USA > Pennsylvania > Carbon County > History of the counties of Lehigh and Carbon, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pt. 2 > Part 58
USA > Pennsylvania > Lehigh County > History of the counties of Lehigh and Carbon, in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Pt. 2 > Part 58
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XI. Mauch Chunk Red Shale ( Umbral) ... 2170
X. Pocono Sandstone and Conglomerate ( Vespertime) .. 1255
II. DEVONIAN PERIOD.
IX. Catskill Sandstone (Ponent) .. 7145
{ Chentung Shales and Sandstones, ! Vergent 1 1290
Portage Shales and Flags,
Genesee States and Shales, 290
VIII. Hamilton Sandstones and Flags, Marcellus Shale, and Slutes,
Cadent
760
Upper Helderberg Limestone,
Post-Meridian Candi Galli and Schoharie Grits, Absent. VII. Oriskany Sandstone ( Meridian) 340
HI. UPPER SILURIAN PERIOD,
VI. [ Lower Helderberg Limestones and Shales (Pre-Meridian) } 295
Onondaga Shales (Sealent),
V. Clinton Red and Gray Shales (Surgent) 2000
1 Medium Sandstones, Levant 460 Coal-bed
IV. Oneida Sandstones and Conglomerates,
IV. LOWER SILURIAN PERIOD.
111.
f Hudson River Slates
¿ Utica Slates
Not exposed in Carbon
HI. Trenton and Calciferous Limestones (Auroral).
County.
I. Potsdam Sandstone (Primal).
The numbers assigned to the epochs or formations are those which were adopted by the First l'enn- sylvania Survey. The geographical names were first proposed by the New York Geological Survey, and have now been generally adopted in Pennsylvania. The New York series of names, however, ended with the Catskill, and the names Pocono, Mauch Chunk, and Pottsville were first proposed by Professor Lesley in 1875. Those in brackets were suggested by Pro- fessor H. D. Rogers, but have never been generally adopted by geologists.
The thicknesses of the formations above and in- cluding the Genesee were measured by Mr. A. Wins- low, of the Anthracite Survey ; those below, with the exception of No. 1V., by Professor I. C. White ; and those of the Medina and Oneida Sandstones ( No. IV.) by Dr. H. M. Chance. The total thickness of nine- teen thousand three hundred and twenty-five feet in this section ineludes all the rocks which outerop in Carbon County between Lansford and Lehigh Gap. To this section will have to be added about six thou- sand feet for the states of No. III., along the south side of Kittatinny Mountain, and possibly two thousand
feet for the limestones of No. II., seen at Easton and Allentown, making a total thickness for the Palæozoie rocks' in this part of the State of twenty-seven thousand feet (more or less).
Coal Measures (No. XIII.) and Pottsville Con- glomerate (No. XII. ) .- The most interesting and commercially valuable geological formation in Carbon County is that which contains its coal-beds, known as the Productive Coal Measures, which, with the under- lying Pottsville Conglomerate No. XII., constitute the Carboniferous Period.
The highest geologieal stratum, or that which in Carbon County was deposited at the latest period in the world's history, is to be found in the Lansford synelinal, which is one of the subordinate basins in the main Panther Creek synclinal, and three hundred to four hundred feet south of the railroad, between Lansford Station and Breaker No. 9 of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company.
A general scetion of the coal measures, as proved by the Lansford Railroad tunnel and the tunnel ( No. 6) at Colliery No. 6, exhibits the following stratifica- tion :
Feet.
Shales, slates, and sandstones
300
Coal-bed.
1
Slate ....
56
Sandstone 13
Conl ...
Sandstone.
59
"G" coal-bed ..
Sandstone ...
65
Samuistone
51
Slate ..
"F" coal-bed, Red-Ash, or Primrose.
16
Saudstone.
2
Slate ..
52
Coal-bed
1
Sandstones.
Coal-bed.
1
Conglomerate
37
Sandstone
7
Sandstone
Mammoth coal-bed, or E, D, and Cross-ent.
50
Sandstone and slate.
67.
Coal-bed ..
X
Slate and sandstone.
