, and several other species. Catostomus cyprinus, Lesueur; carp, not allied to the European carp : C. maculosus, Les. ; stoneroller and some
*These English names are also applied to certain marine fishes.
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HISTORY OF
others. Leuciscus corporalis; fall fish and several other species of chub. Exoglossum maxilingua, Les. ; remarkable for the manner in which the tongue projects, to form part of the lower jaw. Esox reticulatus, Les .; pike. Belone trun- cata ? Les .; green gar. Pimelodus; one or two species of catfish .* Noturus; one species. Salmo fontinalis ? Mitchill ; trout. The fish properly called salmon belongs to this genus, and has never been caught so far south as Pennsylvania. Alosa sapidissima, Wilson; shad. Clupea vernalis, Mitchill; her- ring. Lepisosteus osseus, Lin .; gar *. Anguilla ; one or two species of eel. Accipenser; one species of sturgeon. Pe- tromyzon Americanus, Les,; lampereel. Bdellostoma nigri- cans, Les. ; found attached to the shad. Ammocœtes bicolor, Les. ; lives under sand and mud.
COLEOPTERA.
We commence with the Coleoptera, because we intend to say but little on the remaining orders, otherwise it would have been proper to begin the series with the Hymenoptera, (inclu- ding bees, ants, wasps, &c.) which appear to stand at the head of the class. That the attention may be more particularly called to the insects themselves, we add a few notes on twenty species, such as may be readily recognised :
Cicindela. This genus stands at the head of our carniverous insects, and the species may be known by their bright colors, strong jaws, long legs, the activity with which they run upon the bare ground, and the ease with which they take wing.
Casnonia Pennsylvanica has the head and slender thorax black, and rather longer than the remainder of the body. The elytra (wing covers) are yellowish, each one with 3 black spots ; 3-10 of an inch long.
Galerita Americana; length 2. of an inch, head and thorax slender, the former black, the latter, with the legs yellowish brown, elytra blue-black.
Brachinus fumans, half an inch long, greatly resembling the preceding, but the head is of the same color as the elytra ;
*These English names are also applied to certain marine fishes.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
when caught, it throws out a jet of vapor with a slight explosion.
Scarites subterraneus ; an inch in length, black, with a strong pair of jaws, head and thorax as long as the hinder part, and somewhat wider-lives under logs.
Calosoma scrutator ; length 1 1-4 inches, head black, thorax (pronotum) purple, margined with · golden, elytra bright green, with a golden margin.
Calosoma calidum; length of the preceding, but much narrower, black, elytra striate, with numerous golden punctures.
Agonum octopunctatum ; length 3-10 inches, active, green, with four impressed punctures arranged in a line upon the in- ner margin of each elytron.
Anorops obliquatus ; half an inch long, short oval, dull black, except a small orange spot at the inner base of the elytra, punctured longitudinally-found in decayed wood.
Diaperis maculata ; quarter of an inch long, oblong hemis- pherical, elytra light yellowish brown, with two black spots upon each, near the base, and a larger irregular spot towards the extremity, and upon the outer margin, head and thorax black.
Coprobius volvens ; (tumble-bug) is commonly seen in pairs rolling a ball of dung. A much larger insect, an inch long, black with the elytra coarsely furrowed, is named Copris Carolina, and is proportionally shorter than the Scarabaeus Jamaicensis, which is tinged with brown, the head of the male being armed with a long recurved horn ; a small species quar- ter of an inch long.
Onthophagus Janus ; has two straight, upright horns upon the head ; it is found in rotten fungi.
Pelidnota punctata; is an inch long, of a brownish yellow, each elytron with three black spots, a similar spot on each side of the thorax ; found upon grape vines. Nearly allied, but without spots, is the Pelidnota lanigera, of a fine lemon yellow color.
Macrodactyla subspinosa ; is the abundant and destructive rosebug or cherrybug.
Crioceris trilineata; a common garden insect, quarter of an inch long, yellow, with three black, conspicuous, longitudinal lines upon the elytra, and two black dots upon the pronotum.
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HISTORY OF
The nearly allied Galeruca vittata (cucumber bug) is smaller with narrower bands, and Galeruca 12-punctata, intermediate in size, is marked with three transverse rows of black dots, four in each row.
