USA > Pennsylvania > Venango County > History of Venango County, Pennsylvania : its past and present, including > Part 73
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The pastoral succession is as follows: John Moore, 1847-49; John V. Miller, 1851-59; James Coulter, 1861-64; T. B. Van Eman, 1868-73; John P. Barbor, 1874-79; Samuel M. Glenn, 1880-85; and William M. Hays, in- stalled July 27, 1886. The Sunday school was organized in 1844 and Will- iam S. Russell was the first superintendent. The first church building, erected in 1842, is still standing on Mercer street. The present place of worship, a frame structure, occupies an elevated location above Emlenton street.
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OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP.
The United Presbyterian Church of Clintonville was organized in No- vember, 1851, as an Associate Presbyterian church, by Reverend G. C. Vincent, D. D., under direction of Butler Presbytery with thirty-two mem- bers, of whom James Mckinley and Thomas Baird were elected elders. An acre of ground was given for church purposes by William Cross in 1851, and in the summer of that year a frame church building was erected thereon at a cost of one thousand one hundred dollars. The present edifice was dedicated in June, 1882, by Reverend John Dick, D. D. It is a frame building two stories in height and cost six thousand dollars. Supplies were sent from presbytery until 1854, when Reverend W. A. Black was installed as pastor. Reverend David Forsythe was pastor from 1859 to 1863; J. C. McElree, 1868-84; A. B. Dickey was installed in June, 1888. John Mc- Kinley, Rhesa Byers, Leander Adams, and Robert Atwell compose the pres- ent session. Charles Riddle was the first Sunday school superintendent.
The Church of God, on the Franklin and Butler road, was built in 1879 and organized in that year, largely through the efforts of J. B. Henderson. The first pastor was Reverend Shadrach Woods, and the present incumbent is A. L. Brynes. J. B. Henderson is elder and R. F. Hoffman deacon.
CHAPTER XLIII.
OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP.
ORGANIZATION-PIONEERS-EARLY MILLS-PLEASANTVILLE-SETTLEMENT- GROWTH-BANKING INSTITUTIONS-SECRET AND OTHER SOCIETIES- MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION-SHAMBURG-CHURCHES- SCHOOLS-PLEASANTVILLE CEMETERY.
T HE territory comprised in Oil Creek township was intended by the com- mission that subdivided the county in 1806 to have formed East Branch, but no township of that name has yet materialized. The first movement in the direction of separate organization for this territory was made at August sessions, 1859, when a petition from citizens of the northern part of Cornplanter and western part of Allegheny was presented for the consideration of the court. Samuel M. Irwin, William Stewart, and R. H. McFate, to whom the matter was referred, reported favorably, and on the 10th of January, 1860, the question was submitted to a vote of the citizens of Allegheny township. Two hundred and sixteen votes were cast at this election, and there was a majority or fifty-six against the proposed innova-
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HISTORY OF . VENANGO COUNTY.
tion. In January, 1866, the matter again became a subject of judicial con- sideration. S. Thomas, Samuel F. Dale, and T. H. Martin were appointed viewers, and reported in favor of the division of Allegheny by a line " Be- ginning at the southeast corner of lot No. 124, thence by line dividing said lot from No. 163 north by the original lines of the tracts and by the east line of the borough of Pleasantville to the Warren county line," which was confirmed nisi August 30, 1866. There is no record of the final proceedings in this case, but the formal erection of Oil Creek probably occurred at the following term of court. By the next census (1870) the population was five thousand and ninety-eight; in 1880, five hundred and twenty-six.
PIONEERS.
It is probable that the Flemings were the first permanent settlers. In 1795 Andrew and Daniel Fleming made a visit to this section of the country from their home near Redstone Old Fort, Fayette county. They were the sons of a native Englishman, who emigrated to America before the Revolu- tion and served during that struggle as a commissary in the Continental army. He was among the first settlers of Fayette county, where he died, leaving a family of grown sons. The two mentioned returned to this local- ity in 1796. Andrew secured four hundred acres, embracing the Jones farm near Miller Farm station. He came here a young man and married Ann Mc- Clintock, sister to Francis and Hamilton Mcclintock. They reared three sons and' three daughters; one of the sons is now living at Brocton, New York. Daniel married Nancy Harding, of Harrisville, Butler county. He died in Forest county. In 1798 Mrs. Sarah Fleming followed her two sons to this locality, bringing their four brothers, Samuel, James, Ezekiel, and Edward. Samuel bought the claim of Jacob Richards, six miles south of Titusville on the hill east of Oil creek. Richards had cleared several acres here and planted a small orchard. He then removed to Gallipolis, Ohio. Samuel Fleming married Jane, daughter of Hamilton Mcclintock, and reared eleven children. His brothers also located here, and the family is numerously represented.
