USA > Pennsylvania > Tioga County > History of Tioga County, Pennsylvania, with Illustrations, portraits and sketches of prominent families and individuals > Part 19
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ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIXTH REGIMENT.
Major .- Charles Ryan, Aug. 29 '62; mustered out with regiment May 29 '63.
COMPANY A.
Captains .- J. J. Hammond, Aug. 16 '62; resigned Feb- 28 '63. John I. Mitchell, Feb. 28 '63; mustered out with company May 29 '63.
First Lieutenant .- Romanzo Bailey, April 19 '62; mus- tered out with company May 29 '63.
Second Lieutenants .- John I. Mitchell, Aug. 16 '62; promoted captain. H. L. Prutsman, Feb. 28 '63; mus- tered out with company May 29 '63.
COMPANY B.
First Lieutenant .- Nelson Doty, Aug. 16' 62; honora- bly discharged March 31 '63.
COMPANY I.
Captain .- Ransford B. Webb, Sept. 24 '64; mustered out with company Aug. 3 '65.
Second Lieutenants .- Ranstord B. Webb, April 11 '64; promoted captain. William E. Zinn, Feb. 24 '65; mus- tered out with company Aug. 3 '65.
ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT.
This regiment was in the following engagements: Chancellorsville, Bethesda Church, Weldon Railroad, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Hatcher's Run, Tolopotomy, North Anna and Petersburg, The sur- geon was W. T. Humphrey, and the chaplain Rev. J. F. Calkins.
COMPANY A.
Captains .- Alfred J. Sofield, Aug. 16 '62; killed at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1 '63. Lewis Bodine, May 4 '64; honorably discharged Nov. 14 '64. B. H. Warriner, Nov. 14 '64; mustered out with company June 24 '65.
First Lieutenants .- Lewis Bodine, July 2 '63; promoted captain. John Rexford, May 4 '64; honorably discharg- COMPANY B. ed as second lieutenant July 8 '64. George Blackwell, July 9 '64; honorably discharged Aug. 31 '64. John tered out with company May 31 '65.
Walbridge, Nov. 14 '64; mustered out with company June 24 '65.
Second Lieutenants .- Lewis Bodine. Aug. 26 '62; pro- moted first lieutenant. George Blackwell, May 4 '64; promoted first lieutenant. B. H. Warriner, July 9 '64; promoted captain. George D. Brooks, March 9 '65; mustered out with company.
COMPANY G.
Captain .- Thomas B. Bryden, Aug. 30 '62; honorably discharged March 25 '63.
ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-SEVENTH.
Major .- George W. Merrick, Feb. 28 '64; honorably discharged Sept. 20 '64.
COMPANY A.
Captains .- Morgan Hart, April 13 '64; discharged March 9 '65. Robert Young, March 10 '65; mustered out with company Aug. 3 '65.
First Lieutenants .- Robert Young. Feb. 18 '64; pro- moted captain. Timothy B. Culver, March 10 '65; mus- tered out with company as second lieutenant Aug. 3 '65. Second Lieutenants -Gerould Dennison, April 13 '64; honorably discharged Sept. 2 '64. Timothy B. Culver, Sept. 3 '64; promoted first lieutenant. William A. Stone, March 10 '65; mustered out with company as first ser- geant Aug. 3 '65.
ONE HUNDRED AND NINETIETH REGIMENT.
This regiment was organized in the field, in Virginia, in March and April 1864, from veterans of the 1st, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th regiments, Pennsyl- vania reserve volunteer corps. It participated in engage- ments at Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Chapel House and Hatcher's Run.
Major .- John A. Wolf, June 6 '64; mustered out with regiment June 28 '65.
Quartermaster .- Lucius Truman, June 6 '64; mustered out with regiment at Arlington Heights, June 28 '65.
Assistant Surgcon .- J. G. Chambers, July 23 '64; mus- tered out with regiment.
COMPANY C.
