USA > Pennsylvania > Lehigh County > History of the counties of Lehigh and Carbon, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pt. 1 > Part 30
USA > Pennsylvania > Carbon County > History of the counties of Lehigh and Carbon, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pt. 1 > Part 30
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State-quarrying and the preparation of slate for roofing and school purposes form an important indus- try in the county. Most of the larger quarries are situated in the neighborhood of Slatington and Slate- dale. Cleavage is a marked characteristic of these slates, greatly facilitating the work of preparing them for market. The extent of the formation is shown by a gray tint on the map. The upper mass, immedi- ately beneath the Oneida conglomerate No. IV., of the North Mountain, is well exposed; but between this point and Slatington the slates are so twisted and broken that it is impossible to formulate the bed se- quence or depict the structure. The flexures are fre- quently so sharp as to produce almost parallelism in the arms of the folds.
At the Lehigh Water Gap these slates are last seen dipping northwest conformably under the sand rocks of the mountains which form the north boundary line of the county.
Oneida and Medina, No. IV .- This latter forma- tion, No. IV. (Levant of Prof. Rogers), consists of a lower Oneida conglomerate and an upper Medina white sandstone, with an intermediate Medina red shaly sandstone. The two white sand rocks make the ribs of the double-crested mountain. They are economically unimportant, and create a generally sterile soil. They mark the last and highest sub- division of the palivozoic measures in Lehigh County, and I have now to refer to a much more recent forma- tion, the
3. Mesozoic or New Red Sandstone .- The term mesozoic (middle age) is applied to this formation because it was deposited after all the paleozoic (okl age) formations had been completed and lifted out of the ocean at the close of the uppermost coal measure (Permian) era, at which time Middle, Northern, and Western Pennsylvania became dry land, leaving a belt of Eastern Pennsylvania still under water. The name New Red sandstone was given to it in England to distinguish its rocks from the Old Red sandstone of Scotland, made famous by the researches of Hugh Miller.
In Lehigh County, these rocks are only represented along the Bucks County line, in the townships of Upper Saucon and Lower Milford. After the South Mountain and paleozoic highlands had been consid- erably eroded they were submerged, during which time mesozoic sediments were deposited over gneiss and Potsdam sandstone hills alike. South of the Saucon Valley, for instance, mesozoic rocks form the
upper part of a mountain ridge, the top of which is still nine hundred and eighty feet above tide, and was, of course, once still higher.
The north limit of the Mesozoic formation was probably a limestone ridge, and the subsequent more rapid erosion and disintegration of the limestone than the mesozoic strata has left the latter standing as a highland, and redneed the former to a line of valleys between the edge of the mesozoic rocks and the mountains. It is but sparingly represented in Lehigh County, in a belt from one to two miles wide, made up entirely of red sandstone and shale, and de- void of the great trap dikes and conglomerate hills that characterize the formation in Berks, Bucks, and Montgomery Counties. The topography of this coun- try is undulating; the hills are furrowed; the soil is red ; the rocks are beautifully stratified ; fine-grained, compact, hard clay sandstones alternating with beds of soft shale.
The Mesozoic sandstone of Lehigh County seldom attains value as a building stone. The shales weather to a sticky, wet clay soil. The sandstones make a porous, drier soil. The whole surface is easily tilled, and is mostly under cultivation, the sandstone being of shaley constitution, although massive, and the shales being so soft that the plowshare can cut into the solid mass underlying the soil. The Mesozoic sandstones and shales cannot be grouped into sub- formations, for they are not alike. When traced by outerops the shales graduate into sandstone and the sandstone into shale.
The following analyses of some of the limestones and ores of the county may prove of interest and serve the purposes of this short article. They were mostly made by Mr. A. S. McCreath, chemist of the Geological Survey at Harrisburg, who is to be ered- ited for them in all cases unless where otherwise stated. They are mostly taken from Reports M, and MM, D, and DD of that survey. The first. list com- prises analyses of dolomites or magnesian limestones, representative of the largest division of the Siluro- C'ambrian formation, No. 11.
1.