Samuel Gregg, a native of Ireland, removed from Centre county to the vicinity of Pioneer station in the summer of 1799.
James Miller was an early settler. It was he who gave the name to Miller Farm station, once a flourishing oil town and postoffice under the designation of Meredith.
James Shreve was from the same locality in Fayette county as the Flem- ings. He bought the improvements of Abraham Sowers near the Titusville and Oil City road. Before coming here he had lived for a time in Ohio, and there became a member of the Christian church.
John Lytle, a native of Ireland, came to the township in 1812 and set- tled what is known as the Mill farm on West Pithole creek.
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OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP.
William Poor removed from Massachusetts to Crawford county, Penn- sylvania, in 1817, and came into Oil Creek township in the following year. William Broadfoot, David Henderson, William McCaslin, and Robert Watson, were also among the pioneers.
The first road through the township led from the Hickory flats in Forest county to Franklin; it passed a mile south of Pleasantville, crossed Oil creek at Fleming's mill, and thence continued through Cherry Tree village and Cooperstown to Franklin. The Brokenstraw road entered this county south of Enterprise and intersected the Warren and Franklin road at Rynd Farm. The principal part of its course has been abandoned.
The first mill was built by Andrew Fleming; it was also the first mill on Oil creek. The machinery was principally of his own contriving. There were two runs of native stone and a water-wheel of primitive but ingenious construction. After the increase of population warranted such changes, improved appliances were imported from Pittsburgh and a saw mill added. The Holland Company's mill on Pine run (the east branch of Oil creek), was built prior to 1800, and also received patronage from this locality. John Lytle built a saw mill on West Pithole creek at an early date. A large pond furnished water power. The location of this is still distinguishable. The timbers were utilized some years ago in the construction of a barn.
In common with the oil regions generally, the population of this town- ship has experienced many fluctuations. There was an exodus of the older families when the productiveness of this territory became apparent and few of them remain. Much that would be interesting in connection with the early settlement is thus irrecoverably lost.
BOROUGH OF PLEASANTVILLE.
This borough, the fourth town of the county in population and impor- tance, is situated in the extreme northeastern part of its territory, six miles from Titusville, and at an altitude of six hundred feet above the level of Oil creek at that place. Whether applied to the general appearance of the town or of the surrounding country, the name is eminently appropriate.
Abraham Lovell made the first improvement on the site of the borough. His former home was nine miles from Ithaca, New York, between Seneca " and Cayuga lakes. He was drafted for service during the war of 1812 and on his return visited various localities in northwestern Pennsylvania. The abundance of spring water induced him to locate here, and about the year 1820 he removed his family thither. The journey was made in a covered wagon, which was made to do service as a dwelling place until more sub- stantial shelter could be provided. Mr. Lovell's land adjoined the grave- yard on the west. He was a Presbyterian and rigidly Calvinistic in faith and practice. The family has been characterized by remarkable longevity.
Aaron Benedict, from whom the place received its name and derived its.
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HISTORY OF VENANGO COUNTY.