Buck Mountain coal-hed ..
11
Sandstone aud conglomerate ..
.10
Coal-bed
1
Saudstone and conglomerate ..
08
Coal-bed ..
1
Conglomerate and satulstone.
770
Total thick ness, 1:55
There are three separate coal areas in the county, as follows: The eastern end of the Panther Creek basin in Mauch Chunk township, the southern, eastern, and greater portion of the Beaver Meadow basin in Banks and Lausanne townships, and a very small portion of the Silver Brook basin in Packer township. The first, for which I have given the above section, is the most important historically, since coal was first shipped from here to market, and more important economi- eally, because it contains the greatest amount of coal. The Second Geological Survey has made no examina- tion in either the Beaver Meadow or Silver Brook basins, so that it is not possible for me to give any
I Nothing is definitely known as to the thickness of No. I. in this part of the Sinte.
-
Sinte.
33
Conglomerate.
800
652
HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
new or original faets in relation to these fields. A de- tailed description is given by Professor Rogers (" Final Report," vol. ii. p. 244) of the Beaver Meadow basin. It contains a general description of the structure of the synelinal, which in the main has been verified by recent developments. Explorations have only been commeneed in the coal-beds of the Silver Brook basin within the last year. The area of this basin in Carbon County is so small that it is not worthy of mention. In fact, I do not feel assured that any work- able coals extend over the county line into Packer township, although maps recently constructed show that they do.
The Mammoth bed coal was first accidentally dis- covered on the site of the Summit Hill quarry, on the south rim of the Panther Creek basin, in 1791. Land was purchased here from J. Weiss, and the "Lehigh Coal-Mine Company" was organized in 1793. Coal was not, however, shipped from here until 1814, when twenty tons were conveyed down the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, at great cost, to Philadelphia, being preceded two years (1812) by several wagon-loads from the head-waters of the Schuylkill. The first ship- ment of any considerable size (three hundred and sixty-five tons) was made by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company during the year 1820. This same company now operates all the collieries between Mauch Chunk and Tamaqua, having produced in the aggregate, up to Jan. 1, 1883, 24,817,361 tons. Of this . product ninety per cent. has been taken from the Man- moth bed, over nine per cent. from the Red-Ash or F' bed, and less than one per cent. from all other beds.
The Mammoth bed varies very much in thickness, in the number of separate benches of coal which it. contains, and the amount of slate and poor coal which is included between the good coal benches or layers. Half a mile west of Sunnit Hill village, where the coal was first quarried in a surface eutting in 1792, the bed is abont fifty feet thick ; at one point, where a very careful measurement was made, the bed was com- posed of twenty-one separate benches of coal, having an aggregate thickness of forty feet three inches, which we're separated by twenty layers of slate with a total thickness of twelve feet ten inches. The average thickness of the bed cast of Nesquehoning Colliery , is estimated to be twenty-nine feet, with twenty- three feet of merchantable coal, and west of Rhume Run to the county line fifty-five feet, with only twenty- seven feet of coal. In the former area the Red-Ash bed averages thirteen feet thick, with nine feet of coal, and in the latter area nine feet, with five feet of eoal.
I have made a number of careful estimates, from more detailed data given in the " First Report of Prog- ress of the Anthracite Survey," of the amount of . merchantable coal originally contained in the Panther ! Creek basin within the limits of Carbon County, the original contents of the area which had been mined over up to Jan. 1, 1883, the number of tons which had been removed or mined ont, and the number of tons
which remained untouched for future mining. These estimates are shown in the following table, and reveal the fact that 86.5 per cent. of all the coal originally contained in this basin in Carbon County remained untouched Jan. 1, 1883.
Originally Contained.
Cont Mined out.
Aren Un- touched. Contents Contents of of Area Mined.
Mammoth bed
For Red-Ash bed.
293,000,000 50,000,000 120,000,000
Tons. 56,943,000; 5,178,000 572,000.
Tous. 33,718,000; 3,103,000| 317,000
Tons. 236,057,000 11,822,000
Il other beds.
