USA > Pennsylvania > Lancaster County > History of Lancaster County : to which is prefixed a brief sketch of the early history of Pennsylvania > Part 38
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*T'his sylvia, it is said, is not found east of the mountains .. I 'have sev- eral specimens in my collection, procured here.
+This species was first observed in this vicinity eight or ten years ago .- They attached their singular and ingenious nest on the sides of the piers of . the Columbia bridge.
#Bartram, saw this bird near the city of Lancaster; it is seldom seen in the Union.
43*
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HISTORY OF
tor,* pine grosbeak. Parus bicolor, tufted titmouse : P. palus, tris, blaek-capped titmouse. Alauda alpistris, shore lark .- Garrulus cristatus, blue Jay. Corvus corone, common crow. Quiscalis, versicolor, crow blackbird : Q. baritus, slender billed blackbird : Q. ferrugineus, rusty blackbird.
Family-TENUIROSTRES-Cuv.
Sitta Carolinensis, white breasted nuthatch: S. Canadensis, red-bellied nuthatch. Certhia familiaris, brown creeper .- Troglodytes fulvus, house wren: T. eurepæus, winter wren : T. palustris, marsh wren. Mellisuga colubris, rubythroated humming bird.
ORDER-ALCYONES -- TEMMINCK.
Alcedo alcyon, belted king fisher.
ORDER-SCANSORES-CUv.
Colaptes auratus, golden wood pecker or flicker. Picus pi- leatus, log-cock : P. erythrocephalus, red-headed wood pecker: P. varius, yellow-bellied wood pecker: P. Carolinus, red- bellied wood pecker,: P. villosus, hairy wood pecker: P. pu- bescens, downy wood pecker. Coecygus Americanus, black- billed cuckoo: C. dominicus, yellow-billed cuckoo.
ORDER-GALLINA-cuv.
Maleagris gallopavo,{ wild turkey. Ortyx Virginiana, par- tridge. Tetrao umbellus, ruffed grous or pheasant. Columba Carolinensis, turtle dove: C. migratorias, wild pigeon.
ORDER-GRALLÆE-cuv.
Caladris arenaria, sand plover. Charadrius pluvialis, golden plover: C. melodia, ring plover: C. vociferus, kildeer plover. Squatarola helvetica, field plover. Tringa pectoralis, pectoral sand piper: T. Wilsonii, Wilson's sand piper. Heteropoda
*It is not often that this species extends its emigrations this far south .- Late in November, 1836, the writer obtained several individuals in this vi- cinity, from a flock of fifteen or twenty.
¡The wild turkey is still occasionally met with on the northern confines of the county. A few are also known still to exist on Chesnut hill ridge. Several years ago an individual was shot near Chiques creek, on the ground's, now the property of S. Boyd, Esq. by Mr. F. Nagle.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
semipalmaia, semipalmated snipe. Totanus vociferus, greater yellow shanks tattler: T. flavipes, smaller yellow shanks tattler: T. chloropygius, green rump tattler: T. macularius, peet-weet snipe. Limosa fedoa, marbled godwit. Numenius longirostris,* long billed curlew: N. hudsonicus esquimax curlew. Scolopax Wilsonii, American snipe. Rusticola minor, woodcock. Rallus Virginianus, Virginia rail. Crex Caroli- nus, soree or rail. Ardea herodius, great blue heron : A. egret- ta, white heron: A. nycticorax. qua-bird: A. lentiginous, bit- tern: A. virescens, green heron or fly-up the creek : A. exilis, least bittern.
ORDER-NATATORES-VIEILLOT.