2, 11.260
3. 13 490 9.210
Calcium carbonate .... 51.920
47.890
51.603
18.6:30
Magnesium carbonate. ..... 41.071
39.585
32.917
10.410
Sulpitur ......
trace
Phosphorus, 0,011
0,021
0147 0.012
0,005 0,012
(1) Ruth's quarry, about one mile north of Albortis (11. Pember- ton, Jr.).
(2) From another part of same quarry.
(3) Mrs. Kuhn's quarry, one and a half miles northeast of Trexlertown.
(1) Krantz quarry, one and a quarter miles northeast of Trexlertown.
Many other analyses of the same class of rocks show that the dolomites vary greatly in composition, even in different parts of the same quarry.
The following three analyses are of limestones occurring higher in the measures, and consequently showing a larger percentage of lime, approaching the Trenton subdivision :
-
Insoluble residue .. 5,650
118
HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
1. 2.
3.
Carbonate of lime.
70.750
56.220
83.632
Carbonate of magnetia.
15.256
31.201
5.102
Carbonate of iron
1.39$
1.305
1.1>>
Bienlphide of iron ...
0.105
0,320
.238
Alumina ..
300
Phosphorus,
.010
.00.
.026
Cartoonaccous matter
.120
.120
.835
Insoluble residue.
11.070
10,080
7,850
(1) Edward Guth's quarry, at Guth's Station, four and a half miles west of Catasangna. Fine-grained, dark blue, with slaity structure.
(2) Thomas Iron Company's quarry, at Guth's Station. Fine-grained, bluish gray, with some quartz.
(3) Ironton Railroad Company's quarry, one mile southeast of Ironton. Hard and compact, bluish gray (D. McCreath).
Samples of damourite or hydromiea slate were taken from various places in the county during the progress of the survey, and as this bed, occurring near the base of the magnesian limestone, is of great economi- cal importance from its association with the brown hematite ores of the valley, the following analyses are subjoined to show its general composition :
1.
2
3.
4.
Silica ..
49,92
45.40
59.30
39.80 1.1.10
Ferric oxide ...
0,91
5.06 )
30.30
23 95
Ferrous oxide ......
Magnesia ...
1.77
13,5€
trace
1.94
Lime ...
0.11
trace
trace
9.85
Soda ..
0.74
0.27
151
0.52
Potash.
6,91
5,85
6.94
3,34
Water ..
6,52
4.80
4.70
6.00
Tolals
100,07
99.63
102,05
102.20
(1) From Kraemlich und Lictenwallner's mine, Fogelsville (Dr. F. A. Gentlı).
(2) Thomas' Iron Company's mine, at Hensingersville (Sydney Castle). (3) behigh Iron Company's quarry, at East Penn Junction ( Pedro G. Salom).
(4) From another part of same quarry.
The limonites or brown hematite ores show mueh variation in their composition, as might be expected from the nature of the deposit; but the following have been selected to show the average quality of the ores in various parts of the valley.
The Ironton Mine, at Ironton, as being the most perfeet type of Lehigh County limonite deposits, as. well as the largest producer, comes first in importance. The greater part of this ore has been shipped in the past to the Cambria Iron-Works at Johnstown, Pa., for the manufacture of spiegeleisen.
1.
Filea .
1.815
..... .
Manganese binovido
77.900
$1.88
Manganons oxide ....
1.320
3.77
Ferric oxile
3.660
Alumina ..
0.711
Oxide of coluilt ..
0,390
1.68
Oxide of nickel.
trace
trace
:
(1) Frank S. Lichtenwallner's mine.
(2) Elwyn Bastian's mine.
(3) Francis Guth's mine.
The fourth range, well up towards the No. III. slates, gives:
1.
48,100
15.700
3. 51.750
.1. 46 600
36.500
Manganese.
0,360
0G18
0.309
0.1.4-t
0.031
Phosphorns ..... 0 161
0.157
0,270
0.276
3.105
Insoluble resihre ... .. 13.110
20.200
10.350
19.880
15.200
1
(1) Francis Breinig's mine.
(2) Nathun Whitely's mine.