119,128,000
Totals .... ..... 463,000,000 62,633,000' 37,438,000
400,307,000
In these estimates I have included the Hackle- barney, Nesquchoning, Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9, and Summit Hill collieries; that portion of the latter col- liery extending over the county line into Schuylkill being taken as equivalent to that portion of the mine workings of Colliery No. 8, in Carbon County, which latter, in consequence, has been disregarded.
The economy of mining in this basin is illustrated by the following facts, which apply to the history of the Panther Creek basin since 1820, Estimates for the past three years show that from ten to fifteen per cent. more coal has been taken out than formerly :
Percentage laksen oul. 51
Percentage left in.
Hacklebarney Colliery.
Nesqueboning Colliery
42
Colliery No, 4.
51
49
Colliery No. 5
69
Colliery No. 6
63
Colliery No. 7
4()
Colliery No. 9
40
Sminmit Hill Colliery.
60
40
These figures show the percentage of the total mer- chantable coal, originally contained in the exploited areas, which has been taken out of the mines, but they do not show the percentage of coal which has been thrown away on the dump-heaps in the process of preparation, or that which has been consumed as fuel. Estimates have been made of these latter quan- tities for the Panther Creek basin as an entirety, which will apply equally to that portion contained in Carbon County. They are exhibited in the fol- lowing table :
Percentage of Com- mercial Coat origi- nally contained,
TABLE
Illustrating the economy of Coal-mining in Carbon County.
Coal left in mines,-in
unfinished breasts and
for roof-supports.
rectly from mines and
breakers to dirt-banks.
Fuel coal sent to market
and consnmed locally.
Totala.
Average percentage, from commencement of mining in 1820 to Jan, 1, 188% (embraces en- lire history of Panther Creek Valley ) .. 41
Average percentage for two years, from Jan. 1,! 1881, to Jan. 1, 1883.
30
24
46
100
Waste coal sent di-
27
100
32
Tons.
653
SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF CARBON COUNTY.
Mauch Chunk Red Shale, No. XI .- This forma- tion was named on account of its bold outerop along the Lehigh River, north of Mauch Chunk. It con- sists of a series of soft red and yellow shales, easily eroded, and always forming a valley. The axis of the Panther Creek basin crosses the Lehigh River about eighteen hundred feet north of East Mauch Chunk bridge, and these red shales outerop along the river north of the axis to a point abont a quarter of a mile north of the Lehigh Valley Railroad bridge at Coalport, and extend south to a point about one thousand feet from the East Manch Chunk Station. In Carbon County they outerop in the " Kettle," east of Mauch Chunk, in the valley of Mauch Chunk Creek, and in the Nesquehoning Valley.
Pocono Sandstone, No. X .- This formation con- sists of massive white, gray, and yellow sandstones and conglomerates, with a number of thin beds of sandy slate and shale included. Throughout the en- tire State this formation is mountain-making. In Carbon County it forms Mahoning, Kettle, Nesque- honing, and Pocono Mountains, the ontlines of which have already been described. The gorge named Onoko Glen is ent out of the middle rocks of this formation.
Catskill Shales and Sandstones, No. IX .- This formation, named from its bold development in the Catskill Mountains, N. Y., consists of alternating layers of red, gray, and green sandstones and shales. In Pennsylvania it is generally found forming small ridges and hills, with intervening valleys, along the foot of the mountains of No. X. It extends from a point near the Lehigh Valley Railroad Station at Maneh Chunk to a point on the Lehigh River, about one thousand feet south of Long Run. The lower part of the formation becomes quite flaggy, and along the Delaware River below Shohola there was quar- ried from this part of the Catskill the large flagstone which is contained in the sidewalk in front of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt's mansion on Fifth Avenue, New York. The size of this stone is twenty-five feet, by fifteen feet, by eight inches. No flags have, how- ever, been found in Carbon County which it would be profitable to quarry, although the strata corre- sponding to those quarried at Shohola outerop along the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad one mile below Packerton.
