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secured by the influence of Dr. Schaff-were by the Rev. Drs. C. H. Hundeshagen, of Heidelberg ; J. J. Herzog and J. H. A. Ebrard, both of Erlangen; C. Ullmann, of Carlsruhe, and G. D. J. Schotel, of Leyden. The American contributors were B. S. Schneck, T. C. Porter, H. Har- baugh, Theodore Appel, Thomas G. Apple, M. Kieffer, E. V. Gerhart, G. B. Russell, D. Gans, B. Bausman, J. H. A. Bomberger, B. C. Wolff, and Thomas De Witt, of the Reformed Dutch Church, New York. These essays were afterwards published in a large volume, entitled " The Tercentenary Monument." It appeared in English and Ger- man; but the larger part of both editions was destroyed at the burning of Chambersburg, and it has now become quite scarce.
The amount of free-will offerings contributed during the Tercentenary year was $108,125.98, from the Eastern
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Orphan Homes.
Syond alone. It was, for the times, a very respectable showing, and the effects of this benevolence were soon felt in every department of Christian activity.
The literary work of the Tercentenary year is not to be undervalued. Besides the " Tercentenary Monument," to which we have already referred, the Tercentenary edition of the Heidelberg Catechism was published by a committee of which Dr. Gerhart was chairman. It contained, besides a valuable historical introduction, the standard text of the Catechism in Old German, Latin, Modern German and English, printed in parallel columns. This book was printed in excellent style by Scribner, and is probably the finest edition of the Catechism ever published.
ORPHAN HOMES.
In 1863 a young German minister, Emanuel Boehringer, at Bridesburg, Philadelphia, received into his family sev- eral orphan children. There was at that time much suffer- ing among children whose fathers had lost their lives on the field of battle, and as yet the government had not com- pleted arrangements for their relief. Mr. Boehringer's work, therefore, awakened sympathy and from this small beginning grew the Orphan Home at Bridesburg, which was in 1867 removed to Womelsdorf, Berks County, and is now known as " Bethany."
Other Orphan Homes have since been established. St. Paul's, at Butler, Pa., was founded in 1868, and is a successful institution. Several similar institutions have been established in the West, and so far as we know all are prosperous. There is no form of Christian charity that appeals so directly to the hearts of the people, and every year the work becomes more extensive and successful.
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The Reformed Church in the United States.
THE GENERAL SYNOD.
It was in the year 1863 that the first General Synod was convened. There had, indeed, since 1844 been a Trien- nial Convention, composed of delegates from the Reformed Dutch Church and the two German Reformed Synods, but it had been purely advisory and was of little practical value. The Dutch Church having withdrawn after the second meeting, the convention was continued in a some- what modified form by the two German Reformed Synods, but it led to few practical results. A plan for the organ- ization of a General Synod was defeated in 1858; but a second attempt proved successful-mainly, it is believed, in consequence of the enthusiasm awakened by the Tercen- tenary celebration-and the first meeting of the General Synod was held in Pittsburg, November 18, 1863. With this event the organization of the Church may be said to have been completed. It marks the beginning of a period of greater liberality and more extended usefulness. The present prosperity of the Church, we feel assured, is in great measure derived from the sources of Christian charity that were brought to light during the Tercentenary year.
CHAPTER XXII.
CONCLUSION.
Change of Title-Liturgical Controversies-The Peace Movement-Prac- tical Work-The End.
T seemed at first as if the General Synod must prove an unsuccessful experi- ment. It was indeed boldly prophesied that elements so di- verse could not long remain together. That there have been serious struggle is not to be denied; but with the passing of years better times have come, and there is now no threatening danger.
In 1869 the Church dropped " the foreign patrial adjec- tive "; and at the General Synod convened in Philadel- phia in November of that year, the official title of the Church was officially declared to have been changed " from that of German Reformed to that of the Reformed Church in the United States of North America." The change had become necessary in consequence of the prevalence of the English language, and yet it must be confessed that the
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The Reformed Church in the United States.
alteration has rendered the title less distinctive. The name " Reformed " has been so frequently employed as an adjective by other ecclesiastical organizations that there are frequent misunderstandings. People who are not fa- miliar with the history of the Church are not aware that there is a denomination which has borne this title since the days of the Reformation and that it is historically the Reformed Church proprie sic dicta.