early prosperity, was born at West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, February 17, 1779, of English parentage. During the war of 1812 he was the pro- prietor of flouring mills between the villages of Cortland and Homer, in Cortland county, New York, and became quite wealthy. At the close of the war he engaged in mercantile pursuits at Fabius, Onondaga county. There he was a leading man in business and society; he built a Baptist church and was otherwise prominent in various enterprises designed to pro- mote the public good. When the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike was constructed, in 1818-19, he was the contractor for a considerable part of the work. Although his individual venture resulted profitably, he sustained heavy losses through the failure of others with whom he was associated, and was obliged to sacrifice his property to satisfy obligations thus incurred. He had formed the acquaintance of Mr. Huidekoper, of Meadville, agent for the Holland Land Company, and gained some knowledge of this section of the state during the progress of his contract; to a man of his enter- prise and capabilities it offered the opportunity to retrieve his fortunes, and in the spring of 1821 he removed thither, locating upon a tract of four hun- dred acres, embracing the site of Pleasantville. His son, Aaron, Jr., had come out the previous year and sowed a field of wheat, which furnished food for the family until other means of support could be provided. The stone house on the east side of Main street, for many years one of the most substantial and commodious in the county, was built in the summer of 1821 by Peter Vhreum, a stone mason of Meadville, for the sum of one thousand and sixty dollars. There was a fine spring at the side of the house, but like many others since the beginning of oil operations, it has disap- peared. Mr. Benedict became agent for the survey and sale of the Holland lands; he was justice of the peace many years, and held other local offices. Politically he was a Whig and afterward a Republican. He was the father of nineteen children, but only a few of his descendants still live in this locality.
Austin Merrick was one of the first to follow Benedict. He was also from New York state, a Baptist in faith, and a Whig in politics. He lived on Main street near the Baptist church, and gave his name to Merrick street. He seems to have been engaged in a variety of occupations. The first school in the village was taught by him; he was the first postmaster at Holland postoffice, and also farmed to some extent. Mr. Merrick was four times married. When the oil excitement began he moved to Corry.
William Porter was a son-in-law of Aaron Benedict. He was a potter by trade, and while engaged at that calling at Rochester, New York, was in- duced by his future father-in-law to come to Pleasantville. The pottery was situated on the west side of Main street opposite Benedict's stone house, but was afterward removed to the other side of that street, below the opera house. The first residence of Mr. Porter was a hewed-log house on a lot now owned by Doctor John Wilson.
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OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP.
3
E. R. Beebe came in 1831. A nephew of Aaron Benedict, it was through the influence of the latter that he was induced to locate. He at once estab- lished a tannery on State street, thus inaugurating one of the most impor- tant of the pioneer industries of the place. It was equipped with vats and a bark mill, and received a large patronage. The business was conducted successively by John Brown, William Dawson, and others, but has long been discontinued. Mr. Beebe still lives at an advanced age.
John Brown was the first merchant of the place. A native Scotchman, he emigrated to America and in 1827 was engaged in business in New York city. It was from that place that he brought his first consignment of goods. His first residence here was a log house on State street at the cross- ing of the run, and here his store was also situated. As a business man he was remarkably successful. He also manifested a deep interest in religious matters, and was largely instrumental in building and sustaining the Cov- enanter church of Pleasantville. Mr. Brown came to Pleasantville in 1833.
The growth of the town for many years was very slow. No regular sub- division into streets and lots was ever made, but each new arrival usually bought as much land as he could, and as a result of this the place became decidedly a country village. As the location of a pottery, tannery, postoffice, and store, it gradually acquired prestige. Some time in the forties an ash- ery was established; this supplied the surrounding community with salera- tus, but with this exception there were no important additions to the num- ber of local industries. Ebenezer Sanford was one of the proprietors of the ashery.
The discovery of oil resulted in an immediate expansion of general busi- ness interests and a rapid increase in population. In this vicinity the first productive well was drilled in 1865 on the Porter farm. There was at once a great demand for land, and within a short time the village was thronged with strangers seeking investments. Buildings, hotels, stores, and banks were rapidly provided to accommodate the population and business thus at- tracted. A railroad was graded from Pithole City, and with the prospect of facilities of this nature, and the advantages of healthfulness and salu- brity usually associated with an elevated location, it seemed highly probable that Pleasantville might become one of the larger towns of the oil country. This marked the culminating point, however; the railroad was abandoned, and with the discovery of new fields the transient population drifted else- where and the town gradually reverted to a condition of permanent stability. The number of inhabitants in 1870 was one thousand five hundred and „ ninety-eight; in 1880, eight hundred and thirty-five. Oil operations have received a new impetus within the last few years, resulting in a greater de- gree of business activity than the place has experienced since 1873.