Captain .- Neri B. Kinsey, June 6 '64; appointed brevet major Oct. 1 '64; honorably discharged March 8 '65.
COMPANY E.
First Lieutenant .- R. J. Chestenot, June 6 '64; killed in action June 17 '64.
TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTH REGIMENT.
Colonel .- Robert C. Cox, Sept. 8 '64; appointed brevet brigadier-general April 2 '65; mustered out with regi- ment May 31 '65.
Major .- Victor A. Elliott, Sept. 14 '64; mustered out with regiment May 31 '65.
Quartermaster .- W. F. Weseman, Sept. 8 '64; mus- tered out with regiment May 31 '65.
COMPANY A.
Captain .- Elmer Backer, Sept. 8 '64; mustered out with company May 31 '65.
Second Lieutenant .- Thomas O. Doud, Sept. 8 '64; mustered out with company.
First Lieutenant .- J. Schambacker, April 3 '65; mus-
10
82
HISTORY OF TIOGA COUNTY.
COMPANY D.
Captain .- S. D. Phillips, Sept. '64; appointed brevet major April 2 '65; mustered out with company May 31 '65. First Lieutenant .- Albert B. Cloos, Sept. 7 '64; mus- tered out with company.
Second Lieutenant .- Chauncey C. Ackley, Sept. 7 '64; mustered out with company.
COMPANY E.
Second Lieutenant .- W. L. Keagle, Sept. 7 '64; mus- tered out with company May 31 '65.
COMPANY H.
Captain .-- R. T. Wood, Sept. 4 '64; appointed brevet major April 2 '65; mustered out with company May 31 '65. First Lieutenants .- J. E. Parkhurst, Sept. 12 '64; died May 24 '65. Amasa Culver, May 24 '65; mustered out of company as second lieutenant May 31 '65.
Second Lieutenants .- Amasa Culver, Sept. 12 '64; pro- moted first lieutenant. Oliver P. Babcock, May 24 `65: not mustered.
COMPANY K.
Captain .- John J. Reese, Sept. 10 '64; appointed brevet major April 2 '65; mustered out with company May 31'65. First Lieutenant .- John Karr, Sept. 10 '64; mustered ont with company.
Second Lieutenants .- Thomas D. Elliott, Sept. 10 '64; honorably discharged March 23 '65. William L. Reese, April 3 '65; mustered out with company.
THIRTY-FIFTH REGIMENT, NINETY DAYS MEN.
This regiment was organized at Harrisburg, July 4th 1863. The following officers were from Tioga county:
Lieutenant-Colonel .- E. J. Schiefflein, July 4 '63; mus- tered out Aug. 7 '63.
Quartermaster .- Hugh Young, July 4 '63; mustered out with regiment Aug. 7 '63.
Assistant Surgeon .- W. W. Webb, July 10 '63; mus- tered out with regiment.
COMPANY E.
Captain .- Morgan L. Bacon, July 1 '63; mustered out with regiment.
First Lieutenant .- John L. Murdaugh, July 1 '63: mustered out with company Aug. 7 '63.
Second Lieutenant .- Abram B. Dewitt, July 1 '63; mustered out with company.
COMPANY E.
Captain .- William Cole, July 7 '63; mustered out with company Ang. 7 '63.
First Lieutenant .- W. S. Boatmen, July 4 '63; mustered out with regiment.
Second Lieutenant .- Robert H. Steele, July 7 '63; mus- tered out with company.
COMPANY G.
Captain .- Luman Stevens, July 7 '63; mustered out with company Aug. 7 '63.
First . Lieutenant .- Giles Roberts, July 4 '63; mustered out with company.
Second Lieutenant .- E. D. Rutherford, July 7 '63; mustered out with company.
COMPANY K.
Captain .- Horace S. Johnson, July 7 '63; mustered out Aug. 7 '63.
First Lieutenant .- Romanzo C. Bailey, June 29 '63; mustered out Aug. 7 '63.
