USA > Pennsylvania > The Reformed Church in Pennsylvania : part IX of A narrative and critical history, prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania-German Society > Part 9
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The interest at present attached to this publication is mainly bibliographic. It was printed in Roman characters by Benjamin Franklin under the following title :
" Kurzer | Catechismus | vor etliche | Gemeinen Jesu | Aus der | Reformirten Religion | In Pennsylvania | Die sich zum alten Berner Synodo halten : Herausgegeben | von | Johannes Bechteln | Diener des Worts Gottes | Phil- adelphia | Gedruckt bey Benjamin Franklin, 1742."
On the reverse of the title page is the following adver- tisement :
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The Reformed Church in America.
Rutger afediffus
Bor etliche Bemeinen Befut Lus der Reformirten Religion PENNSYLVANIA, Die fich sum alten Berner Synodo baften : Serausgegeben bon Johannes Bechteln/ Dienern des Morts GOtted
En kort CATECHISMUS
För nâgra
JESU FOERSAMLINGAR UTAF THEN
REFORMERTA RELIGIONEN UTI PENNSYLVANIA, Som halla fig til thet BERNifka SYNODOS Hwilket .är Enligit med Lärone uti then MAEHRifka KYRKIAN.
Förft utgifwen i thet Tyfka Språket Af JOHANNE BECHTEL, Guds Ords Tienare.
PHILADELPHIA, Forud't bey Benjamin Francejin, 1742,
PHILADELPHIA: Tryckt hos BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Aohr 1 7 4.3.
Kurzer CATECHISMUS
A SHORT CATECHISM
FOR SOME
·Vor etliche GEMEINEN JESU Aus der REFORMIRTEN RELIGION In PENNSYLVANIA,
Die fich zum alten Berner SYNODO balen: Herausgegeben von JOHANNES BECHTELN, Diener des Worts GOTTES.
CONGREGATIONS of JESUS OF THE REFORMED RELIGION IN PENNSYLVANIA, Who keep to the ancient SYNOD of BERN; Agreeable to The DOCTRINE Of the MORAVIAN CHURCH. Firft publifhed IN GERMAN,
JOHN BECHTEL Minifter of the Word of GOD.
PHILADELPHIA, Galuckt bey BENJAMIN. FRANKLIN, 1742.
PHILADELPHIA: Printed by ISAIAH WARNER, almoft oppofite; to CHARLES BROCKDEN's in Chefnut -; Street. MDCCXLII
TITLE PAGES OF BECHTEL'S CATECHISM.
THE REFORMED CHURCH IN PENNSYLVANIA.
TEACHING THE CATECHISM. (COURTESY OF THE LADIES HOME JOURNAL.)
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First Boarding School.
" Zu haben
In Philadelphia bey Stephen Benezet In Germantown bey Bechteln.
In Falckner Schwamm bey H. Antes.
In Oley bey Johannes Leinbach dem Aeltern. In Lancaster Town bey Daniel Maquenet.
In Schippach bey G. Merckeln.
In Socken bey Jacob Bachman.
In den Forks bey Eyseck."
An English translation was printed in the same year by " Isaiah Warner, almost opposite to Charles Brockden's in Chestnut Street "; and an exact reproduction of the German edition was issued in German type, probably in Germany, though the imprint " Philadelphia " was retained. In 1743 the Catechism was translated into Swedish by Olaf Ma- lander, and issued from Franklin's office. All these pub- lications are now regarded as among the rarest issues of the American press.
The majority of the Reformed congregation in German- town did not sustain Bechtel, and on the 9th day of Feb- ruary, 1744, he was dismissed from the pastorate. He tells us that this decision was " a true comfort " to him, as it opened his eyes to his true position. In 1746 he trans- ferred his property to the Brethren, to be used as a board- ing school, and in the same year he removed to Bethlehem. 129 Here he lived in retirement, highly respected by the community, until his death, which occurred April 16, 1777, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. His descendants are numerous and respectable.
129 As early as 1742 he issued a prospectus for a school. Title in "Frese- nius's Nachrichten," III., 740.
The Moravians opened a school in Germantown in 1742, in the house of Bro. Ashmead .- Jordan's "John Bechtel," p. 12 ; "Reichel Mem.," p. 49.
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ELen tentfchen Eltern auf Dem San- De, welche ihre Rinder gerne beffer beforget fåben ohne Sinderung ihres Saus mefend, gebendet man Dazu einen einfal- tigen und berglichen Borfchlag au thun am nechitfolgenden 6ten April1742. Rach- mittage um I uhr. MBornach fich Des Deils ihrer Rinder begierige Båter oder Mutter in allen Somnfchips &u richten bes lieben, und fich Deshalben su befagter Beit und Stunde an Bechtels oder Des Såff- ners Sebmans Saufe in Germantown melden wollen. Wer felbft nicht fommen fan, Der molle feine nennung jemand anders auftragen.