A disastrous fire occurred December 23, 1871. It originated in the New York hotel on South Main street, and destroyed buildings and merchandise
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HISTORY OF VENANGO COUNTY.
to the value of thousands of dollars. This was an indirect benefit to the town, as it resulted in the erection of the commodious brick buildings at the intersection of Main and State streets.
Local manufacturing has never been extensive. J. Locke & Son estab- lished the Eagle iron and mill works in 1868 on State street; in 1876 their works were removed to Grant street, where flour and lumber mills were erected and the manufacture of oil well machinery, wagons, etc., continued until a few years since. The wagon shop of House & Kelly, and the estab- lishments of S. H. Wallace & Company and Frederick Propheter, tank builders, constitute the present industrial features.
Banking Institutions. - The first bank at Pleasantville was established in 1868 by D. H. Mitchell and Samuel Q. Brown, under the firm name of Mitchell & Brown. The former retired in 1871 in favor of Richard Irwin, and the style of the firm was changed to Brown & Irwin.
The Citizens' Bank was organized December 21, 1872, with the election of James Connely, president; F. Merrick, cashier; and a board of directors composed of H. M. Haskell, D. W. Henderson, Otto Girmer, James Skin- ner, James Connely, M. C. Beebe, William Newkirk, A. Holeman, and Theo- dore Marlin. Business was discontinued a few years since.
The Pleasantville Bank was organized in December, 1872, with Samuel Q. Brown, president; John Wilson, vice-president; Richard Irwin, cashier, and a capital of one hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Irwin was succeeded in 1879 by D. W. Henderson; otherwise the organization remains un- changed.
Seneca Lodge, No. 519, I. O. O. F., was instituted May 18, 1855, with Andrew Burrows, N. G .; John Benedict, V. G .; D. W. Henderson, secre- tary, and B. F. Lyons, treasurer. This lodge disbanded and the charter was surrendered. A reorganization under the original name and number was effected in 1874, and a new charter issued March 2nd of that year to F. Merrick, N. G .; Samuel Hatch, V. G. ; H. H. Locke, secretary, and E. R. Beebe, treasurer.
Pleasantville Lodge, No. 501, F. & A. M., was constituted November 22, 1871, with George Sheffield, W. M .; J. E. Haskell, S. W .; L. L. Bene- dict, J. W .; E. D. Dodge, secretary, and J. A. Willoughby, treasurer. The lodge has since disbanded and surrendered its charter.
Eureka Council, No. 133, R. A., was organized May 3, 1880. The charter members were J. A. Johnson, A. P. Pope, W. W. Pennell, J. A. Pickett, C. W. Brigham, R. D. Stoeltzing, W. White, M. R. Williams, I. Doolittle, H. H. Noyes, J. C. Goal, David Fleming, R. Foggan, J. J. Goodman, J. McLachlan, and C. G. Kingman.
Prosperity Union, No. 389, E. A. U .- The first officers were George B. Lord, chancellor; John E. Blair, advocate; W. W. Pennell, president; L. B. Main, vice-president; Mrs. F. M. Downing, auxiliary; H. J. Hopkins,
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OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP.
treasurer, and W. D. Beebe, secretary. The date of institution was Janu- ary 3, 1882.
Aaron Benedict Post, No. 429, G. A. R., was mustered April 24, 1884. The first members were Isaac Doolittle, H. J. Hopkins, W. F. House, Cas- per Schott, John Wallbridge, Henry Dykeman, L. B. Main, G. W. Smith, James Dack, L. L. Shattuck, J. M. August, W. Lyons, H. Ives, R. J. Hopkins, R. Grant, Samuel Holmes, J. H. Pennell, J. E. Sorrell, George Keyes, Aubrey Porter, Blosser Post, Harrison Bright, Thomas Anderson, Frederick Propheter, Charles E. Merritt, James T. Reed, and John Garry.
Pleasantville Tent, No. 79, K. of M., was organized August 28, 1888. John Maddox, S. K. C .; H. T. Mccullough, R. K., and F. W. Kelly, F. K., were the first officers.
Municipal Organization .- The borough of Pleasantville was incorpo- rated March 22, 1850, by act of the legislature, and is, therefore second in the county in respect to priority. The act of incorporation appointed Aaron Benedict, Wilson Dawson, and M. C. Beebe commissioners to survey, define and mark the boundaries, which include within their limits nearly a square mile of territory. The following is a list of borough officers:"
1850 .- Burgess, William Porter; council: A. Merrick, A. Dawson, J. W. Henderson, J. W. Parker.