Second Lieutenant .- Henry R. Fish, July 7 '63; mus- tered out with company.
SMALLER CONTINGENTS.
FORTY-FOURTH REGIMENT Ninety days militia). -- Assistant Surgeon Lyman Hall, July 11 '63; mustered out Aug. 27 '63.
FIFTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT, COMPANY D .- Captain Hiram W. Calkins, Sept. 4 '61; resigned Aug. 2 '62. First Lieutenant Charles O. Etz, Sept. 4 '61; killed at Malvern Hill, Va., July 1 '62. Second Lieutenant Wil- liam O. Mattison, Sept. 4 '61; resigned June 25 '62.
FIFTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT, COMPANY E .- Second Lieutenant W. W. Richardson, Jan. 23 '66; mustered out with the company as sergeant Jan. 24 '66.
EIGHTIETH REGIMENT 7th Pa. Cavalry , COMPANY C. First Lieutenant C. C. Hermans, March 1 '63; died Aug. 22 '64, of wounds received at Lovejoy Station, Georgia. First Lieutenant A. J. B. Dartt, Oct. 1 '64; mustered out with company Aug. 23 '65. Second Lieutenant Henry B. Calkins, March 1 '63; honorably discharged July 5 '64. COMPANY G .- James W. Childs, second lieutenant, March 25 '62; resigned April 24 '64. COMPANY L .- Otis Gerould, first lieutenant, Dec. 1 '64; mustered out with company Aug. 23 '65.
ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH REGIMENT, COMPANY B .- John Irwin, captain, June 22 '64; mustered out at expira- tion of term, Oct. 6 '64. COMPANY D .- John Irwin, first lieutenant, July 24 '62; second lieutenant, Sept. 21 '61; promoted captain. J. A. Gage, second lieutenant, July 24 '62; killed in action May 12 '64.
ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH REGIMENT .- Assistant Surgeon A. M. Sheardown, June 24 '63; resigned Dec. 10 '63.
ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH REGIMENT (12th Pa. Cavalry) .- Second Lieutenant Tracy O. Hollis, Oct. 8'62; resigned March 3 '63; subsequently joined 2nd Pa. heavy artillery and was promoted sergeant, also doing duty on secret service until the spring of 1866.
ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH REGIMENT .- Sur- geon W. B. Hartman, July 11 '64; mustered out with regiment June 3 '65; assistant surgeon March 5 '63.
ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIFTH REGIMENT .- AS- sistant-surgeon C. K. Thompson, Feb. 27 '65.
ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FIRST REGIMENT (16th Cavalry , COMPANY D .- First Lieutenant William H. Beardsley, Dec. 1 '64; mustered out as sergeant May 27 '65. COMPANY I .- Second Lieutenant George D. Beecher, Dec. 13 '64; mustered out with Company A Aug. 11 '65.
ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT .- Major Robert C. Cox, Nov. 18 '62; mustered out with regiment August 8 '63. COMPANY A .- Captain Anson A. Amsbry, Oct. 1 '62; mustered out with company Aug. 8 '63. First Lieutenant Lucien O. Beach, Oct. I '62; honorably discharged March 23 '63. First Lieutenant Samuel W. Love, March 26 '63; mustered out with com- pany. Second Lieutenant Charles Biter, Oct. 31 '62; honorably discharged Feb. 4 '63. Second Lieutenant William L. Keagle, March 26 '63; mustered out with company. COMPANY C .- Captain William B. Hall, Nov. 10 '62; resigned April 11 '63.
ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIRST REGIMENT .- This regiment was organized in the field, in Virginia, in May 1864, from veterans of the 2nd, 5th, 6th and 10th regiments Pennsylvania reserve corps, and participated in the battles of Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Chapel House and Hatcher's Run. Colonel James Carle, June 6 '64; appointed brigadier-general March 13 '65; mus- tered out with regiment June 28 '65. COMPANY B .- First Lieutenant Livingston Bogart, June 17 '64; mus- tered out with company June 28 '65.