(3) Henry Schwartz and W. B. Fagel's mine.
(1) Alwyn Borta's mine.
(3) Jacob Stoininger's mine.
1.
2. 45.30
3. 47.000
41.600
Manganese ............
0,154
0.7.19
0,519
0.576
Sulphur ....
0.027
0.032
0.030
trace
Phosphorus.
0 597
0.137
0.111
0.151
Insoluble matter. .....
16.23
21.06
16.050
20.310
(1) James Kreischiman's mine.
(2) Wiand's mine.
(3) J. Barber & Co.'s mine.
(4) Hlensingers & Sant's mine.
At Barber & Co.'s mine, one and one-half miles from Alburtis, near Hensingersville, earbonate ore has been found, this being one of the few places in the county where this ore is known to exist in any quantity.
It is hard and compaet, surface white, brownish color on fresh fracture, laminated structure, and minutely cystallized. It underlies the brown hema- tite in this mine, and shows the following analysis :
Protoxide of iron ...
45.064
Sesquioxile of iron.
1,553
Bisulphide of iron
.457
Mumina:
Protoxide of manganese.
1.150
Magnesia ..
1.495
Carbonic acid.
29.330
Phosphoric acid
.142
Sulphuric acid.
061
Water
-120
Insoluble residne ...
17.575
Total ...... . ......
99.531
Iron .......
36.350
Sulphur.
.268
Phosphorus
The following are some analyses of ores in the second range :
1. 51.25
2. 43.05
3. 51.050
35.00
Manganese .....
0.351
1 575
0,360
1.484
Sulphur ..
0,016
(1.0119
Phosphorus
0,100
0.109
0,106
0.108
Insoluble matter ..
11.01
19,06
11.130
30.97
(1) Ludwig's old mine.
(2) Blank's mine.
(3) Reuben Romig's mine.
(1) Milton Laner's mine.
The third range of mines, still farther north, shows ;
I. 18.250
42.30 18.200
Manganese ... ......
0.132
0.618
0.418
Sulphur
(1,045
0.026
0.605
Phosphorus ....
0,025
0,100
0.168
Insoluble matter 18.150
21.12
Capric oxide,
0.152
trace
Lime ...
(1,770
1,90
Magnesia,
0.256
0,79
Sada ..
0,368
Poinsb.
3.042
3.50
Sulphuric neid.
trace
Phosphoric acid.
0,149
trace
Watrr ......
3,980
1.38
Total ... ......
100.583
101.09
1.
Iron ........... .....
2,662
...
Manganese ...... .....
52.631
56,58
Sulphinr ......
iraro
Phosphorus.
.063
traco
(1) Average sample, analyzed by Mr. A. S. McCrenth.
(2) Picked specimen, nnulyzed by Mr. Henry Pemberton, Jr. -
The most southern or first range of mines hugs the north flank of Lock Ridge at Alburtis, and trends (like all the others) in a northeasterly direction, par- allel to the South Mountains, The position of the various mines can be determined from the key-list on map, and the following are a few analyses of their ores :
Iron ........ 16.60
4.
1
Sulphur ..
0.045
0.034
trace
2.
3.
Iron .....
.062
Carbonic acid.
.......
2.10
Alminina ...
31.00
24.60 5
trice
4.
Iron ..........
Iron ...
.......
Barytu ..
119
THE CITY OF ALLENTOWN.
The magnetic ores of the county are but slightly developed, and when mined show on an average about forty-five per cent. iron. These ores, while being very low in phosphorus, contain a great deal of sili- cious matter, so that they can be sparsely used with the limonites, themselves high in silica. Before con- cluding this brief article, it may be well to incorpo- rate the following analyses of the cement stone quar- ries at Coplay, on the Lehigh River, all made by Mr. Jolın Eckert :
1. 12 88
2.
3.
5.
Silica .......
12.81
13.72
4 14 68 15.03
Alımina ....
4.25
1.86
4.09
5.32
3.97
Ferric oxide
1.09
.97
1.04
1.12
1.93
Carbonate of lime .......
72 87
72.6.1
71,54
69.26
74.12
Sulphate of lime ...