In its earlier history the General Synod was greatly disturbed by controversies concerning the preparation and adoption of a Liturgy. At the risk of repetition it may, perhaps, be well to say something concerning a conflict which is now happily concluded. In early days, as we have indicated, the Palatinate Liturgy was supposed to present the proper model, but practically individual pastors conducted the worship of the churches pretty much as they pleased. Dr. Mayer, in 1841, published a Liturgy which was formally adopted, but it was, in fact, only a book of forms for special occasions and was never extensively used. There was a general desire to escape from the prevailing confusion and in 1848 the Eastern Synod appointed a committee to prepare a liturgy for the use of ministers and congregations. As originally con- stituted this committee consisted of the Rev. Drs. John W. Nevin, Philip Schaff, Elias Heiner, B. C. Wolff, J. H. A. Bomberger, Henry Harbaugh, J. F. Berg, and elders, William Heyser, J. C. Bucher, C. Schaeffer and G. C. Welker. At a later date the names of Thomas C. Porter, Samuel R. Fisher and E. V. Gerhart, were added to the committee, and Daniel Zacharias was substituted for Joseph F. Berg, who had resigned. In 1861 Dr. Thomas G. Apple and L. H. Steiner, M.D., took the places of Dr. Heiner and Elder Heyser who were no longer living.
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The Liturgy.
The work of preparing a liturgy advanced slowly, especially because the members of the committee were not agreed with regard to the proper interpretation of the instructions of synod. The majority were convinced that the times demanded worship that was more thoroughly liturgical than anything with which the Church had hitherto been familiar ; while the minority desired to adhere closely to the precedents afforded by the early liturgies of the Reformed Church. In the course of discussion doctrinal differences were also developed. In 1857 the committee issued the "Provisional Liturgy " which, apparently in the hope of satisfying all parties, provided no less than four formularies for Sunday service. In 1861 the synod ordered this liturgy to be reconstructed and reappointed the earlier committee. At the first meeting it became evident that there was no agreement as to the principles on which the work should be done. Dr. Nevin prepared a report which was published as " The Liturgical Ques- tion," in which he took strong ground in favor of what he called " an altar liturgy." Dr. Bomberger 256 replied in a pamphlet, entitled, "The Revised Liturgy." This was the beginning of a war of pamphlets which continued for several years. Even the celebrated Dr. J. A. Dorner, of Berlin, took part in the controversy and received an answer from Dr. Nevin.
In 1866 the " Order of Worship " appeared, and in the following year the Western Liturgy was published by the Synod of Ohio. Both liturgies were recognized by the General Synod as proper to be used ; but the controversy increased in intensity, and at one time it seemed as if it
256 John Henry Augustus Bomberger, D.D., LL.D., was born in Lancaster, Pa., January 13, 1817 ; died, Collegeville, Pa., August 19, 1890. First graduate of Marshall College, 1837 ; first president of Ursinus College, 1869.
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must result in schism. The questions at issue, however, were in 1878 submitted to a commission, representing all the district synods. Rev. Dr. C. Z. Weiser,257 who had first proposed the appointment of this " Peace Commis- sion," became its chairman. One of the results of its labors has been the " Directory of Worship," which was in 1887 adopted by the Church, and is now its normal liturgy.
Much attention has been given to cultus and discipline. The " Reformed Church Hymnal," published in 1890 has generally superseded earlier collections, and is acceptable
C.Z. Warson.
to the churches. For many years the Church has been engaged in the work of revising its constitution, which is felt to be in many respects deficient; but the work is not yet satisfactorily concluded.
In recent years much attention has been given to practi- cal church work, and the result has been an encouraging degree of prosperity. Women's Missionary Societies and Young People's Societies have labored earnestly in their chosen fields. We also have the Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, Heidelberg League, Christian Endeavor, and other well-known institutions.
In the cause of Christian union the Reformed Church has occupied an advanced position. It has participated in the successive meetings of the " Alliance of Reformed
257 Clement Zwingli Weiser was born, Selinsgrove, Pa., Oct. 29, 1830 ; died, East Greenville, Pa., Mar. 1, 1898. He was the author of "Life of Conrad Weiser," and of several other volumes,
THE REFORMED CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA.