NORTH
Lawrenceville
OBrookfield
rota o
Millerton 6
Elkland Porelson.
Somers Lane
River
inesq
Cow
Farminglon Centre
M'estfield
Tioga
oChatham
Little Marsh
Mit
ASubinsville.
Crooked
Proga
Chatham- Farmington- unticlinal.
Long Run
Viles Valley
Mansfield
Cory
Marsh
IoCanoe. Camp
'cr.
Pine Cr
o Wellsborough
ofovington
Ansonig
ofherry "Flats"
New Bergen anticlinal.
Bun
Blossburg
Fall Brook
Pine
Stony
Fark
Ogdensburg
Leetonia
Run
FLlord
Liberty O
Blockhous
Lycoming
Coal.
Umbral
GrayCatskill.
Red Catskill.
Chemung
GEOLOGICAL VAP OF
TIOGA COUNTY PA,
BY
Andrew Sherwood.
W+++E
Cowanesque
Rufland,
Mixtoin
&Yambs Creek
Mrdellebury Centre
River
Mcunsburgh
E.Charleston
Mill Creek Pino Creek synchnal,
Charleston
Gaines
Kettle Creek synchinal .
Creek:
Morris
Rebbs
Creek
Mansfield & Wellsborough- antielinat.
Blossbury synclinal .
Liberty unticlinal .
Ulysses & Homer antielinal
63
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY.
ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-SECOND REGIMENT .--- Assistant suregeon George D. Maine, March 23' 65; mus- tered out with regiment Aug. 24 '65.
ONE HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT .- Surgeon W. H. Davis, July 8'64; mustered out with reg- iment Nov. 4 '64.
Two HUNDRED AND TENTH REGIMENT, COMPANY K. -Second Lieutenant S. D. Cudworth, April 2 '65; mus- tered out with company as first sergeant May 30 '65.
CHAPTER XII.
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF TIOGA COUNTY.
BY ANDREW SHERWOOD.
IOGA COUNTY is bounded on the north by Steuben, in the State of New York; on the east by Bradford; on the south by Lycom- ing and Clinton; on the west by Potter; its
The Blossburg Mountain is projected north, 60 degrees east, from the southwest corner of the county, and be- yond through Blossburg into Bradford county, where it stops with the bold knob known as Mount Pisgah, one of the most conspicuous topographical features in north- north line is 3412 miles long; its south line, ern Pennsylvania, being separated from the main mount- 33/4; its west line, 3114; its east line, 2814; its southeast line along Lycoming Creek, 5. Area, 1,125 square miles-just 40 more than the State of Rhode Island.
The mean annual rainfall is 40 inches; the mean summer temperature, 63 degrees Fahrenheit; the mean winter temperature, 23 degrees Fahrenheit. The cli- mate is therefore a cold one, which results from its ele- vation, but more from its geographical position, being on the north slope of the Allegheny backbone, where cold, dry northwest winds prevail in winter, carrying the mercury at times down to 25 or 30 degrees below zero. Under such conditions the peach will not thrive, except in sheltered locations among the hills.
about 2,300 feet; highest mountain land worth pi Gaines, on "the barrens," about 2,300 feet; highest mountain land four miles east of the Tioga River from the mouth of Mill Creek, about 2,200 feet; summit of Briar Hill, on the road from Blossburg to Liberty, 2,200 feet.