Phonicopterus ruber,t red flamingo. Fulica Americana, coot. Podiceps cornutus, dobchick. Hydroka Corolinensis, pied-billed dobchick. Sterna argentea,¿ silvery tern. Larus capistratus, brown masked gull. L. canus, common gull: L. argentatus, herring gull: Zonorhynchus, ringed-billed gull .- Anser hyberboreus, white snow goose : A. Canadensis, com- mon wild goose: A. barnicla, brent goose. Cynus ferus, white swan. Anas clypeata, shoveler duck: A. domestica, mallard duck : A. strepera, gadwall duck: A. acuta, grey or pintail duck : A. Americana, bald pate duck : A. obscura, black duck: A. discors, blue winged teal : A. crecca, green winged teal. Dendronessa sponsa, wood duck. Oidemia fusca, velvet duck: O. Americana, American scoter duck : O. nigra, scoter duck. Gymura rubida, ruddy duck. Fuligula valisneria, can- vass-back duck : F. ferina, pochard or red-headed duck: F. rufitorques, ring-necked duck. Clangula vulgaris, whistling or golden eyed duck: C. albeola, spirit duck. Harelda glaci- alis, long-tailed duck, or " South southerly." Mergus mergan- ser, goosander or great fisher duck: M. serrator, red breast- ed fisher duck : M. cucullatus, hooded fisher duck. Colymbus glacialis, loon.
The principal number of the species enumerated in the foregoing catalogue, have come under the observation of the writer ; and are known to be residents, or casual visiters within the limits of the county. Specimens of most of them are in Libhart's "Museum of the Arts and Sciences," in Marietta, and were obtained in that vicinity.
*This and the following species have been shot on the Conestoga, near Lancaster,-now in the museum of that city.
+We have been informed that the specimen in the Lancaster museum, was shot on the Conestoga. When found thus far north they must be considered only as stragglers.
+A specimen now in my possession, shot on the Susquehanna in 1840.
51-2
HISTORY OF
APPENDIX. A. p. 23.
THOMAS and RICHARD PENN surviving proprietors of the province of Pennsylvania entered, July 4, 1760, with Lord Baltimore into a definite agree- ment touching the final adjustment of the boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. Commissioners were appointed for that purpose. Those for Maryland were Horatia Sharpe, Benjamin Tasker, Jr., Edward Lloyd, Robert Jenkins Henry, Daniel Dulany, Stephen Bordley, Rev. Alexander Malcolm; on the part of Pennsylvania, the Hon. James Hamilton, William Allen, Richard Peters, Benjamin Chew, Lynford Lardner, Ryves Holt, George Stephenson.
While the committee was engaged in their labors, the following persons were appointed on the part of Maryland to supply vacancies, the Rev. John · Boardley, George Stuart, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and John Beale Boardley. To supply vacancies on part of Pennsylvania, Rev. John Ewing, William Coleman, Edward Shippen and Thomas Willing.
The commissioners convened at New Castle, Nov. 19, 1760, and after much deliberation made a final report the 9th Nov. 1763. The whole of their transactions have been faithfully recorded, and the document been pre- served. In 1762, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were employed to run the line, and put an end to a subject of early and continued warm con- troversy.
Before the final adjustment of this vexed question, and the definiteness of the line, many had taken up lands under Maryland warrants. The lands now owned by David Brown, and James Barnes, in Drumore township, and by James M'Sparran, Jeremiah and Slater Brown, James A. Caldwell, Nich- olas Boyde, Timothy Haines, Allen Cook, Robert Maxwell, William Cook and others of Little Britain township, were, we have been informed, all taken up under Maryland warrants.
B. p. 39.
JAMES LE TORT was according to R. Conyngham, Esq., a French Huguc- not, and member of the French settlement on the Schuylkill; living among the Indians, he acquired a knowledge of their language, and was useful to the government as an Indian agent and interpreter. He lived on or near the banks of the Susquehanna, within the present limits of Lancaster county in 1719. From the Colonial Records, vol. II. p. 100-it seems he came to this country when quite young. "Having been bred in it from his infancy," and from p. 123, it appears he had been at Conestoga prior to 1703; and accord- ing to Hazzard's Register, vol. XV. p. 82, he penetrated to Cumberland Valley as early as 1731, and settled at Le Tort's spring near Carlisle.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
C. p. 69.
THE HUGUENOTS .- This term, now so well understood as an honorable, rather than a dishonorable designation of those who professed the Re- formed religion in France, during the persecutions and civil wars in that kingdom, is involved in some obscurity. Whether it was originally confer- upon them, by the adherents of the so styled "Mother Church" as a term of reproach, or voluntarily assumed by themselves as a party name, or whether it is a derivation from some other word, having an analogous sound, and introduced from some foreign language, is equally uncertain. Many and various are the sources to which the learned and the curious have en- deavored to trace the etymology of this word; but like every thing else founded upon conjecture, we are left as much in the dark as ever.