1852. - Burgess, Aaron Benedict; council: D. H. Parker, Austin Merrick. 1853 .- Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: . William Dodge, E. R. Beebe. 1854 .- Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: Austin Merrick, William House. 1857 .- Burgess, John Brown; council: A. Dawson, Abrahan Lovell, Sr.
1858 .- Burgess, John W. Henderson; council: C. House, D. W. Hen- derson.
1859 .- Burgess, John Kelly; council: D. H. Parker, George Porter. 1860 .- Burgess, Edward Byles; council: Samuel Hatch, D. Marvin.
1861 .- Burgess, Marshall Corbin; council: D. H. Parker, George Porter.
1866 .- Burgess, J. C. Benedict; council: D. W. Henderson, William Newkirk.
1867. - Burgess, J. C. Benedict; council: M. C. Benedict, J. A. Dunham. 1868 .- Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: J. J. Watkins, G. S. Nettleton.
1869 .- Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: D. W. Henderson, William New- kirk, Samuel Q. Brown, E. S. Nettleton.
1869 (October). - Burgess, John F. Carll; council: William Newkirk, Roger Sherman, Henry T. Dunham, Marshall Goss, Myron P. Barber.
1870 .- Burgess, J. F. Carll; council: E. L. Keenan, M. C. Benedict, A. K. McMullen, J. C. Goal, Casper Schott.
1872 (March). - Burgess, H. M. Haskell; council: W. F. House, S. A. Barnes, Charles Gardner, William Newkirk, R. L. Irwin, T. A. Morrison.
1873 .- Burgess, T. A. Morrison; council: A. Holeman, F. Merrick, G. E. Mapes, R. L. Irwin, S. A. Barnes, C. Schott.
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HISTORY OF VENANGO COUNTY.
1874 .- Burgess, Thomas Chattle; council: Samuel Harsh, John Nichols, Henry Wege, W. F. House, A. W. Brown, L. T. Benedict.
1875. - Burgess, Thomas Chattle; council: Samuel Harsh, C. Netcher, Henry Wege, W. F. House, A. W. Brown, L. L. Benedict.
1876 .- Burgess, Thomas Chattle; council: L. L. Benedict, W. F. House, A. W. Brown, Samuel Harsh, E. B. Seymour.
1877 .- Burgess, L. L. Benedict; council: Thomas Chattle, G. K. Thayer, H. H. Noyes, J. C. Goal, John Holeman, John A. Johnson.
1878 .- Burgess, Thomas Chattle; council: J. L. Connely, U. G. Mease, J. D. Holeman, H. H. Noyes, J. R. Amsdell, J. B. Skinner.
1879 .- Burgess, Benjamin Corwin; council: A. W. Brown, J. Kuhl- meyer, H. Wege, J. D. Holeman, D. W. Henderson, H. H. Noyes.
1880 .- Burgess, C. T. C. Gould; council: W. E. Banks, William New- kirk, J. B. Skinner, Frederick Henn, C. Henry Newkirk, H. H. Locke.
1881. - Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: W. E. Banks, J. B. Skinner, C. Henry Newkirk, H. H. Noyes, Samuel Chestnut, Casper Schott.
1882 .- Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: H. H. Noyes, R. M. Davidson, H. H. Locke, Henry Wege, Casper Schott, H. J. Hopkins.
1883. - Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: James Rooker; H. H. Locke, H. J. Hopkins, W. W. Pennell, H. Wege, R. M. Davidson.
1884. - Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: H. Wege, Benjamin Corwin, R. M. Davidson, George Howarth, John Holeman, A. Holeman.
1885 .- Burgess, M. C. Beebe; council: John Holeman, James Rooker. 1886 .- Burgess, Isaac Doolittle; council: R. M. Davidson, R. J. Hop- kins.
1887 .- Burgess, J. R. Amsdell; council: H. Wege, Benjamin Corwin.
1888 .- Burgess, W. F. House; council: John Lockwood, Casper Schott.
