History of Perry County, Pennsylvania, including descriptions of Indians and pioneer life from the time of earliest settlement, sketches of its noted men and women and many professional men, Part 5

Author: Hain, Harry Harrison, 1873- [from old catalog]
Publication date: 1922
Publisher: Harrisburg, Pa., Hain-Moore company
Number of Pages: 1102


USA > Pennsylvania > Perry County > History of Perry County, Pennsylvania, including descriptions of Indians and pioneer life from the time of earliest settlement, sketches of its noted men and women and many professional men > Part 5


Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).


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As the names Juniata and Oneida are derived from the same source the contention is advanced that the Oneidas may have in- habited the Juniata Valley, but according to authorities there is nowhere any evidence to bear out that fact.


An Indian trail led westward along the Susquehanna and Juni- ata Rivers, crossing the former near what is now Clark's Ferry. at Duncannon ; another led over the Kittatinny or Blue Moun- tain at what was then Croghan's (now Sterrett's) Gap, and a third led over the same mountain at McClure's Gap, the two latter cross- ing the Tuscarora Mountain. That via Sterrett's Gap was known as "the Allegheny Path," the first great highway to the West. The first white men to enter Perry County territory came over these routes, and the men were known as traders, whose vocation necessitated their going westward as far as the Ohio. There are evidence's that these men were traders even before there is record of it. There are some recorded statements pertaining to their operations, but traders then, as now, do not belong to the class which reduce events to writing.


One of them was George Croghan, whose name was given to Sterrett's Gap. Croghan first lived in what was later to become Cumberland County, about five miles from Harris' Ferry (now Harrisburg), and afterwards on the mountain at the Gap, near where the old tavern or road-house stood later. Still later he took up his residence at Aughwick, near Mount Union, in Huntingdon County. As early as 1747 he is mentioned as a "considerable trader." He was well acquainted with the Indian country and with the paths and trails. He continually used the one via the Kittatinny and Tuscarora Mountains, from which one would infer that it was at least preferable to the others. He served the pro- vincial government by convoying expeditions westward for them. He was associated much with Conrad Weiser, the Indian inter- preter, and of them there is more further on in this book.


The scope of this book is not wide enough to go into all the details of the often fraudulent, crafty and deceptive actions of some of the pioneers, traders and officials in dealing with the In- dians, which in a general way might be said to have been largely responsible for much of the heart-rending suffering of the white


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settlers and many of the sickening massacres perpetrated upon them. With every setting of the sun the aborigines saw their domain dwindling before the oncoming tide of white pioneers, their favorite hunting grounds encroached upon and the very streams from which came much of their subsistence marred by the building of mill dams. Constantly impressed with such con- ditions, but a spark was often needed to light the flame of resent- ment which left death and destruction in its wake.


OF OUR INDIAN INHABITANTS.


The reader is familiar with the life and habits of the American Indian ; and from what can be learned in reference to the tribes which dwelt on what is now Perry County soil, they were the exact counterpart of the average member of that race in industry, cruelty and all the other characteristic traits to which they were heir. They hunted and fished for a living, and the territory now em- braced in Perry County was noted as a famous hunting ground. evidences of that fact being recorded in provincial records and mentioned in various places in this volume. The only evidences of their industry were the locations of several patches of Indian corn and beans which the women raised.


Their skin was red or copper-colored, their hair coarse and black, and they had high cheek bones. The males were seldom corpulent, were swift of foot, quick with bow and arrow and later with firearms, and very skillful in the handling of canoes. Their home was the tepee or wigwam, a few in after years having log huts. These tepees were a number of poles or saplings covered with skins of animals, the only heat afforded being from fires built upon the ground.