Some have assserted that the term was originally applied to the members of the Reformed by the dignitaries of the Romish Church, as one of reproach. To sustain this position, it is argued that when the new doctrine was first preached in France, a number of the inhabitants of the city of Tours- which afterwards, and next to the city of Rochelle, ranked as the strongest hold of the Reformed party-embraced the same. Unlike the Romanists, their worship was conducted in the evening as well as in the day. Culti- vating a spirit of genuine piety, they met after night in each others houses for social prayer. In this, they imitated the example of primitive christians, and like them, they became the subjects of a persecution almost as relent. less. Going from house to house as the place of meeting might chance to be, after the labors of the day were over, to attend to this pious duty, and returning therefrom at a later hour, their enemies, the papists, endeavored to prevent the extension of their doctrines, by reporting at first that they were engaged in some foul conspiracy against the government, and afterwards against the people. Failing in their attempts to affect them in this way, and finding that the fallow ground was being broken up daily, with the pro- mise of a rich return, and that the seed of the true faith which was sown in confidence, was germinating and yielding an abundant harvest, despite their efforts, to the contrary, they next changed their mode of warfare, and en- deavored to effect their object by bringing them into ridicule and contempt. For this purpose, they seized upon the fact of their meeting after night, and connected with it a story, then current, concerning the city of Tours. One of the gates of the city, it seems, was called Hugo, and according to a popu- lar tradition from Hugo, comte Tours, who it seems according to the samo tradition, was eminent in life only for his crimes, oppression and cruelty .- After his death-so runs the story-his spirit incapable of repose, haunted immediately after nightfall, the scene, which was the neighborhood of the gate in question, of its cruelty and crimes, when embodied in the flesh .- Many and strange pranks were played, and many a hapless wight was
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HISTORY OF
bruised and beaten by this pugnacious spirit, all of which added to horrible sounds and unearthly noises in the immediate vicinity of its walks, so alarmed the inhabitants as to induce them to keep closely housed, whenever the hour for its appearance drew near. Hence, Hugo and ghost came to be synonymous; and as has been already shown, the social worship of night- meetings of the Reformers being so widely different from the imposing cere- mony of the Romish church, and requiring them consequently to be out more after night than the latter, each individual of the former was called a Hugo, the whole Huguenots. Thus much for this derivation, and the tale that thereby hangs.
The next supposed derivation, is that it was a term voluntarily assumed by themselves as a party name, when their religion was attacked and they were forced to take arms against the government in self-defence. As they were rigid Calvinists, of great sanctity of character and purity of morals, Caseneuve has pretended to have discovered the original in the Flemish word Ileghenon or Huguenon, which means Cathari or Puritan ; but this is not very probable, inasmuch as it is not likely, that having a word in their own vocabulary, so expressive as " Puritan," they would be disposed to bor- row from a language no more known than the Flemish.
Another author has attempted to trace its origin to Huguenote, a name given to an iron or earthen pot for cooking, by connecting it with the persecu- tions to which the Reformed were subjected in France; and basing it upon the hypothesis, that some of their number may have been roasted or tortured and exposed to the flames like a vessel used for culinary purposes.
These are all, however, but mere surmises, unsupported and unsustained by any thing at all calculated to give them a proper title to serious consider- eration. The only etymology then, which in our humble opinion remains, is undoubtedly the true one-this we shall briefly attempt to prove by the history of the times and the people.