CLEMENT Z. WEISER.
Statistics. 339
churches holding the Presbyterian System." Several ef- forts to unite the German and Dutch branches of the Re- formed Church have proved unsuccessful. In 1891 both churches voted in favor of organic union, but the Dutch Church, which had taken the lead in this union movement, finally withdrew from it, for reasons which have been de- scribed as "technical" but have never been fully ex- plained. The German Church is now "the Reformed Church in the United States," and the Dutch Church is " the Reformed Church in America," which may be said to indicate a distinction without a decided difference.
According to the statistical reports of 1899 the General Synod of the Reformed Church in the United States now includes eight district synods,258 of which three are prevail- ingly German ; 57 classes ; 1,079 ministers ; 1,660 congre- gations ; 242,831 members.
In Pennsylvania there are 323 ministers, 861 congrega- tions and 133,922 communicants. In these statistics we have not included unconfirmed members, that is, children and contributing members who are not communicants.259
258 The General Synod, which meets triennially, includes the following distinct synods : Eastern Synod, Ohio Synod, Synod of North-west, Pittsburg Synod, Potomac Synod, German Synod of the East, Central Synod, and Synod of the Interior.
259 We have not included eight congregations of the Reformed (Dutch) Church in America which in 1893 numbered 1,756 communicants. See Car- roll's " Religious Forces." There are also a few independent German con- gregations concerning which we have no information.
In concluding this paper the author desires to renew his thanks to all the friends who have aided him in its preparation. Mr. Julius F. Sachse has his especial thanks for the general appearance of the volume and for its well- chosen illustrations. Rev. Prof. William J. Hinke has kindly furnished effi- cient aid, especially for the period of the Coetus, and has contributed photo- graphs and title-pages, besides preparing a bibliography. To many other friends acknowledgments are due.
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The Reformed Church in the United States.
In the preceding pages we have given special attention to the history of the Reformed Church in Pennsylvania ; but we have found it impossible to limit our observations to this narrow field. A single member of an organization can have no separate history. Pennsylvania, as the orig- inal home of many pioneers in other sections of the coun- try, may, however, be regarded as presenting a character- istic type of the Reformed Church, and from this point of view we have found its history deserving of particular study.
To the general reader our story may present few pas- sages of unusual interest. It relates the religious experi- ences of a plain people who, in general, have quietly wor- shipped God after the manner of their fathers. Even now the Reformed Church is neither as numerous nor as influen- tial as it might have been if its history had been uniformly prosperous ; but when we recall its early trials, and espe- cially the difficulties which necessarily attend a change of language, its losses are at least intelligible. Its history as a whole is, however, honorable and encouraging. For learning and energy its leaders have been among the fore- most, and through trials innumerable its course has been upward and onward. Whatever may be the religious and social antecedents of the future historian, he will not hesi- tate to recognize the Reformed Church as an important factor in the making of Pennsylvania.
ENDS
Bibliography
OF THE
REFORMED CHURCH OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY THE REV. PROF. WM. J. HINKE, A.M. 1901.
A. MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS.
I. The Synodical Archives at the Hague, Holland, contain : The Acts of the Synod of South Holland, 1728-1810. Vols. VIII .- XVII.
The Acts of the Synod of North Holland, 1728-1810. Vols. IX .- XV.
The Acts of the Deputies of both Synods, 1730-1810. Vols. VII .- XV.
The Extraordinary Acts of the South Holland Deputies, 1762-1810. Vols. I .- VI.
Two bound volumes of Pennsylvania letters (74 I. and 74 II., catalogue number), an account book (75) a portfolio (86) and a bundle (92 B) of 169 letters from Pennsylvania.
2. The Classical Archives at Amsterdam, contain :
The Acts of the Classis of Amsterdam, 1728-1810. Vols. X .- XVIII.
The Acts of the Classical Deputies. Vols. XXII .- XXV. Classical Correspondence. Vols. XXIX .- XXXI. and XXXV.
A Portfolio of 103 Pennsylvania Letters.
3. The Archives of the S. P. G. in London contain numerous documents, bearing on the history of the Reformed element in the Great Exodus of 1709-1710.