Their only clothing was of skins, which they had a method of curing so that they were soft and pliable and which they often ornamented with paint and beads made from shells. Their moc- casins were of deer skin and were without heels. The females often bedecked themselves with mantles made of feathers, over- lapping each other similar to their appearance on fowls. Their dress was of two pieces, a shirt of leather, ornamented with fringe, and a skirt of the same material fastened about the waist by a belt. Their hair they made into a thick, heavy plait, which they let hang down the back. Their heads they usually ornamented with bands of wampum or with a small skull cap. The men went bareheaded. with their hair fantastically trimmed, each to his own fancy. The white man, with all his knowledge, has never been able to excel the Indian method of tanning, the result of which was softness and pliability.


The aborigines had a peculiar idea of government. They were absolutely free, acknowledged no master, and yielded obedience to


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HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


law only in so far as they chose, and yet there existed a primitive system of government which was a faint type of that of our pres- ent great republic. They worshiped no graven image, but spoke of "the great spirit" and the "happy hunting grounds." While their ideas of a future were indistinct, yet they possessed a belief in a hereafter. They had much reverence for the forces of nature and measured time by the sun and the moon.


They had rude villages, one of which lay opposite the west end of Duncannon, on Duncan's Island, known as "Choiniata," or "Juneauta," which is known to have existed as late as 1745, the story of. which appears in the chapter devoted to Duncan's and Haldeman's Islands. In searching Indian historical data and tra- dition the knowledge that there was an Indian village in western Perry territory, probably near Cisna's Run, appeared somewhat vaguely. While it is impossbile at this late day to locate it ex- actly, it is practically certain that it was located on lands owned by the late George Bryner and W. H. Loy, at Cisna's Run, as it was on the north side of Sherman's Creek, on a branch of that creek, surrounding or near a deep spring. On Mr. Loy's lands, almost against the Bryner line, Cedar Spring, five feet deep, is located. Mrs. Jacob Loy, of Blain, well up in years, had as an actual fact from her people, the location of this village. When the writer visited the location, in midsummer of 1919, Mr. Bryner was yet living and pointed out a mound, near the Sherman's Val- ley Railroad, which resembled a small knoll. From William Adair, an aged man who died many years ago, Mr. Bryner learned that it was once the site of an Indian log hut which he had seen in his youth, probably a lone reminder of the old Indian village.


A neighborhood story connected with an Indian woman that lived in this hut, the last of her clan in the district, follows:


She called on a neighbor, a Mrs. Cisna, grandmother of the late Dr. William R. Cisna, who resided near by. Mrs. Cisna, after washing her hands, mixed the ingredients, and kneading the meal proceeded to bake corn bread, inviting her copper-colored caller to remain for tea, which she did. Shortly afterwards Mrs. Cisna returned the call and was invited to dine. She accepted. and the Indian lady also washed her hands and proceeded to mix the ingredients for corn bread, but mixed them in the water in which she had washed her hands. Not wishing to offend one of the race, Mrs. Cisua ate of this "sanitary" production and, not- withstanding, lived to a ripe old age.


Between the Bryner and Loy homes and Sherman's Creek, oppo- site the point where the Moose mill is located, was an Indian corn- field. It is a bottom field, lying by the creek, and is as level as a floor. The evidence that this location was thickly populated at one time by the Indians is not only passed down by spoken word and


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records, but even in the year this is written-1919-Ex-County Commissioner A. K. Bryner ( since deceased), while plowing a truck patch for his brother, containing less than two acres, found a half dozen of fine specimens of Indain arrowheads, which are in the possession of the writer. In the past few years he has also found an Indian tomahawk, Indian tanning stones, skinning stones, many arrowheads, etc. Some years ago, in the same vicinity, William Adair, the father of Ex-County Commissioner James K. Adair, plowed up an Indian soapstone pot, a very rare specimen. The latter curiosity was unearthed on the farm now owned by A. N. Lyons.


The Lyons or old Adair farm, the Bryner and Loy farms, and the deep spring are all on the location of the old Indian trail, known to later generations as the "bridle path," still descernible on Bowers' Mountain, opposite Cisna's Run, from whence it crossed westward to Kistler and around the foot of Conococheague Mountain to Juniata County and the West.