Eidgenoss is a German compounded word. in the Saxon and Dutch dial- ects Eedgenatten; of which the singular is Endgenoss, or Eedgenot .* It is formed from Eid an oath, and Genoss a confederate or partaken of the oath ; and was the original designation of the three Swiss patriots William Tell, Walter Fuerst and Arnold of Me'cthal.t on the night of the 7th Nov. 1307, met at Ruetli on the lake of Luzerne and there bound themselves by a solemn oath, to shake off the yoke of their Austrian oppressors, and to re-establish the liberties of their country. The conspiracy thus formed was embraced with delight by all to whom it was communicated, each member of which was called an Eidgenoss and afterwards, January 7, A. D. 1308, when the people of the Waldstetter, composed of the Cantons Appenzell, Glaris and Uri, met in solemn council and took the oath of perpetual alliance, they were designated as the Eidgenossenschaft, i. e. Confederation. Through suc- eessive generations they were thus known, and when in aftertimes, the peo- ple of Geneva which had now been included in the Swiss confederation, em- braced the doctrines of John Calvin; they threw off the allegiance of the Duke of Savoy ; and in order to maintain their independence, formed a con- federacy after the example of the Waldstetter with the Cantons of Bern and Freibourg, which was also confirmed by an oath of all the contracting par- ties. Like the original patriots, they in turn were called Eidgenossen. This movement being half temporal and half ecclesiastical or spiritual, related to
*Lewis Mayer, D. D. See his letter, Oct. 11, 1843.
Davenport, article Fuerst.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
their freedom of government as men and the rights of conscience as Chris- tians. Hence in its popular usage, this term conveyed the primary idea of freemen, in contradistinction to mamelukes, serfs or slaves by which name the party of the Duke was better known; and also the secondary idea of a religious reformation, in the mind of the adherents to the Romish faith. For the city of Geneva, having embraced the Reformed doctrines, and immedi- ately thereafter, thrown off their allegiance, under the circumstances already given, the term Eigenossen became identified among the papists with the notion of rebels, or apostotes from the church, and was therefore consequent- ly used as a term of reproach.
From Geneva, where he had taught with so much success that instead of Zurich, it became the metropolis of the Reformed Churches, Calvin, ardent in the discharge of what he conceived his duty, pushed his doctrines with eminent success into his native kingdom of France. They were readily em- braced by the learned and the pious, without regard to caste or standing in society. The admiral Gaspar de Coligni, D' Andelot, Mornay, Duplessis, La Renandie, the Prince de Conde Ann Dubourg, Theodore Beza, and a host of others equally worthy and eminent for their virtues, were among the firmest supporters of the Reformation, and the teachers of its doctrines. Sus- tained by such men even against the power of the court; in the midst of persecutions and civil wars-the professors of the Reformed religion were spoken of with respect; and although the term Eidgenoss, or Eedgenot, was known in France at that time, still no effort was made to bring them into disrepute by the application of this or any other term of ridicule except when they were occasionally called "the pretended reformed" or "seditious relig- ionists" in the state papers. Thus they remained, until on the accession of Francis, II. to the throne and his early marriage with Mary, Queen of Scot- land. Being very young in years, and devotedly attached to his young Queen, he readily transfered the care of his kingdom to his wife's uncle, the Dukes of Guise and Lorraine. This begat discontent among the protestants who only wanted a leader to organize them into a formidable body. Calvin like Thomas Cranmer, the celebrated reformer, had taught that the king was supreme, and acting upon this principle, the French Calvinists maintained that the King being yet in his minority was to be protected by his subjects from the tyranny of his uncles; to this end a plan was concerted known as the conspiracy of Amboise, for their overthrow of which the Prince de Conde was unanimously chosen leader; but without his knowledge, nor was he to be considered 'as a participator, until the time of action arrived. John De Bari, and the Sieur La Renandi, in the meantime were. to direct all their movements. In conformity with this plan they convened a meeting of the protestant leaders at Nantes, in the darkness of the night in a ruined building on the outskirts of the town. Before they proceeded to develope their schemes, La Ranandi, administered solemn oaths that 'nothing be done or attempted against the King and Queen-mother, or princes, his brothers.' To this agreement they all swore; and after praying for success, they parted with fraternal embraces and in tears. The time and place of carrying their plot into execution, was to be at Blois, on the 15th March, 1550. By some means the plot was discovered to the Count and therefore, the Duke of Guise was appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, with supreme power in all cases, civil and military. Armed with this authority he adopted the most energetic measures to suppress the protestants, and although succeeded in defeating and killing La Renandi and a few of his companions, yet the effect was not produced which the Count anticipated; but on the contrary,
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HISTORY OF
the Reformed party increased in numbers and displayed additional zeal and activity in all their movements much to the annoyance of the Guises and their adherents."