1,60
1,68
1.79
2.29
1,19
Carbonate of magnesia ...
4.69
4.62
4.37
3 07
2.41
Phosphoric acid.
0.10
0,11
0,10
0,09
0.13
Organic matter ..
1.57
1.72
1.78
1,68
1.47
'I'otal
99.05
99.41
08.43
08.11
100,25
CHAPTER XVI.
THE CITY OF ALLENTOWN.
Settlement and Growth. - The development of Allentown has been not unlike the growth of the eentury plant,-a hundred years of slow, sure, but inconspicuous advancement, and then the sudden pniting forth of long-stored energies in a rich and Hourishing bloom. The period from 1762 to 1862- from the planting of the germ of civilization in the wilderness to its fruition-was one of even and gentle progression, little noticed ; but there came a time when the full forec of its life was exhibited, and the wondering and admiring gaze of all neighbors was attracted by its vigor.
It is our purpose in the following chapter to resene from a fast-engulfing oblivion the record of humble beginnings nearly a century and a quarter ago; to mention men of mark who have passed away with the flood of years, and also many of those who are still upon the stage, where they have played well their parts ; to chronicle notable events; to sketch the im- portant institutions of the town ; to give some repre- sentation of its growth and improvement; and last, but not least, to set forth those facts which are illus- trative of the genius of the busy, bustling present, and of the last few years, during which industry and energy have asserted their potency in the roar of great furnaces, the rumbling of ponderous machinery, the resounding blows of the conquerors of iron, in the softer whir of wheels, the sharp strokes of flying shuttles and the hun of inummerable spindles, in the places of honest toil, where enterprise and labor join to enrich the mass of men.
The Family of the Founder-Land Title-Trout Hall .- Prior to the middle of the eighteenth century the region embracing the site of the future city of
Allentown was a wilderness, very sparsely dotted with the habitations of men. The nearest important out- post of civilization was Bethlehem, while to the north ward were the small pioneer farming settlements, in which the struggle of man against the great forest was scarcely more than begun, -Egypta and the Irish Settlement. Here and there through the surrounding region, very few and far apart, had been built the eabins of solitary toilers who had ventured into the wilderness to make homes, and who year by year were widening the areas of sunshine around them and bringing each summer a few more acres of the virgin soil under cultivation.
Such, in brief, was the condition of the country in 1735, when William Allen became possessed of a large tract of land, including the site of Allentown, and so it remained, save for slight and gradual changes, for nearly thirty years.
The Allens occupy a distinguished place in the early history of Pennsylvania. Proud says, " Wil- liam Allen was the son of William Allen, who died in Philadelphia in 1725. He had been an eminent merchant in the city and a considerable promotor of the trade of the province, a man of good eharacter and estate."1 William Allen, the younger, had been appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1750, a position which he held for many years. He en- joyed the friendship of the Penn family, and his daughter Ann married Governor John Penn. He speculated very extensively in lands, and by shrewd and careful methods secured an ample fortune. Secretary James Logan, writing to Thomas Peun, in England, says he " had a method of procuring a knowledge of the quality or worth of lands, which he effected by private arrangements he made with the surveyors who transversed the wild lands, . . . to whom he gave douceurs; in this manner he became the wealthiest of the land speculators, as persons de- sirons of purchasing good tracts would purchase of him in preference to all others." Judge Allen had married one of the danghters of Andrew Hamilton, a former Deputy Governor under William Penn. He had three sons, -- Andrew, James, and William.