1889 .- Burgess, W. F. House; council: H. H. Noyes, R. D. Stoeltzing. The present burgess is R. D. Stoeltzing, vice W. F. House, resigned.
SHAMBURG.
A considerable number of the five thousand and ninety-eight inhabitants of Oil Creek township in 1870 lived within the irregular and undefined limits of Shamburg. It was so named in honor of George Shamburg, local superintendent for the Philadelphia and Cherry Run Oil Company. Oil operations at this point began in 1865. As a matter of personal convenience Mr. Shamburg applied to the department for a postoffice, and with a generosity equal to the occasion, permitted his own name as its designation. The town had a varied population and was but little different from the neighboring cities of the period. In 1880 the population had fallen to four hundred and eighty-four, and at this date the town has entirely disappeared.
CHURCHES.
Methodist Episcopal services have been held in the vicinity of Pleasant-
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OIL CREEK TOWNSHIP.
ville from a very early period in the history of this region. A class was organized at the house of Samuel Gregg on Oil creek in 1804 by Reverend Andrew Hemphill, of which John Gregg, Hannah Gregg, and Sally Steven- son were members. The oldest records extant give unmistakable evidence of an organization at Pleasantville in 1821, at which date the preacher was Zachariah Paddock and the presiding elder Gleason Fillmore. The place of worship was a school house west of Pleasantville, popularly known as the Methodist school house in distinction from another east of the town where the Baptists worshiped. A church was built in 1846, mainly through the efforts of David Henderson and William Dawson. The present church edifice, erected by a building committee composed of William Newkirk, James L. Connely, George Zevier, J. N. Tyrrell, and S. A. Squires, was dedicated June 19, 1870, Reverend Wheeler, of Meadville, officiating. The following is a list of preachers from the year 1846, at which date Pleasant- ville circuit was formed: 1846, J. VanHorn; 1847-48, W. Monks; 1849-50, T. J. McCreary; 1851, T. Burroughs, J. T. Boyle; 1852, J. Wrigglesworth, M. Wood; 1853, S. Hollen, F. Muse; 1854, J. Gilfillan, J. B. Hammond; 1855, J. Gilfillan; 1856, J. Gilmore, E. Hull; 1867, M. Colegrove, F. W. Smith; 1858, G. F. Reeser, A. Height; 1859, G. F. Reeser, W. W. War- ner; 1860, J. K. Mendenhall, J. Elliott; 1861, W. Hayes, J. F. Stocker; 1862, J. F. Stocker, N. W. Jones; 1863, J. Crum, Z. W. Shadduck; 1864, J. Crum; 1865, G. F. Reeser; 1866, H. H. Moore; 1867-68, E. A. Squier; 1869-70, R. N. Stubbs; 1871, C. M. Heard; 1872-73, A. J. Lindsay; 1874, F. A. Archibald; 1875-77, P. W. Scofield; 1878-80, W. Martin; 1881, J. W. Crawford; 1882, E. J. L. Baker; 1883, I. N. Clover; 1884-85, G. C. Rhodes; 1886, H. H. Moore; 1887-89, A. Bashline.
Allegheny Baptist Church .- Aaron Benedict was a zealous adherent of this church and with the promptness that characterized all his actions, he took measures for the organization of a society at the embryo village of Pleasantville. John Tennent and wife, Mrs. David Copeland, Aaron Bene- dict and wife, and Mrs. Ira B. West were the first members. Reverend Blake was the first minister, and E. M. Miles was among his early succes- sors. Reverend Samuel Miles served in this capacity from 1838 to 1842; John Hicks, from December, 1842, to July, 1848; George Spratt, from July, 1849, to August, 1853; - Wilcox, from April, 1854, to February, 1856; W. B. Bingham, from April, 1857, to April, 1860; Joel Green, from May, 1860, to April, 1862; Reverends Haskell, Willoughby, Davis, Hurlburt, Brasted, Trowbridge, and Pierce succeeded in the order of their names, but neither remained more than a brief period. Since Mr. Pierce's retirement, November 7, 1875, there has been no pastor, although a nominal organiza- tion is still sustained. The church edifice, a frame structure on Main street, was dedicated January 6, 1849. The site was given by Aaron Benedict two years previously. A school house east of the village was the place of wor- ship prior to that date.
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