Rocks of No. VIII .- The strata forming this for- mation consist of flagstones, slates, shales, and sand- stones, shales and sandstones characterizing the Che- mung and Portage, slates the Genesce, sandstones and flags the Hamilton, and shales and slates the Marcellus. The lower part of the formation is gen- erally marked by the Upper Helderberg limestone' and the sand-grits of the Cauda Galli and Schoharie
formations, all of which, however, are absent from the rock series in Carbon County. The Chemung, Port- age, and Genesee rocks are exposed along the Lehigh River, immediately north of Loek No. 7 of the Lehigh Canal, which marks very nearly the position of the Lehighton antielinal axis, and south of this point in the Weisport-Parryville synclinal to Bowmansville. The Upper Chemung and Hamilton strata generally form ridges, the Genesee and Marcellus valleys, and the Portage valleys and knolls.
Formations Nos. VII., VI., V., and IV .- The rocks of these series outerop along the Lehigh River, between Bowmansville and Lehigh Gap, and imme- diately underlie the region along the north flank of Kittatinny Mountain. The Oriskany sandstone ( No. VII.) forms Stony Ridge, and the limestones and shales of Nos. VI. and V. the valleys between Stony Ridge and Kittatinny Mountain, which is formed by the Medina and Oneida sandstones and conglomerates composing formation No. IV. The southern boun- dary of the county is marked very nearly by the crest of this mountain.
All the Paleozoic rocks at one time lay in a hori- zontal position. When the Appalachian uplift took place, however, they were thrown into a series of plications or corrugations. Where the strata are found to dip toward each other, like the letter V, they are said to form a basin or syuelinal ; and where they dip from each other, like the letter A, they are said to form a saddle or anticlinal. The general direction of these flexures is parallel to Kittatinny Mountain.
Anticlinals and Synclinals. - Commeneing at the north, the flexures, crossing the county in a direction nearly parallel to that of Kittatinny Moun- tain, are as follows :" Green Mountain synelinal, crossing the Lehigh River about a quarter of a mile north of Tannery ; East Buck Mountain syn- elinal, crossing the Lehigh River in the vicinity of Lehigh Tannery (to the west this synelinal is identical with that of the Little Black Creek basin) ; Big Black Creek basin svnelinal, crossing the Lehigh River south of the Lehigh Tannery (this is the eastern extension of the Big Black Creek coal basin ) ; East Pismire Ilill synelinal, crossing the Lehigh River about a quarter of a mile south of Sandy Run (this is probably the same flexure as that of the Hazleton coal basin) ; Beaver Meadow synelinal, crossing the Lehigh River south of Leslie Run ; Bald Ridge antielinal, crossing the Lehigh River half a mile north of Stony Creek ; l'eun Haven synelinal is marked by the course of the Lehigh River east from Penn Haven ; Nesquehoning anticlinal consists of a series of minor undulations, crossing the Lehigh River between Penn Haven and Manch Chunk ; Panther Creek synelinal crosses the Lehigh River a little,over a quarter of a mile north of the bridge at East Manch Chunk. From this point to
Along Prince's Creek in the vicinity of Little Gap, in Towamensing township, calcareous strata are found, which probably belong to the Upper Helderberg limestone formation.
2 The positions of these anticlinals and syuclinals are shown in a section constructed along the Lebigh River by Mr. Winslow.
.
654
HISTORY OF CARBON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
the centre of the Lehighton antielinal, which crosses the Lehigh River in the vieinity of Lehigh Canal lock No. 7, the dips of the strata towards the north are very steep, ranging from 70° to 90° (vertical). Le- highton antielinal is one of the boldest flexures of this part of the State. In 1839, Professor Lesley traced its course for a distance of over forty miles, from the Pottsville coal basin to within a few miles of Strouds- burg, in Monroe County. Throughout this distance its erest is almost straight, having a general direction of N. 653º E. From the erest of the Lehighton anti- clinal to Stony Ridge the rocks lie in a synelinal, Parryville being near the centre. The Oriskany sand- stone, forming the erest of Stony Ridge, according to Dr. Chance, consists of a series of plications, the strata at this point being very much faulted. Kittatinny Mountain is a monoelinal, the rocks dipping to the north.
Topographical Geology .- To properly understand the geology of the county, it is necessary to study its topography, which is a resultant of the underlying geological structure.