From these figures it will be seen that there is consid- erable inequality in the surface of Tioga county. Pine Creek the Indian " River of the Pines " and the Tioga and Cowanesque Rivers have plowed deep furrows through it, while three mountain ranges occur within its borders, and another skirts it on the southeast, which latter is the Birclay and Ralston Mountain, rising from the waters of Lycoming Creek and Roaring Branch.
ain mass, with which it was once connected, by a broad valley of erosion, and rendered prominent by its altitude as well as its isolation. The range is known locally as the Armenia Mountain, and holds by far the most valua- ble coal field in the northern tier. . Its accompanying synclinal axis is not exactly in the center, but nearest the north side, and crosses Pine Creek two miles above the mouth of Babb's fork, the Tioga River at Blossburg, the Northern Central Railway at Troy and the Susque- hanna River at Horn Brook. Its northern acclivity, where it overlooks the valley of Wellsboro and Mans- field, crosses Pine Creek near the northwest corner of Morris township, the Tioga River about two miles above Covington village, and the Bradford county line in the southwest corner of Columbia township. Its southern acclivity, where it overlooks the Liberty Valley, runs from a point near Oregon Hill along the north side of Zimmerman's Creek, and about a mile north of Ogden's Corners, crossing the Bradford line at the south corner of Armenia township, so that it comprises the south part of Elk, about all of Morris and Duncan, the north part of Liberty and Union, the south part of Covington and Sullivan, and all of Bloss, Hamilton and Ward townships. It is drained northward by the Tioga and its tributaries, and southward by the numerous branches of Pine Creek.
The mean altitude above tide water is about 1,500 feet; lowest point in the county, 820 feet; highest point, about 2,300 feet. Lawrenceville above tide, 1,006 feet; Nelson, 1, 186 feet; Elkland, 1, 142 feet; Somers Lane, 1 018 feet; Tioga Junction, 1,021 feet; Summit, east of the Junction, 1,593 feet; Trowbridge, 1,440 feet; Mil- lerton, 1,246 feet; State Line, 1,092 feet; Mitchell's Creek, 1,022 feet; Tioga, 1,042 feet; Mill Creek, 1,077 feet; Lamb's Creek, 1, 111 feet; Mansfield, 1, 140 feet; Canoe Camp, 1, 163 feet; Covington, 1,208 feet; Blossburg, 1,348 feet; Morris Run, 1,678 feet; Arnot, 1,682 feet; Fall Brook, 1, 842 feet; Holiday, 1, 151 feet; Middlebury, The Tioga takes its rise in a tamarack swamp on the eastern crest of the mountain, in Armenia township, Bradford county, where it is known as Tamarack Creek. At the county line it is joined by Morgan Creek and other small streams, after which it is known as the Tioga River. Its general course for the first twelve or fifteen miles is to the southwest. At the mouth of Carpenter's 1,178 feet; Niles Valley, 1,192 feet; Wellsboro, 1,319 feet; Summit near Antrim, 1,862 feet; Antrim, 1,672 feet; Roaring Branch, 940 feet. In the foregoing refer- ence is had to the top of the rail at the railroad stations. Other places are as follows: Pine Creek where it leaves Tioga to enter Lycoming, 820 feet-the lowest point in the county; mouth of Babb's Creek, 833 feet; mouth of Run, two miles above Blossburg, it turns to the north- Marsh Creek, 1, 100 feet; mouth of Long Run, at Gaines, northwest, and after running about five miles in that 1,230 feet; Pine Creek where it enters Tioga from direction it breaks through the outside mountain wall Potter, 1,255 feet; Osceola, 1, 130 feet; Knoxville, 1, 190 three miles below Blossburg, into the valley of Mansfield and Wellsboro. The point where it turns is in the deepest part of an oblong oval basin on the line of the feet; Westfield. 1,250 feet; Roseville, 1,200 feet; Mains- burg, 1,240 feet; State Normal School (Mansfield , new building, 1,224 feet; top of Normal Hill, 1,362 feet; synclinal axis which holds the Blossburg coal field. highest mountain land near the head of the Tioga River, Within this basin it is joined by South Creek, Fall Brook,
84
HISTORY OF TIOGA COUNTY.
Carpenter's Run, Taylor's Run, Morris Run, Coal Run, Johnson Creek and East Creek, all rapid streams, which have removed thousands of acres of coal.