Coccinella borealis, yellow spotted with black, the largest species of our lady bugs.
The following is a list of the species captured principally within the last year, and of a number of them, but a single spe- cimen was taken.
Cicindela punctulata : C. vulgaris: C. hirticollis: C. sex- guttata : C. marginalis: C. purpurea: C. patruela. Casnonia Pennsylvanica. Galerita Americana. Brachinus fumans: B. alternans: B. curticollis: B. perplexus. Plochionus Bonfilsii. Cyminas pilosus: C. limbatus. Dromius piceus. Lebia atri- ventris : L. ornata: L. vittata: L. scapularis: L. viridis: L. pumila. Scarites subterraneus. Clivina quadrimaculata : C. morio: C. viridis. Sphæroderus stenostomus. Carabus ser- ratus : C. ligatus. Calosoma scrutator: C. calidum: C. ex- ternus. Omophron labiatum. Elaphrus ruscarius. Notiophi- lus semistriatus : N. porrectus. Chlænius sericeus: C. œsti- vus : C. chlorophanus : C. emarginatus: C. nemoralis: C. to- mentosus. Dicælus violaceus : D. dilatatus : D. simplex. Pa- nagaus fasciatus. Patrobus longicornis. Calathus gregarius. Anchomenus extensicollis. Agonum octopunctatum: A. cu- pripenne : A. punctiforme: A. excavatum. Poecilus chalci- tes: P. lucublanda. Omaseus stygica : O. complanata : O. politus : O. morosa? Platysma adoxa. Amara basillaris : A. impuncticollis: A. musculis. Daptus incrassatus. Bractylus exaratus. Agonoderus pallipes. Selenophorus troglodytes. Pangus caliginosus. Anisodactylus carbonarius : A. agricolus : A. Baltimoriensis : A. rusticus, Harpalus faunus : H. bicolor: H. interstitialis : H. dichrous: H. herbivagus: H. terminatus. Stenolophus ochropegus. Acupalpus rupestris. Bembidium coxendix : B. patruelum. Dyticus verticalis. Laccophilus maculosus. Haliphus immaculicollis. Hydroporus lacustris. Cyclous Americanus. Hydrophilus natator. P.œderus littora- rius. Pinophilus latipes. Emus villosus: E. maculosus : E. cinnamopterus: E. angulatus. Stalicus armatus? Buprestis. Cholcophora Virginica. Dircera divaricata. Agrilus ruficol- lis. Chrysabothris sexsignata. Brachys ovata. Alaus ocula-
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
tus. Limonius quercinus. Cardiophorus areolatus. Athous longicollis. Steatoderus attenuatus. Ludius piceus: L. nem- nonius : L. bellus. Cratonychus communis. Dolopius sericens. Limonius cylindriformis. Oephorus dorsalis : O. delectus: O. instabilis. Anomala pinicola. Omaloplia vespertina. Di- chelonycha hexagona. Macrodactyla subspinosa. Hoplia vi- rens. Trichius piger: T. affinis. Cetonia inda : C. fulgida. Gymnetis nitida. Lucanus capreolus. Passalus cornutus .- Capris Carolina : C. Ammon : C. anaglypticus. Coprobius volvens. Phanæus carmifex. Onthophagus janus : O. hecate. Scarabœus tityus : S. satyrus. Pelidnota punctata: P. lani- gera. Phyllophago ilicis : P. quercina: P. pilosicollis. Iph- thinus Pennsylvanicus : I. saperdoides : I. rufipes. Opatri- nus notum. Tenebrio obscurus. Uloma rubens. Diaperis Hydni. Anorops obliquatus. Helops vittatus: H. pullus .- Cisiela suturalis: C. fuscipes. Melandria striata : M. labiata. Pyrochroa flabellata. Mordella atrata: M. marginata. No- toxus monodon : N. bicolor. Athicus, 5 species. Scirtes sol- stitialis. Ellychma corusca : E. arcuata. Photuris versicolor. Epicauta marginita : E. vittata. Chauliognathus bimaculatus. Telephorus Carolina. Malachias cinctus. Anobium notatum : A. capitata. Cupes cinerea. Hister depurator: H. abbrevia- tus : H. 14 striatus : H. 12 lineatus. Necrophorus grandis : N. tomentosus : N. arbicollis. Necrodes surinamensis. Sil- pha Americana : S. marginalis : S. inequalis. Hololepta æqua- lis. Platysoma sordid um. Nitidula colon. Ips 4 maculosa. Dermestes lardarius. Attagenus cylindricornis. Anthrenus niger. Parnus fastigiatus. Bruchus pisi. Phyllobius tænia- tus. Hylobius pales : H. picivorus. Sixus scrobicollis. Cra- toparis lunatus. Balamirus nasicus. Prionus brevicornis : P. cylindricus. Cerasphorus cinctus. Clytus flexuosus : "). ery- throcephalus: C. colonus : C. obliquus, Kn. palliatus, H : C. mucronatus ? C. picipes. Hylotrupes bajulus. Monochamu- nus pini. Molorchus bimaculatus. Tetraopes tornator. Sa- perda lateralis: S. tripunctata. Strangalia luteicornis. Lep- tura 4 vittata. Uroplata quadrata : U. naturalis. Cassida cla- vata. Chlanys plicata. Celaspis ovatus. Chrysomela trimacu- culata : C. scalaris. Galeruca vittata : G. 12-punctata. Systena striolata. Oedionchus vians. Disonychia collaris. Zygogramma pulchra. Craptodera erythropoda. Phratora æneus. Triplax hu-