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4. The Manuscript Collections of the British Museum, especially the Collection of the Duke of Newcastle, contain documents on the history of the Charity Schools.
5. The Archives of the House of Bishops of the Protestant Epis- copal Church at New York also contain documents on the Charity Schools.
6. The Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa., con- tain many documents relating to the history of the Reformed element in the " Congregation of God in the Spirit," 1742- 1748.
7. The Archives of the Dutch Reformed Church at New Bruns- wick, N. J., contain a bundle of about eighty letters from Pennsylvania, donated by the Classis of Amsterdam to the Dutch Church in 1846.
8. The Archives of the Historical Society of the Reformed Church at Lancaster, Pa., contain : The Harbaugh Manu- script, a large volume of letters, being the remnant of the Coetal Archives (cf. Minutes of Synod, 1817, p. 10, § II). The Mayer Manuscript, containing transcripts of the original letters now at New Brunswick, N. J.
9. Documents collected by the Rev. Prof. J. H. Dubbs, D.D., including the original Minute Book of the Free Synod of Pennsylvania, 1822-1836.
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10. Archives of Synods and Classes.
B. PRINTED BOOKS.
I. EUROPEAN PUBLICATIONS.
Guldin, Samuel. Kurtze Apologie oder Schutz-Schrift der un- schuldig verdächtig gemachten und verworffenen Pietisten zu Bern. Philadelphia, 1718 [fictitious imprint].
(Only known copy in this country owned by Dr. J. H. Dubbs. )
Kurtze Lehr und Gegensätze zur Erläuterung und Ret- tung der göttlichen Wahrheit. Philadelphia, 1718.
(A copy in the University Library at Lausanne, Switzer- land.)
343
Bibliography.
Berigt en Onderrigtinge, nopens en aan de Colonie en Kerke van Pensylvanien. Opgestelt en uytgegeven door de Gedeputeerden van de E. Christelyke Synodus van Zuid Holland, benevens de Gecommitteerden van de E. Classis van Delft en Delfsland en Schieland. [1731.] Pp. i, 18. (The first printed account of the German Reformed Church of Pennsylvania. Very scarce. A copy owned by Dr. J. I. Good.)
Kerken-Ordeninge, gestelt in den Nationale Synode der Gere- formeerde kerken, binnen Dordregt in de Jaren 1618 en 1619. Rotterdam, 1733.
(According to this Constitution the Church of Holland governed the Reformed Church of Pennsylvania from 1752- 1792. The title is taken from the copy of Rev. John Henry Helffrich, now in the library of the Ursinus School of Theology.)
Steiner, John Conrad. Geschrey um Mitternacht. Erster Theil. XXV. Predigten. St. Gallen, 1738.
(Only known copy owned by Dr. J. H. Dubbs. )
Kulenkamp, Gerardus. De naakt ontdekte Enthusiastry, Geest- dryvery en bedorvene Mystery der zo genaamde Herrn- huters. Amsterdam, 1739.
(On the basis of this book Rev. Boehm wrote his " Ge- treue Warnung " in 1742. )
Zinzendorf, Ludwig von. Pennsylvanische Nachrichten vom Reiche Christi, 1742.
Büdingische Sammlung einiger in die Kirchen Historie ein- schlagender, sonderlich neuer Schriften. 3 vols. Büdin- gen, 1742-1745.
Zinzendorf, L. von. Eine Sammlung öffentlicher Reden in Amerika. Büdingen, 1746.
Fresenius, J. Ph. Bewährte Nachrichten von Herrnhutischen Sachen. 3 Vols. Frankfurt, 1746-48.
Schlatter, Michael. Getrouw Verhaal van den waren Toestand der meest herderloze Gemeentens in Pennsylvanien. Amsterdam, 1751. (A copy owned by Dr. J. I. Good.)
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The Reformed Church in the United States.
Schlatter, Michael. Wahrhafte Erzehlung von dem Zustand der meist hirtenlosen Gemeinden in Pennsylvanien. Frankfurt, 1752.
Reprinted in Fresenii Pastoral Nachrichten. Vol. XII., pp. 181-408.
Memorial in the Case of the German Emigrants, settling in the British Colonies of Pennsylvania and the back parts of Maryland, Virginia, etc. London, 1754.