The lands in Lehigh County of which Judge Allen became the owner amounted to about three thousand acres. The first pareels which he acquired were part of a tract of five thousand acres granted to Thomas Penn by warrant, dated at Londou, May 18, 1732, in consideration of a yearly quit-rent of one shilling sterling for each one hundred acres. By an instru- ment of writing indorsed upon the warrant, and bear- ing the same date, for a consideration mentioned, Thomas Penn assigned the warrant and the five thousand acres of land mentioned to " Joseph Turner, of the city of Philadelphia, merchant, his heirs and assigns, forever." By a like indorsement upon the warrant, bearing date Sept. 10, 1735, Joseph Turner
1 Proud's History of Pennsylvania, vol. ii. p. Iss.
120
HISTORY OF LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
sold and assigned to William Allen the warrant and five thousand aeres of land mentioned in it. In pur- suance of the warrant there was, in the language of the law, "surveyed unto the said William Allen, on the 9th of October, 1735, in part of the quantity therein mentioned, a certain tract of land sittiate in the fork above the western branch of the Delaware, in the county of Bucks (of which Lehigh was then a part), containing thirteen hundred and forty-five acres and allowances." By a deed of Aug. 20, 1739, Thomas Penn, " by virtue of the powers and author- ities granted by John and Richard Penn, and in his own right, the said John, Thomas, and Richard Penn being the true and absolute Proprietaries and Gov- ernors-in-chief of the province of Pennsylvania and the eonnties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on the Delaware, confirmed unto the said William Allen, his heirs and assigns, the aforesaid thirteen hundred and forty-five aeres and allowance." 1
It appears that Judge Allen did not deed to his son James, the founder of Allentown, the lands on which the city is built until five years after the original plat was laid out and the first houses built. The transfer was made by deed dated Jan. 5, 1767.2
Further light is thrown upon the land transactions in this locality of William Allen by an old draft.3 This shows the total amount owned by him to have been three thousand acres, divided into six tracts. Traet 1, containing two hundred acres, was surveyed for Allen by Nicholas Scull,4 June 7, 1739. Tract 2, containing seven hundred and sixty-five acres, was originally surveyed for Joseph Turner, Nov. 23, 1736. Tract 3 was the island in the Lehigh. Tract 4, con- taining five hundred and one acres, was patented to William Allen, Aug. 13, 1739. Tract 5, containing five hundred and nine acres and seventy-two perches, was patented to Allen, June 22, 1739. Tract 6, con- taining five hundred and forty-one acres, was sur- veyed for Allen by Edward Seull, Oct. 28, 1740.5 The
1 This deed is recorded in the Land Office of Pennsylvania, in Book A, vol. ix. pp. 68, 69, and 70.
This dood, acknowledged dan. 13, 1767, is recorded at Easton, in Hood Book A, vol. I. p. 91.
" I was made by John Linkons, surveyor-general of Pennsylvania from 1761 to Iris death, In 1789. Ile wasn native of Horsham township, Mongomery Co., and learned surveying from Nicholas Senll.
4 Senll was an eminent early surveyor. He was appointed surveyor- general of Pennsylvania in 1748, and held the office till his death, in 1761.
i The later deed history of the Allen lands is as follows: James Allen, who has been mentioned as receiving the Allentown tract from his father In 1767, died in 1782. By his last will and testament he gave his real estute to his son, James Allen, and his daughters, Aun Penn Allen, Mar- gurot Elizabeth Allen (Intermarried with William Tilghman), and Mary (intermarried with llenry Walter Livingston), as tenants in common, In fco-simple. The will way admitted to probate by the register of wills ut Philadelphia April 13, 1782, and was dated May 3, 1778. Some time after 1782, and prior to 1798, James Allen, Jr., died in his minority, without issue and unmarried and intestate, whereupon, by operation of law, his interest in the real estate descended to his sister, Ann Penn Allen (after- wards married to Jumes Greenleaf), Margaret Elizabeth (intermarried with William Tilghman), and Mary (Intermarried with Henry Wulter Livingston), as tenants in commen.
total of these tracts is two thousand five hundred and sixteen acres, and if to this amount the area of the island (not stated) and the allowances be added, it would about equal three thousand acres. The ad- joining land-owners were Benjamin Eastburn, J. Earthman, William Philips, M. Snyder, G. Stout, J. Zimmerman, J. Rodrock (Rothrock), and Giles Windsor.