They were, generally speaking, a lazy, listless people, addicted to the use of rum, which they knew as "walking stick," and lived on game, fish and mussels, the Susquehanna River at that time being prolific of the two last named products. Indian cornmeal was their only grain product, their method of grinding it being with a bowl and stones. With the coming of the early trader a market was created at their door for the skins from their game, for furs for the fair sex. The pay was often in trinkets and gaudy fabrics for which the red man had a fancy, sometimes in rum, and even in money, but often the latter went for rum in the end. In the chapter on Duncan's and Haldeman's Islands there is a lengthy description of their mode of life by Rev. Brainerd, a missionary who spent much time among them. In the chapter dealing with Simon Girty much more of Indian life is to be learned.


When the pioneers settled the county a few Indians refused to follow their tribes in leaving their homes-just as many older people of the present day object to locating in new sections in the latter years of their lives-and remained. The Indian woman mentioned above as being located at Cisna's Run, was one of these. and an old Indian, known as "Indian John," who lived near the Warm Springs, in Carroll Township, was another. Ile used to trade at the store of Thomas Lebo, at the point which later became Lebo post office, and is said to have been a very old man.


At various places in this book are recorded the taking of cap- trade at the store of Thomas Lebo, at the point which later became now owned by Mrs. Charles MeKechan, located between Blain and . New Germantown, which was warranted and settled by John Rhea, who sold it to a family named Hunter, from whom the early


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HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


Briners purchased it in 1809. During an Indian invasion of the valley two of the Hunter children, a boy and a girl, were cap- tured by red men. The girl escaped during the following night and returned, but the boy never came back. Long years after- wards he wrote to George Black, a neighbor, from the far West, making inquiry as to the disposition of his father's estate. George Conner, a black-haired child who was favored by the Indians dur- ing his captivity, was captured near Landisburg, but later escaped. He was the ancestor of Mrs. Garland, of Landisburg.


The Indian was the earliest road builder, but his building con- sisted of making a mere path through the brush either in the most direct line or by the line of least resistance. Evidences of the old Indian trails yet remain, as described under the chapter devoted to trails and roads. Located along one of these old trails over 'Tuscarora Mountain is a large boulder, weighing many tons and of a size that would fill a large room of an ordinary house, known as "Warrior Rock," famous in legend and story. They also had a line of trails following the mountain tops, so that their per- spective was greater. These they used in troublesome periods.


At various places in the county there are old Indian burial places which would substantiate the fact that Indian villages were once located in those vicinities. There is one at Saville post office. in Saville Township. This place was formerly known as Lane's Mill and was a great hunting and fishing ground for the aborigines. Those located here are supposed to have been the ones which came back to the county and did the attacking on the McMillen place, near Kistler. An old legend tells of their getting lead near by for the points of their arrows when they needed it, but if so, their fol- lowers-the pale face-has failed to locate it. Several men well up in years by the name of Elliott, who were Indian traders, re- sided in the locality, from whom descended David Elliott, D.D., LL.D., the noted divine.


There is also legendary evidence of an Indian burial ground at Blain, at the old Presbyterian cemetery. Many arrowheads are found in the vicinity and a few years ago, in excavating for a grave, two skulls were found placed against each other, the skele- tons extending in opposite directions. Tradition has it that that was the Indian custom of interment. thus affording some evidence of the location of the Indian burial place at this point. Arrow- heads are found even to this day along Sherman's Creek, at New Germantown, Blain, Landisburg, Shermansdale and at many other points. Also at Millerstown and Duncan's Island, in the Juniata River territory.