The end of the Kettle Creek Mountain is seen jutting into Tioga county about five miles, but stops short two or three miles west of Pine Creek, and about twelve miles south of west from Wellsboro. The road from Elk Run to Leetonia passes over the end of this mountain. The New Bergen anticlinal axis, which separates it from the Mill Creek. Pine Creek Mountain, also stops west of Pine Creek, and southwest from Ansonia. The New Bergen Valley opens out into the Wellsboro Valley at the same place.
The Mill Creek-Pine Creek Mountain comes into Tioga county about midway of its western line, and is projected north, 70 degrees east, crossing the Tioga River at the mouth of Mill Creek, and ending in a point, boldly, just at the edge of Bradford county. It holds valuable beds of coal in the western part of the county, north of Pine Creek. Its accompanying synclinal axis crosses Long Run about three miles north of Gaines, runs close to Middle- bury Centre, and crosses the Tioga River near the mouth of Mill Creek, and the Bradford county line near the northeast corner of Rutland township. Continuing east- ward, it crosses the Northern Central at South Creek, the Susquehanna near Athens, and the State line at the north- east corner of Bradford county. The mountainous region includes the greater part of Gaines and Shippen, the south edge of Clymer, Chatham and Jackson, the northern end of Delmar and Charleston, the south side of Middlebury and Tioga, the northern edge of Rich- mond, and the northern side of Rutland townships. Like the Blossburg Mountain it is drained southward by nu- merous branches of Pine Creek-as Marsh Creek, Long Run, etc .; and northward by the Tioga and its tributa- ries-as Crooked Creek, Mill Creek, etc. These streams, through their transporting power, have well nigh accom- plished the destruction of a once continuous and extensive coal field, valuable tracts only remaining in the western townships. As the Gaines coal field represents an ob- long oval basin on the line of the synclinal axis, so the Tioga River where it cuts through the mountains marks the transverse axis of another similar basin, but smaller.
Camp Creek, etc. These streams have cut deep chan- nels, producing a vastly changed condition of the surface since they commenced their operations.
These ranges are so many spurs from the great western plateau of the Allegheny Mountains. Their summits are elevated several hundred feet above the surrounding country, rising up boldly and with great regularity to a nearly uniform height, and making a sky outline which, at a little distance, appears to be nearly horizontal in some places for many miles in succession. These chains are nearly parallel and separated from each other by broad northeast and southwest anticlinal valleys. Stand- ing on the top of one of these chains and gazing away five or ten miles, as the case may be, to the top of an- other, either to the north or south, the spectator looks over one of these anticlinal valleys lying far below, and which may be described as a rolling hill country covered thickly with farms and dotted with villages. Running through the center of each of these valleys, and in the same direction with them, is a flattened arch, or what the geologist would call an anticlinal axis, from which the rocks dip down and away to the north and the south and pass under the mountains. In the heart of the mountains, and running in the same direction with them, is an inverted arch, or what the geologist would call a synclinal axis, from which the rocks rise out to the north and south, over the anticlinals.
There are three great anticlinal valleys. The. Liberty Valley lies between the Barclay and Ralston Mountains on the south and the Blossburg Mountain on the north. It is about four miles wide in Tioga county, widening to ten miles in Bradford county, and about fifty miles in length. At the Susquehanna River it opens on the highlands of eastern Bradford, and a little west of Nau- voo, in Tioga county, where Zimmerman's Creek turns to the south, it heads up in a broad amphitheatre against the great southwestern plateau. It embraces parts of Morris, Liberty and Union townships, where the surface features are those of low rounded hills, intersected by small streams. In Liberty the land is gently rolling, be- coming more hilly to the northeast. The whole district included in this fine valley is well adapted to agricul- ture. It is drained by the head waters of Little Pine and Lycoming Creeks, which take their rise in the Bloss- burg Mountain and flow to the south, across the anti- clinal axis. These streams are Zimmerman's Creek, Blockhouse branch, Roaring branch, West Mill Creek, East Mill Creek and Sugar Works Run. Good beds of fossiliferous iron ore are found in this valley.