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HISTORY OF
meralis. Coccinella borealis : C. 9-notada : C. 10-maculata : C. 20-maculata : C. tibialis : C. parenthesis : C. munda : C. abre- viata. Cheilocorus stigma.
ORTHOPTERA.
Gryllotalpa brevipennis; mole cricket. Acheta abbreviata ; cricket. Pterophylla concavus ; katydid. Locusta Carolina ; our largest grasshopper. L. viridifasciata.
HEMIPTERA.
Halys arborea, Say. Cylnus bilineatus, Say. Berrytus spinosus, S. Mysdochus serripes, Latr. Syrtes erosa. Tingis, four species including T. elongata, Say, first observed in Mis- souri ; it is found upon Baptisia tinctoria in June. Galgulus oculatus. Belostoma Americana. Cicada pruinosa; locust. C. septendecim ; 17-year locust. Membracis bimaculatis, F : M. accuminata, F : M. vau, Say : M. calva, say.
NEUROPTERA-Dragonflies, &c.
Aeshna vinosa, Say. Libellula pulchella : L. Turnaria, Say : L. Lydia. Corydalis cornutus, L. Chauliodes pectinicornis, L. Phryganea semifasciata, S.
HYMENOPETRA.
Tremex columba, L. Pelicinus polycerator. Pimpla atrata, F. Trogus fulvus. Odynerus quadricornis. Polistes fuscata, L; wasp. Vespa maculata, L; hornet. Leucospis fraterna.
LEPIDOPTERA-Butterflies.
Papilio Turnus: P. glaucus: (female of the former.) P. Philenor: P. Asterius: P. Triolus : Ajax.
DIPTERA-Two-winged flies.
Midus filatus. Sphyracephala brevicornis. Conops sagitta- ria. Tabanus atratus.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
MOLLUSCA.
The mollusca constitute a class of animals which includes all our land and freshwater shells ; but as the county is out of the influence of salt water, and not even touched by the tide ; we are without any of the more beautiful species which occur in the sea alone. This, however, should not lead us to neglect these humble creatures, for they, as well as the most highly organized, have had their station given to them in the great scheme of creation.
Those which construct a univalve shell, are the most highly organized, and include the so called snails, whether of the land or water. These move about slowly upon a disk called the foot, in search of their vegetable food ; and instantly re- tract themselves within their spiral shell, upon being distur- bed. The bivalve species are enclosed in a pair of valves, lined by the mantle of the animal, and closed by two strong transverse muscles, thus differing from the genus Ostrea (oyster) the valves of which are closed by a single muscle. Upon each side of the body of the animal are two long flaps, which are the gills, and the water is admitted by two siphons projected a little, from the upper and hinder part of the shell. The animal moves with the open margin of the shell turned down into the sand, and draws itself forward, making a furrow as it advances by means of its foot, with which the oyster is not provided, as it never moves from the place to which it was first attached. The freshwater univalve shells have two tenta- cles projecting from the head, and are divided into those which breathe water, and those which breathe air; the former have the eyes situated upon an enlargement of the outside base of the tentacles ; whilst in the latter, they are upon the head, near the inside of these organs. At the head of our Mollusca, the genus Melania may be placed. It contains but a single spe- cies, Melania Virginica, which occurs throughout the Susque- hanna, and in many of the larger streams. The shell is an inch long, with eight or ten turns ; the color green, with two spiral reddish bands, in some individuals. With this species occurs another belonging to the allied genus Anculosa, and called, from the dissimilarity of the various individuals, Areculosa dis- similis. Length half an inch.