On Quaker Ridge, near the Warm Springs, in Spring Township, there is an Indian grave surrounded by pine trees. The aged resi- dents of the vicinity also recall the legend of the three Indian


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graves on the old Burrell farm, in Carroll Township, now owned by Willis Duncan. Near the celebrated Gibson Rock, along Sher- man's Creek, is a spring, known to this day as Indian Spring. According to a legend six soldiers sent from the garrison at Car- lisle during the Indian uprisings, were waylaid there and murdered.


John Clendenin, a settler in what is now Toboyne Township, was killed and scalped by the Indians near the site of the old Monterey tannery. One of the saddest of all the abductions from Perry County territory was the case of two children from the George Kern farm, bordering New Germantown, in Toboyne Township. Simon Kern, the ancestor, had come from his home in Holland and had located on the farm mentioned. Two small Kern girls were helping work in the fields when lurking Indians car- ried them away. They traveled a considerable distance when they were overtaken by night. During the night one of the little girls managed to escape while her captors slept and returned to her people. The other remained an Indian captive. Tradition tells of a woman from the stockade at Fort Robinson returning to the farm opposite-the MeClure farm-and of her being killed and scalped by lurking redskins.


. According to James B. Hackett, long a resident of New Bloom- field, whose father was once a resident of Madison Township, there was an interesting tradition connected with his father's tract of land there which was later owned by Noble Meredith. A man named James Dixon had first located it, but had been driven out by the Indians, and then took up a tract in Centre Township. John Mitchell then warranted it January 28, 1763. Three Indians are supposed to be buried there, and men of the present generation had the graves, then already overgrown mounds, pointed out to them in their early years. On this tract, according to this tradi- tion, was buried a pot or kettle of gold by a squaw, received in return for English scalps turned over to the French. It is sup- posed to have been left by the Indians when they were hastily driven out. Evidently this story is a mere legend, as the red men were too crafty to tell their white brethren their personal and tribal affairs.


Wright's History names Millerstown as the scene of "either a long residence or probably a fierce battle between the Delawares and the immigrating Shawnees," adding "the location of the con- flict was no doubt near the canal bridge, for they were interred in a wide and deep mound, west of the house now the residence of Mrs. Oliver, and found by the workmen who dug the canal." Mentioning an Indian village at or near Newport and one at Mil- lerstown, it says: "These were the only Indian villages in Perry County." As the soil which is now comprised in Perry County was inhabited at different times by different tribes, and as Indian


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HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


villages were formed by wigwams, which were easily movable, the statement above is hardly borne out by facts.


On Clemson's Island, opposite the town of New Buffalo, located on the Susquehanna River (not Perry County soil, however), was an Indian mound which is remembered by those in very mature years as being quite prominent, but now indiscernible. There are vague accounts of the torturing of whites in Pfoutz Valley, while the relentless savages danced about the fires which tortured and consumed the unfortunates.


THE FIVE NATIONS.


The great western confederacy of Indian nations was styled by the French, the "Iroquois," generally at first being known as "The Five Nations," and later as "The Six Nations." The Mohawks are said to be the oldest of the confederacy, the Oneidas joining them next, the Onondagas third. the Senecas fourth, and the Cayugas fifth. About 1713 the Tuscaroras from the Carolinas placed themselves under the protection of this "League of Na- tions, but was not formally admitted to membership until about 1722. The Six Nations called themselves "Aquanuschioni," which the interpreter tells us means "United People." The Shawnees, who lived on the west branch of the Susquehanna and in Cumberland County ( which then included Perry), were not in this confederacy.


Just when the Five Nations was formed is uncertain. There is a tradition, according to the Jesuit Relations, that before the Eng- lish settlements were made in America the Susquehannas had al- most exterminated the Mohawks in a ten-years' war. Some his- torians incline to the belief that at that time the Mohawks ap- pealed to kindred tribes along the shores of Lake Ontario for aid and that that was the beginning of the Five Nations. It is prob- able that the Indian battles fought at Duncan's Island and likely at Millerstown were during this war between the Susquehannas and the Mohawks. Captain John Smith, who explored Chesapeake Bay in 1608, says the inhabitants of the Susquehanna country "made war with all the world," which implies that they were then already at war with the Mohawks.