As has been already said, the region around the confluence of the Little Lehigh, the Jordan, and the Lehigh River was very sparsely settled when William Allen made his purchases. It had pro- gressed so little beyond the condition of a wilderness by the middle of the last century that game was al- most as abundant as during the centuries before, when the country had no human dwellers but the Indians. The forests were still the home of the deer and bear, and multitudinous lesser animals, now rare or extinct, and the sparkling streams swarmed with fishes, among them being that handsome aristocrat of the finny tribes, the trout, which from time immemorial has been inorc eagerly sought by the angler than any of the humbler aquatie species.
The Allens appear to have first come into this great domain of forest and stream for recreation and sport, and they founded here a rural retreat, to which they frequently eame from Philadelphia, bringing friends, for a sojourn in this beautiful spot. They had built a house within the present limits of Allentown as early as 1753. In the draft of a road surveyed in that year from Easton toward Reading, by J. Schulze, and afterwards laid out, the words " Allen's House" ap- pear where the city now is. This house was more familiarly known as "Trout Hall." An error has been perpetuated by writers on Allentown concerning this first human habitation within its boundaries.
May 17, 1798, by deed of partition between Ann Penn Allen, Wil- liam Tilgliman, Margaret Elizabeth Tilghman, Henry W. Livingston, and Mary Livingston, the lands which had descended to them from James Allen, the elder, and James Allen, the younger, were deeded and confirmed to Ann Penn Allen, afterward intermarried with James Green- leaf (acknowledged June 6, 1798, and recorded at Easton, in Book E, vol. li. p. 374).
By deed of April 21, 1800, executed and delivered before her marriage, and in which James Greenleaf joined, Aun Penn Allen conveyed all her real estate nuto William Tilghman and John Lawrence, or the survivor of them, in trust, that they should convey all or any part of her said estate to such person or persons as she should by writing direct. (Ac- knowledged and recorded same day nt Easton, in Book E, vol. ii. p. 650.)
Somo time prior to 1828 John Lawrence died, leaving William Tilgh- man sole trustee of the lands aforesaid. Afterwards, and also before 1828, William Tilghman also died, without having made any disposition of the trust either by deed or will, in consequence of which the same descended to his heir-at-law, who was n minor and not a citizen or resi- dent of Pennsylvania, which circumstances rendered him entirely in- capable of discharging the duties of the trust, to the great injury of Aun Peun Greenleaf. Thereupon the General Assembly of Pennsylva- nia passed un net April 12, 1828, entitled " An Act appointing a trustee of certain trust estates and property of Aun Poun Greenleaf, wife ef James Greenleaf." (Pamphlet Laws, 1828, 1. 334.)
By this net the trust was vested in Walter C. Livingston, of North- ampton borough, las heits, excentors, administrators, and assigns, a, fully and effectunlly ns it had been in Tilghman and Lawrence.
121
THE CITY OF ALLENTOWN.
The original " Trout Hall" was not, as many suppose, the stone building which has been incorporated in Muhlenberg College, but a log structure which stood where now is Jordan Street, facing the present Union Street. Its foundations were still in existence when Jordan Street was opened, about 1845, and were then removed. The second "Tront Hall," the stone walls of which now form a portion of the east wing of the college building, was built many years after the log house, and was a much more pretentious domicile, undoubtedly having been designed for a place of per- manent abode. It was about forty-five feet square, and its ample rooms were wainscoted with walnut. At the old " Trout Hall," and very likely at the see- ond building of that name, the guests, as might be imagined from the prominence of Judge Allen, num- bered some of the most notable men of the province. That the Governor occasionally was one of the party is shown by a passage in the Pennsylvania Archives, in which a gentleman who called at the Governor's house in Philadelphia was told that that distinguished personage was not at home, " having gone with Mr. Allen to his fishing-place." No doubt the Little Le- high and Cedar Creek were frequently whipped for trout by the dignitaries of the commonwealth, who found Judge Allen's house a pleasant retreat from the cares of state. The judge not sympathizing with the : Revolutionists went to England in 1777, and died there three years later. His son Andrew went with him, and died in England in 1805, while William, who had joined the patriot army as colonel, soon re- signed, put himself under the protection of Lord Howe at New York, and also sought the shores of the mother-country. James, the only male member of the family who appears to have been true to the American cause, died in Philadelphia in 1782.
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