(Treats of Charity Schools.)
Verschuldigd Dank-Adres aan de Edele Groot Mogende, de Heeren Staaten van Holland en West Friesland, opgestelt door de Deputaten der Zuid en Noord Hollandsche Synoden en de Gecommitteerden der Classis van Amsterdam. Am- sterdam, 1758.
(Only known copy owned by Rev. J. I. Good, D.D.) Becker, Christian Ludwig. Sammlung heiliger Reden über wichtige Stellen der Schrift. Leipzig, 1790.
Stahlschmidt, Joh. Chr. Pilger Reise zu Wasser und Land. Nürnberg, 1799.
DeWette, Dr. Wm. M. L. Die Deutsche theologische Lehran- stalt in Nordamerika. Basel, 1826. (Copy in German So- ciety, Philadelphia.)
(A Dutch edition was published at Amsterdam, 1826.) Büttner, J. G. Nordamerikanische Bilder u. Zustände. Ham- burg, 1842.
Die Hochdeutsch Reformirte Kirche in den Vereinigten Staaten. Schleiz, 1844.
Briefe aus und über Nordamerika. Dresden and Leipzig, 1845.
Von Mülinen, W. F. Christoph von Graffenried. Bern, 1896.
II. AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS.
I. History. a. 1740-1792.
(For full titles see Hildeburn and Seidensticker.)
Weiss, G. M. Een getrouwe beschryving der wilden in Noord Amerika, aangaande hune personen, eigenschap, natien,
345
Bibliography.
taelen, naemen, huizen, Kleederen, huwelyken, spys, drank, huisgereedschap, huishouding, jaegen, visschen, vechten, superstitie, politique, regeering, nevens andere maerkwaerdige zaken.
Opgestelt uyt eige ervarenheit von Georg Michael Weiss, V. D. M., 1741, pp. 96.
Preface dated, Burnetsfield, Albany, N. Y., October 4, 1741.
(Title taken from Acts of Amsterdam Classis, under date September 3, 1742 ; no extant copy is known.)
Protestation of Several Members of the Lutheran and Re- phia, 1742.
formedReligion in the City of Philadelphia. Philadel- Zweytes Coetus Proctocoll der Reformirten Kirchen in Pennsyl- vanien, gehalten den 28. September, 1748.
(Printed in: Der Reformirten Kirchen in Pennsylvanien Kirchenordnung, pp. 6-14, Philadelphia, 1748.)
Circular Schreiben der vereinigten Reformirten Prediger in Pennsylvanien. Lancaster, 1752.
(Only known copy at The Hague, Holland. )
[Smith, Wm.] A Brief History of the Rise and Progress of the Charitable Scheme, carrying on by a Society of Gentlemen and Noblemen in London. Philadelphia, 1755.
Eine kurze Nachricht von der christlichen und lieb- reichen Anstalt, Welche zum Besten der armen Deutschen und ihrer Nachkommen errichtet worden ist. Philadel- phia, 1755.
Schreiben des Evangelisch Lutherischen und Reformirten Kir- chenrathes, der Stadt Philadelphia an die deutsche Ein- wohner der Provinz New York und Nord Carolina. Phil- adelphia, 1775.
Freiheits-Brief der deutschen Hohen Schule in der Stadt Lan- caster. Philadelphia, 1787.
Ordnung bei der Einweihung der Franklinischen Schule. 1787. [Helmuth, J. H. C.] Ausdrücke der Wehmuth über den Tod Dr. C. D. Weybergs. Philadelphia, 1790.
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The Reformed Church in the United States.
b. 1793-1901.
Gegenvorstellung an die werthe hochdeutsche Reformirte Ge- meinde in und bey Philadelphia, 1804.
Verhandlungen der Synode der hochdeutschen Reformirten Kirche, Gehalten zu Yorktown, Pa., September, 1817. Philadelphia, 1818.
(Continued annually in German 1817-1886, in English 1825-1900.)
Livingston, J. H. An Address to the Reformed German Churches in the United States. New Brunswick, 1819.
An Address of the Missionary Committee to the Members of the German Reformed Church. Hagerstown, 1820.