Kelker's History of Dauphin County says: "In 1633 they were at war with the Alonquin tribes on the Delaware, maintaining their supremacy by butchery." Later they warred with tribes from Maryland and Virginia, and Governor Calvert, in 1642, issued a proclamation declaring them public enemies. The end of the Sus- quehannas came in 1675. according to the Jesuit Relations, when they were completely defeated and became the prisoners and sub- jects of their captors, evidently the Mohawks, as Thomas Penn, the provincial governor, later credited the Mohawks with owner-


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ship of the lands "by the conquest of the Indian tribes on that river."


The Shawnees were a tribe of Southern Indians, having resided near the Spanish possessions in that territory and being almost constantly at war with their neighbors. As extermination threat- ened them they appealed to the Five Nations and the English for protection, which was granted them by the treaty of 1701. They settled on the Susquehanna and its tributaries and were later as- signed to the lands along the Ohio. However, many of them re- fused to go, and the others kept traveling back and forth from the Ohio. The Six Nations resided principally in New York State and it was only by permission that the Shawnees were allowed to occupy these lands. As an illustration of the contempt in which they were held listen to this extract from a speech by Cannassetego, diplomat of the Iroquois :


"We conquered you; we made women of you; you know you are women, and can no more sell lands than women; nor is it fit you should have the power of selling lands, since you would abuse it. The land that you claim is gone through your guts; you have been furnished with clothes, meat and drink, by the goods paid you for it, and now you want it again, children as you are. But we find you none of our blood ; you act a dishonest part, not only in this, but in other matters ; your ears are ever open to slanderons reports about your brethren. For all these reasons we charge you to remove instantly ; we don't give you liberty to think about it. Don't deliberate, but move away, and take this belt of wampum."


The Delawares, who jointly with the Shawnees occupied these lands, were very much chagrined at being called women and nisu- ally offered other explanations than the real one.


MURDER OF AN EARLY TRADER .*


Many of the early traders, because of their cupidity, took ad- vantage of the Indians by trickery and thus were at times the cause of much trouble to the provincial authorities. Others be- came the victims of their own greed. An instance of this kind is reproduced here in its original form for various reasons. At that time Duncan's Island, then known as Juniata Island, was a centre for traders and "McKee's Place," which was just around the lower end of Peters' Mountain, was also already inhabited by a number of these people.


In this vicinity resided John Armstrong, or at least that is the impression formed from the fact that among the names on the affidavit are those of Thomas McKee, Francis Ellis, and William Baskins, who were among the searching party, who are known


*From Conrad Weiser's journal.


NOTE .- Shikellamy was sometimes spelled Shickcalamy.


4


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HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA


to have been inhabitants here, and it is also probable that actions of those days were largely as they exist to this day, in which a man's neighbors are those whose aid is first sought whose names are usually used in evidence. There is record of the three pioneers above named being located here in 1752, or eight years thereafter, and they probably were already here in 1744.


Musemeclin was of the Indian tribe that inhabited the Susque- hanna Valley. In order to let the rising generation get a glimpse of the methods used to adjust difficulties between the province and the Indians the documentary evidence and communications are printed in full. It follows:


Before Cumberland County was created, when the soil of Perry was yet an Indian domain, in 1744, one John Armstrong, a trader with the Indians west of the Susquehanna, and two of his em- ployes, James Smith and Woodward Arnold, were murdered by an Indian of the Delawares on the Juniata River. Seven settlers, accompanied by five Indians, made a search and found the bodies. The murderer was apprehended and turned over to the authorities, being first imprisoned at the county seat at Lancaster, and later removed to Philadelphia, as his countrymen were about to assemble in conference with the whites at Lancaster, and it was deemed that his presence there might cause friction. The Colonial governor ordered Armstrong's property returned to his people and asked that a delegation attend the trial of the culprit and his execution, if found guilty. A brother of the murdered man, named Alex- ander Armstrong, of Lancaster County, wrote a letter to the king of the Delawares-Allumnoppies-at Shamokin, bearing on his brother's death and also threats made against himself :


April 25, 1744.