The surface of the county is broken by mountains, ridges, or a succession of hills and knolls having a general direction of north, from 60° to 80º east. These summits are all capped by the conglomerates and sandstones of the Pottsville ( No. XII.) and Pocono (No. X.), by the harder sandstone strata of the Che- mung and Portage (parts of No. VIII.), by the sand- stones of the Hamilton (part of No. VIII.), Oriskany (No. VII.), and Medina ( No. IV.) formations. These prominences are separated by valleys eroded ont of the red and gray shales and sandstones of the Mauch Chunk (No. XI.) and Catskill ( No. IX.), the softer shales and sandstones of the Chemung and Portage, the black and gray shales and slates of the Genesee and Marcellus (parts of No. VIII.), the Lower IIel- derberg limestones (No. VI.), and the Clinton red, yellow, and gray shales (No. V.).
In Kidder township the summits are comparatively low and flat, and are immediately underlaid by some of the Pocono strata, the lower summits by the bot- tom rocks of the formation, and the higher ones by the top rocks. On account of the dense forests which originally, and even now to a great extent cover the central and eastern parts of this township, and on account of the swamp lands surrounding Mnd, Moses Wood, Big and Round Ponds, and Grass Lake, the summits here, which are in reality parts of the Pocono Mountain, are known as the Shades of Death.
The knoll directly east of the Lehigh River, and between Mud Run on the south and Hickory Run on the north, has been specialized by the name of Pine Hill, which is also capped by the Pocono sandstone.
The summits in Penn Forest, township are gener- ally known as parts of the Pocono Mountains, with the exception of Broad Mountain, which lies east of Penn Haven Junction, and between the meanderings of the Lehigh River and Big Bear Creek, and Kettle
Mountain, which lies to the south of this creek in the form of a crescent which ineloses Kettle Valley, eroded ont of the Manch Chunk red shale, No. XI.
The Broad Mountain' and north arm of Kettle Mountain are continnations to the east of Nesque- honing Monntain. The latter name should be applied exclusively to this range of summits west of the river. The south arm of the crescent of Kettle Mountain is a continuation to the cast of Mahoning Mountain, which lies on the line between Mauch Chunk and Mahoning townships, and between the valleys through which flow ereeks by the same names. The north arm of Kettle Mountain is sometimes known as Big Mountain.
The name Spring Mountain is applied to the ridge along the line between Banks and Packer townships. It is capped by the Pottsville Conglomerate. The continuation of this ridge cast of the Black Creek Gap, through which the Hazleton branch of the Le- high Valley Railroad passes, is called East Spring Mountain ; this is also capped by No. XII.
In the north part of Banks township, north of Beaver Meadow, lies Pismire Hill, underlaid by the Pottsville Conglomerate and the lowest coal measures, and in northwestern Lausanne, near the head-waters of Leslie Run, is East Pismire Hill, which contains a basin of the Buck Mountain coal-bed.
Bald Mountain, or what is sometimes better known as Bald Ridge, and which lies in the U formed by the Lehigh River between Rockport and Penn Haven, is an antielinal ridge capped by the sandstones and con- glomerates of the Pocono, No. X. Quakake Valley, at the foot of Bald Mountain, and which at Penn Haven is nothing but a narrow gorge through which Quakake Creek flows, is cut out of the Upper Pocono and Lower Manch Chunk rocks. To the south of this valley Nesquehoning Mountain rises into a broad, flat, antielinal plateau, between four and five miles wide, capped by the Pocono rocks. This mountain is sometimes wrongly called Broad Mountain. Al- though both of these mountains are formed by the same general antielinal, the latter name should be confined to the continuation of the Ne-quehoning Mountain east of the Lehigh River, already referred to, and to the Broad Mountain platean southwest of the Nesquehoning Mountain in Schuylkill County, and separated from it by the Locust Valley.
Two prominent topographical features in the county are the Locust and Sharp Mountains, which are formed by the Pottsville Conglomerate, and which in- close the coal basin of Panther Creek Valley. Loeust. Mountain, to the north of this valley, is separated from Nesquehoning Mountain by Nesquehoning Val- ley ; and Sharp Mountain, to the south of the Panther Creek Valley, is separated from Mahoning Mountain by the Maneh Chunk red shale, No. XI., valley of Mauch Chunk Creek.