It is only at this period of history in France then that we find the profes- sors of the Reformed religion first designated by the term Huguenots. They were identified in faith with the Reformed of Geneva, and like them, upon the discovery of the conspiracy referred to, were called Eidgenossen, that is in the Papist sense, rebels and apostates. From this, owing to their igno- rance of the orthography of the German word, and their inability to pro- nounce it correctly ; but yet well knowing its import, it is easy to conceive that Frenchmen would readily corrupt it into Huguenot. The analogy is striking. the facts undoubted, and the reasons given, to our mind, at least satisfactory.
With this brief enquiry into the origin of the term Eidgenossen, i. e. Huguenot, we might rest, but as there are many descendants of this brave, moral, religious and much persecuted people, residing in Lancaster county, and in some instances still living upon the farms originally patented by their refugee ancestors, we feel bound to say a word concerning them. After the Huguenot colonies at New Rochelle, West Chester county, Esopus, Ulster county, New York, had been formed, some of their number at an early day, as has been shown (pages 101, 107, 111.) emigrated to this county and com- menced settlements. This soon opened the way for a direct emigration of their persecuted brethren still remaining in France, and of others who had sought protection of the protestant powers of Switzerland, Germany, Hol- land and England. Among the most prominent of these early Huguenot settlers in this county, we give the names of several heads of familes, as follows: Le Fevre, Firre, or Fuehre, now corrupted into Ferree, Brinton, Le Mont, now written Leaman, Bushong, Deshong, Le Roy, anglified into King, Le Bazure, now corrupted into Bezoar, or Besore, La Rue, Dubois, La Pierre, anglified into Stein, Goshen, Barre De Normandie, Mecssakop, now spelt Messenkop, Bucher, Verdre, De Hoof, now spelt Dehuff, Le Chaar, now written Lescher, Cherrard, and others.
These pious and persecuted men with their fellow refugees and families passed " through much tribulation," until at length they secured for them- selves and posterity an assylum where they could "worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences." Although they succeeded far be- yond their most sanguine expectations, still they looked back with regret, and in many instances with home-sick hearts, upon the vine-clad hills and sunny fields of their own much loved France. They were exiles from the land of their nativity, the broad billows of the Atlantic rolled between them and the graves of their fathers. Separated from friends and kindred, who in turn were driven to seek the protection of foreign potentates or restrained by the policy of the government, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, from emigrating and forced into an abjuration of their fa th-how harrass- ing must have been their feelings and how sore their trials !! But, " He who tempers the wind to the shorn lamb," was still gracious unto them ; he who had protected and defended them from dangers imminent and terrible, was still "their strength and abiding place." Time blunted the keeness of their sorrows, and as the forest began to bloom beneath their labors, they sat down in contentment, and in daily prayer returned thanksgiving unto Him, who is the Author of every good and perfect gift.
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LANCASTER COUNTY.
SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.