To Allumoppies, King of the Delawares: Great Sir, as a parcel of your men have murdered my brother, and two of his men, I wrote you, know- ing you to be a king of justice, that you will send us in all the murderers and the men that were with them. As I looked for the corpse of my murdered brother; for that reason your men threaten my life, and I can- not live in my house. Now as we have no inclination or mind to go to war with you, our friends, as a friend I desire that you will keep your men from doing me harm, and also to send the murderers and their com- panions. I expect an answer ; and am your much hurt friend and brother.


ALEXANDER ARMSTRONG.


According to the following deposition the bodies of the mur- dered men were found after a search was made :


PAXTON. April 19, 1744.


The deposition of the subscribers testifieth and saith, that the subscribers having a suspicion that John Armstrong, trader, together with his men, James Smith and Woodward Arnold, were murdered by the Indians. They met at the house of Joseph Chambers, in Paxton,* and there con- sulted to go to Shamokin, to consult with the Delaware King and Shikel-


*Now Fort Hunter.


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EARLIEST RECORDS OF INDIAN INHABITANTS


lamy, and there council what they should do concerning the affair, where- upon the king and council ordered eight of their men to go with the deponents to the house of James Berry in order to go in quest of the murdered persons, but that night they came to the said Berry's house, three of the eight Indians ran away, and the next morning these deponents, with the five Indians that remained, set out on their journey peaceably to the last supposed sleeping place of the deceased, and upon their arrival these deponents dispersed themselves in order to find out the corpse of the deceased, and one of the deponents, named James Berry, a small dis- tance from the aforesaid sleeping place, came to a white oak tree which had three notches on it, and close by said tree he found a shoulder bone, which the deponent does suppose to be John Armstrong's, and that he himself showed it to his companions, one of whom handed it to the said five Indians to know what bone it was, and they after passing different sentiments upon it, handed it to a Delaware Indian, who was suspected by the deponents, and they testify and say, that as soon as the Indian took the bone in his hand, his nose gushed out with blood, and directly handed it to another. From whence these deponents steered along a path about three or four miles to the Narrows of Juniata, where they sus- pected the murder to have been committed, and where the Allegheny road crosses the creek, these deponents sat down in order to consult on what measures to take in order to proceed on a discovery. Whereupon most of the white men, these deponents, crossed the creek again, and went down the creek, and crossed into an island, where these deponents had intelli- gence the corpse had been thrown; and there they met the rest of the white men and Indians, who were in company, and there consulted to go further down the creek in quest of the corpse, and these deponents further say, they ordered the Indians to go down the creek on the other side; but they all followed these deponents, at a small distance, except one Indian, who crossed the creek again; and soon after, these deponents seeing some Bald eagles and other fowls, suspected the corpse to be thereabouts ; and then lost sight of the Indians, and immediately found one of the corpse, which these deponents say, was the corpse of James Smith, one of said Armstrong's men; and directly upon finding the corpse these de- ponents heard three shots of guns, which they had great reason to think were the Indians, their companions, who had deserted from them; and in order to let them know that they had found the corpse, these deponents fired three guns, but to no purpose, for they never saw the Indians any more. And about a quarter of a mile further down the creek, they saw more Bald eagles, whereupon they made down towards the place, where they found another corpse (being the corpse of Woodward Arnold, the other servant of said Armstrong) lying on a rock, and then went to the former sleeping place, where they had appointed to meet the Indians; but saw no Indians, only that the Indians had been there and cooked some victuals for themselves, and had gone off.




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