Gock, Carl. Vertheidigung der Freyen Kirche in Nord Amer- ika. Reading, 1822.
Politische Ansicht und Fortsetzung der Vertheidigung. Reading, 1823.
Gossler, J. C. Gock's Verleumdungen oder die Rechtfertigung der Lutherischen und Reformirten Synoden. Reading, 1823. Verhandlungen der Hochdeutschen Reformirten Synode in Ohio. Gehalten in Neu Philadelphia auf den 14ten, 15ten und 16ten Junius, 1824.
(Continued annually up to the present. )
Mayer, Lewis. Eintrittsrede, gehalten in Gegenwart der Ver- walter über die deutsche reformirte theologische Anstalt in Carlisle. 1825.
Inaugural Address. Carlisle, 1825.
Probst, J. A. Die Wiedervereinigung der Lutheraner und Reformirten. Reading, 1826-1828.
Synodal Verhandlungen der unabhängigen deutschen reform. Gemeinen in Pennsylvanien, gehalten in der Stadt Riehms- town, Lancaster County, September, 1826.
(Minutes of the Free or Herman Synod, continued annu- ally from 1826-1836 in German, 1829-1836 in English.)
Gock, Carl. Meine religiöse und darauf Bezug habende politische Ansicht. Reading, 1830.
347
Bibliography.
Geschichte des Theologischen Seminars der deutschen reformir- ten Kirche. Hanover, 1831.
Rauch, F. A. Inaugurations Rede, sammt der Einleitungsrede des Ehrw. Hrn. Albert Helfenstein, Sr. Lancaster, 1832. Foersch, J. A. Leben, Thaten und Meinungen des Ulrich Zwingli. Chambersburg, 1837.
Streitsache der Kirche in der Forsyth Strasse. New York, 1837. Berg, Jos. F. The Scripture History of Idolatry. Philadelphia, 1838.
Smith, Albert. Inaugural Address. Gettysburg, 1838.
Weiser, Daniel. Lichtschnäutze oder Hülfe zur Wahrheit. Philadelphia, 1839.
Büttner, J. G. Kurze Geschichte der Reformation. Pittsburg, 1840.
Berg, J. F. The Ancient Landmark. Philadelphia, 1840. Nevin, J. W. Addresses delivered at the Inauguration of J. W. Nevin. Chambersburg, 1840. (Also in German.) Letters from Holland. Chambersburg, 1841.
Address to the Congregations in Connection with the Classis of Philadelphia. Chambersburg, 1841.
Welker, A. E. Eulogy on the Life and Character of Prof. F.
A. Rauch. Chambersburg, 1841.
Bonnel, W. Wilson. History of the German Reformed Church at Chambersburg. Chambersburg, 1844.
Schaff, Philip. What is Church History? Philadelphia, 1846. Schneider, Mrs. E. A. Letters from Broosa, Asia Minor. Cham- bersburg, 1846.
Verhandlungen der deutschen Synode der hochdeutschen reform. Kirche von Ohio und den angrenzenden Staaten gehalten zu New Lisbon. Canton, 1846.
(Minutes of the Independent Synod of Ohio, continued annually, 1846-1851.)
Zacharias, D. Centenary Sermon. Frederick, 1847.
Charter, By-Laws and Rules of the Corporation of the German Reformed Congregation in the City of Philadelphia. Phila- delphia, 1847.
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The Reformed Church in the United States.
Schneck, B. S. Predigt gehalten bei der Feier des 25. Amts jahres des Ehrw. H. Bibighaus. Chambersburg, 1849.
Heiner, Elias. Centenary Sermon. Baltimore, 1850.
Schaff, Philip. Geschichte der Apostolischen Kirche. Mercers- burg, 1851.
Mayer, Lewis. A History of the German Reformed Church, with a Biography of the Author, by Elias Heiner. Philadel- phia, 1851. Vol. I.
Bomberger, J. H. A. The Faithful Pastor's Monument. Ser- mon on the death of Rev. Thomas Pomp. Philadelphia, 1852.
Formal Opening of Franklin and Marshall College, June 7, 1853. Lancaster, 1853.
Schaff, Philip. History of the Apostolic Church, translated by Rev. E. D. Yeomans. New York, 1853.
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