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HISTORY OF
In the genus PALUDINA, the head is much smaller, and the foot much larger, than in Melania. Two species are found in some parts of the Susquehanna, the larger one, Paludina decisa, having a short smooth light green shell, nearly an inch long, whilst that of the other is smaller, rough with transverse spiral lives, of a dull light green color, and with a rounder aperture.
AMNICOLA presents a shell which is a miniature representa- tion of Paludina. Amnicola limosa is one eighth of an inch long, and resembles Paludina decisa, but the aperture is pro- portionally wider. Amnicola lustrica is of the same size, but is more nearly globular, the aperture is circular, and the base of the shell presents an opening. Amnicola granum resem- bles the latter, and is our smallest freshwater shell, being less than the one twentieth of an inch in length.
VALVATA TRICARINATA is our only representative of this ge- nus, which is distinguished by the circular aperture and open base.
The members of the family of freshwater univalve shells called Phisadae, though they live in waters of ponds and small streams, breathe free air, and are therefore compelled to come to the surface to breathe, which is effected by opening a small aperture to admit the air. The shells are thin and deli- cate, and of uniform tints. PHYSA heterostropha is extensively distributed over the United States, and is our only species in this genus, which has the peculiarity of having the turns of the shell reversed, or turned in a contrary direction from most spiral shells. Nearly allied is the genus LIMNEA, of which we have the following species; L. palustris ; shell brown, oblong conic, with six whirls, the surface frequently marked with irregular elevated lines-length about an inch. It is a Europe- an species, but those of this country were named L. elodes, by Say, under the impression of their being a distinct species.
L. desidiosa ; a light yellowish delicate shell, growing to the length of 3-4 of an inch, and presenting numerous varieties.
L. caperata; very dark brown, approaching to blackish, shell covered with fine spiral elevated lines, 3-4 of an inch long.
L. humilis ; shell ovate-conic, short and inflated, less than half an inch long. A slender variety, considered a distinct species by some authors ; has been named L. medicella.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
PLANORBIS is a genus in which the shell is a flattened discoid spiral; the most common species throughout the country being Planorbis bicarinatus. A small species, P. parvus, is more rarely found within our limits, and may be recognized by its small size, being less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, and by its compressed form.
In the remaining genus of the family Physadæ, the shell is not spiral, but has an oval conical shape, like a shallow cup, being a minute representation of the shell of the marine genus Patella. It may be found attached to stones under water .- The only species observed within the county is named Ancy- lus rivularis.
HELICID A.
The land snails have four tentacles, the principal or upper pair, bearing undeveloped eyes upon their summits, and pos- sessing a peculiar structure, by means of which they can be withdrawn ; being tubular. the extremity turns inwards, when the whole tentacle follows. Snails live under bark, logs and stones, our species seldom moving abroad, except in wet weather, or during the night. Our largest species is named, from the broad white lip of the shell, Helix albolabris. The next in size, and nearly like the preceding, is H. thyroidus, dis- tinguished by a white projection or touth, upon the inner side of the aperture.
Helix tridentata ; shell depressed, base open, lip white, with two teeth, opposite to which, on the inner side, is a third large curved tooth ; length three-fourths of an inch.
Helix concava; shell polished, base very. open, aperture nearly circular, the lip expanded.
Helix alternata; shell nearly an inch in size, open below, lip sharp ; color yellowish brown, mottled with reddish bands lines of growth coarse.
Helix hirsuta may be recognised by the rough exterior, and the narrow, radiating aperture, which is closed up in such a manner by a large tooth, that one might suppose it difficult for the animal to pass ; shell less than half an inch,
I have observed the following species of Helix within our borders, together with several others which may have been collected in the neighboring counties :
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