1 Sometimes called Pocono Mountain.
655
SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF CARBON COUNTY.
Sharp and Locust Mountains unite one mile north of Mauch Chunk to form Mount Pisgah, at the head of the first ineline of the Switchback Railroad.
The topography between Mahoning and Kettle Mountains, already described, and Kittatinny Moun- tain, which is formed by the Medina Sandstone ( No. IV.), and which separates Carbon from Lehigh and Northampton Counties on the south, is less bold and rugged than the topography of the northern part of the county. In the main it consists of a succession of parallel ridges and valleys having a general direction similar to that of Kittatinny Mountain. It is formed by the Devonian and Upper Silurian strata. The principal ridges are the Indian Mountain, which is surrounded by the head-waters of Pohocono or Big Creek, in northern Towamensing township; Yellow Pine Ridge, near the union of Towamensing and Lower Towamensing townships; Mahoning and Liz- ard Hills, on the north side of the Lehigh River, and between Mahoning and Lizard Creeks; and Stony Ridge, along the northern flank of Kittatinny Moun- tain. This latter ridge is formed by the Oriskany sand- stone (No. VII.), and is characteristic of the topog- raphy formed by this formation everywhere in Pen- sylvania. The southern limit of the county is de- fined by the Kittatimy Mountain, which is one of the prominent topographical features in the eastern central part of the State, extending from the Dela- ware River, at the Water Gap, southwest to a point in Franklin County, about twelve miles west of Chambersburg, where it ends abruptly in Jordan's Knob, its total length being about ninety miles, in- eluding three folds on itself,-at Offset Knob, in Northampton County ; east of Port Clinton, in Schuylkill County; and at McClure's Gap, in Cum- berland County. In its entire length its crest is broken by ten prominent gaps, as follows: the Dela- ware Water and Wind Gaps, in Northampton County; the Lehigh Water Gap, between Lehigh and Northampton Counties; the Schuylkill Water Gap, in Schuylkill County ; the Swatara, Indian Creek, Manady Creek, and Smith's Gaps, in Lebanon and Dauphin Counties; the Susquehanna Water Gap, between Dauphin and Cumberland Counties; and McAllister's Gap, in Franklin County. There are many other depressions in the crest which are locally called gaps, but which are not of any special prominenee.
Elevations .-- The general height of the county above ocean-level can be appreciated from the eleva- tions of the following prominent points :
STATIONS ON THE LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD,
Feet.
Lehigh Gnp. 389
Lohighlon
Mauch Chunk.
511
Glen Onoko .... 591
Rockport 906
Hickory Ron. 1016
Black Creek Junction 1015
Jeansville.
1680
Benver Meadow. 1355
Andenried ..
1735
MISCELLANEOUS.
1505
Kittatinny Mountain, crest, east of the Gap. west
(highest,
1385
Stony Ridge, crest, east of The Lehigh Kiver
850
Mount Pisgah, crest of ...
13.40
Ketde Mountain, erest of.
1600
Bald Mountain, crest of.
1160
Spring Mountain, crest of.
1235
Buck Mountain, crest of .....
1560
Nesquehoning Mountain, crest of
1300
Kasl Pismire llill, crest of.
1600
Dynamical Geology. - That all the surface of the county was once at a much greater elevation eannot be questioned, from the fact that all the rocks found within its boundaries are sedimentary, and must have been deposited in a very nearly horizontal position on the ocean bottom. As a con- sequence, the Medina Sandstone (No. IV.) now forming the crest of Kittatinny Mountain was once buried under the geologically higher and more re- eently deposited rocks up to the highest coal-bed found in the Panther Creek basin along the western line of the county, eighteen thousand two hundred feet in all. These have now been eroded away. Po- cono Mountain has had three thousand five hundred feet of strata cut off of its summit, and Mount Pis- gah, now capped by the lower member of the Potts- ville Conglomerate (No. XII.), was covered at one
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