The Cowanesque Mountain enters the county from Potter where the river of the same name crosses the county line, and is projected north 75 degrees east, as far as the northeast corner of Deerfield township, where it ends in a long pointed knob known as Norway Ridge, just within the State of New York. No coal is left on this range in Tioga county. The synclinal axis crosses The Mansfield and Wellsboro Valley lies between the Blossburg Mountain on the south and the Mill Creek Mountain on the north. It is from six to eight miles in width. The surface is rolling, consisting of a succession of hills and valleys, varying but little in general appear- ance. The soil is moderately good, and the region may be described as being rich in agricultural resources. Hay, grain, fruit, vegetables and the products of the dairy are among the chief productions. It includes a the Potter line with the Cowanesque River, and the State line northeast of Elkland, the Tioga River near Lindley- town, the Chemung below Elmira, and runs a little north of Owego. The elevated ridges remaining in this syn- clinal trough are found in the south part of Brookfield, the northern part of Westfield and the central part of Deerfield township. The drainage is all through the valleys of the Cowanesque and its branches, Potter Brook, the North Fork, Troop's Creek, Holden Brook, large portion of Delmar, Charleston, Richmond, Sulli-
85
TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGI.
van, Rutland and Covington townships. Its accompany- We see then how the country has derived its contour of surface in a great measure from the structure and con- dition of the underlying rocks. As they are hard or soft, and as the angle which they make with the plane of the horizon is steep or gentle, have they yielded to or resisted the action of water in motion, frost, etc. The ing anticlinal axis is two miles south of Wellsboro and a mile and a half south of Mansfield. It crosses the North- ern Central Railway three miles north of Columbia Cross- roads, and the Susquehanna River two miles below Milan. At Pine Creek this axis is deflected more to the southwest, running in between the Blossburg and the direction of the streams and the outline of the hills are
Kettle Creek Mountain, and leaves the county about three miles north from its southwest corner. At the Bradford county line the valley opens out into a rolling country. It is well watered throughout by the Tioga River and Pine Creek, Marsh Creek, Stony Fork, Wilson Creek, Catlin Hollow Creek, Hills Creek, Lamb's Creek, Mann's Creek, Elk Run, Corey Creek, Canoe Camp Creek, Mill Creek, etc. Pine Creek where it crosses the anticlinal valley is a stream of considerable volume, flow- ing in a deep canyon, with very narrow flats at the bot- tom. The Tioga, on the contrary, has a broad and fer- tile valley. Some valuable beds of fossiliferous iron ore are found in the Mansfield and Wellsboro Valley, but mainly in the eastern part of the county.
The Chatham-Farmington Valley lies between the Mill Creek-Pine Creek Mountain on the south and the Cow- anesque Mountain on the north. It is about five miles wide in Clymer township, but widens to eight or ten in Farmington. At the Tioga River it opens on the high- lands of southern New York, in which axes of upheaval and depression are diminished in force, and the country has been eroded to a more uniform level. At Pine Creek, southwest of Sunderlinville in Potter county, and forty miles from the confluence of the Tioga and Cowan- esque Rivers at Lawrenceville, it heads up, the moun- tains closing around it. It embraces the larger part of Clymer, Chatham, Elkland and Osceola, with all of Farmington, Nelson and Lawrence, and a part of Tioga, Middlebury, Deerfield and Westfield. In topographical features it closely resembles the Mansfield and Wellsboro Valley, and the soil is alike productive and adapted to the wants of a farming community. The drainage of this valley is through the Tioga and Cowanesque Rivers and Crooked Creek, with such branches of the same as Potter's Brook, Mill Creek, the Jamieson, the Elkhorn, etc.
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