Lancaster City. Samuel Bowman John C Baker G W Glessner George F Bahnson Bernard Keenan S Hale Higgins, Phila. Jacob Flake John McNair Wm Beates Edward D Bryan W K Benade CF Hoffmeier Robert Gerry E C Reigart Thaddeus Stevens A D Ditmars Nathaniel Ellmaker Samuel Humes Porter Hon. James Buchanan George Ford George Heckert Thomas E Franklin George M Kline Reah Frazer John K Findlay John R Montgomery Henry G Long John L Thompson Wm Mathict Wm Huston Bernard Cornyn J B Amwake J B Kauffman James Cameron D B Vondersmith R R Bryan
Francis Bacon J Landis
Hon. B Champneys Hon. Ellis Lewis Hon. E. Schaeffer Hon. A J. Hayes George B Kerfoot F A Muhlenberg J K Neff John L Atlee J Heiss
Washington L Atlee Abm Brenneman Henry Carpenter A M Cassiday Samuel Laucks Edward C Landis Charles H Cameron Jacob K Smeltz Christian Bachman John W Forney
Peter McConomy A H Hood Charles S Getz
W M Grant Thomas Cox George Unkle Abm W Russel J F Kramph John George Fetter Jacob Kreider J Howett James Smith Christian Gast John Hatz C Kieffer
James H Bryson Henry P Carson John W Hubley Carpenter M'Cleery Charles Gillespie C Hager John Miller William Ihling Matthias Resch Matson Marsh Wm Kirkpatrick N S Pinkerton John S Gable David Cockley J & Van Camp RF Rauch P Reitzel John Bear Edward C Darlington
A Mehaffey I N Lightner Horace Rathvon Robert D Carson R White Middleton
J H Filson, Philadelphia M M Moore
Philip C Ranninger
Peter Gerber G Halbach Wm J Pearson Wm Buchanan
N C Scholfield W Russell
M Bachman
R Moderwell
C C Ihling Thomas Fairer
I Carpenter
44
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HISTORY OF
M.S Peiper Jacob Gable Boughter & Hostetter David A Donnelly Jacob N Miller
J F Heinitsh Dennis Coyle Daniel Fagan John Hamilton
Jacob Foltz
John Beam
Samuel Beam
John S Clendenin
George H Bomberger Michael Kehrer
Thomas Penington
Zacharias Weaver
M Dickson, Post Mistress M Carpenter John R Beatty
Arthur Armstrong
George Wilson
George Mayer
James Andrews
Michael Royer Joseph Brintnal J Gish
Thomas R Tort D Marion
John L Benedict Mason J Haine's
John Gemperling W K. Huffnagle & Co. Jacob Hess
John Stewart
Jacob Myers
Daniel Brown
D Heitshu
Christian Rine
George Metzger
David Erisman
Jacob Bundel
George Martin
Daniel Campbell Frederick L Kline
Wm C Chamberlin
Mary B Danner
Geo A Miller
Adaline Hensel
Gerhart Metzger
J' Zimmerman L J Demuth Mathias Zahm
John F Long
Philip Metzger Juliana Jordan
Henry Keppler9
W G Chandler
Adam Kendig
Joseph Stallings, Wim Taylor
'Thos Baumgardner Jas H Pennell John Block A E Roberts George Black Geo D Meffert Wm Naumați Chas Cordis Andrew Bear John Shaffner Jacob Griel
N E Leaman Jacob Metzger Jacob Glass W Righter Edm C Landis Owen Hopple Jos S Royal H'C Locher Henry E Leman John Warfel
Wm J Kryder Watson H Miller George Miller
Wm Morton
Lewis Hartman
Wm C Hull
Henry Kitch
W Carpenter
A F Hambright
B Samson
J Cunningham
Daniel Harman
C Nauman Abm McKimm
Charles Johnson
Adam Wolf -
David Lebkicher
Jacob Spahr Daniel Erisman
John Fordney Peter H Flick"
H Baumgardner John Yackley
Geo H King
David Hook Peter G Eberman
George Dellet
E Kirkpatrick John Bender Benjamin M Sherer G Day John Ehler H F Benedict John Brown
Samuel McComsey
A N Brenneman
E McLenegan John Wise C H Sheaff
Dayton Ball Wm Gumph John Weidler Jacob Fordney Jacob Weaver Steinman & Son
John P Myer Jacob Price
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