Germantown am zz. ENartij, 1742.
FAC-SIMILE OF THE PROSPECTUS FOR THE FIRST BOARDING SCHOOL IN PENNSYLVANIA.
CHRISTIAN HENRY RAUCH, the celebrated Moravian missionary, was another Reformed minister who stood in Unity. He was born in Anhalt-Bernburg, Germany, July 5, 1718, and died on the island of Jamaica, Nov. 11, 1763. In the history of the Church of the Brethren his career occupies many a brilliant page ; but the fact may not be generally known that he was an active laborer in the Con- gregation of God in the Spirit. His work for the Re- formed Church was, however, only an episode in his
123
Christian Henry Rauch.
greater missionary activity. He had preached to the In- dians of Shecomeco, in the province of New York, near the borders of Connecticut, and brought with him to the third Conference, held at Oley, Feb. 10, 1742, three Indians who were baptized under the names of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Rauch was appointed one of the trus- tees of the congregation, and a few years later we find him acting as superintendent of the Reformed tropos. Harbaugh tells us that in 1746, "he preached for the
AN OLD HOUSE IN GERMANTOWN, BUILT 1698.
Reformed, more or less regularly, in Heidelberg, Tulpe- hocken, Mühlbach, at Matthias Dietz's, Swatara, Quito- pahilla, Donegal, Warwick, at Leonard Bender's, Lancas- ter, Mode-Creek, Coventry, in Chester County, Oley, Schippach and Goshenhoppen, in Montgomery County." In an early, anonymous history of the Moravian Church of York, preserved in manuscript at Lancaster, he is men- tioned as especially active in the organization of churches beyond the Susquehanna. In 1749, when he had practi- cally withdrawn from his special labors in the Reformed Church he took charge of the Brethren congregation and
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The Reformed Church in America.
school at Lititz, Lancaster County, serving also as super- intendent of neighboring congregations. Subsequently we find him in North Carolina, and at last in the West Indies, laboring enthusiastically in the establishment of missions among the negroes. He was a noble character, and the Church of the Brethren has worthily done honor to his memory.
JOHN BRANDMÜLLER (or Brandmiller) was another mem- ber of the same elect circle. In an autobiographical sketch 130 he tells us that he was born in Basel, Switzerland, November 24, 1704. In his thirteenth year he " was taken up into the Reformed religion, with specially deep feelings, amid many tears." His subsequent history was eventful, not to say romantic. He traveled as far as Treves with a German nobleman, and served for some time in the French army. Returning to Basel he adopted the profes- sion of his father-who was a bookkeeper-and was in 1735 married to Anna Maria Burkhart, with whom he had three children. Having read some of the writings of Christian David he visited Herrnhut, and at Marienborn made the acquaintance of Count Zinzendorf. Having joined the Moravians he lived for some time with his family at Herrnhag, and then, in 1741, accompanied the first pil- grim congregation to Pennsylvania. After remaining here for six months he returned to Europe, and in 1743 brought his family to America. Having served for some time as steward for the Brethren, he was ordained for service in the Reformed tropos, and preached successively at Alle- maengel (Albany Township, Berks County), Swatara and Donegal. As he was familiar with the French language, he was in 1747 commissioned to visit the Walloons in the
130 Harbaugh's "Lives of the Fathers," I., p. 375.
125
Jacob Lischy.
townships of Sopus (Esopus) and New Paltz, west of the Hudson. On his return he reported " that they conducted their worship partly in French, had a lector, and that a Dutch dominie ministered to them occasionally." 131 In later years Brandmüller was a teacher at Friedensthal, near Nazareth, and also served for some time as printer
Jacob Lifdys Reformirten Dredigers DECLARATION
feines Sinnes.
In feine
Deformirte Religions .Genoffen
Sn Dennfylvanien.
for the community. On the 16th of August, 1777, he was accidentally drowned at Bethlehem.
JACOB LISCHY is in some respects the most interesting person in this period ; but it is not easy to trace his career. He appears like a meteor and disappears in darkness. It appears that he was a native of Mühlhausen, a con- siderable town of Alsace-Lorraine, which was at the time of his birth connected with Switzerland.132 Like his father he was by trade a weaver. Converted through the in-
131 William C. Reichel's "Memorials of the Moravian Church," I., p. 50.
132 Dr. Good says : "There were two Jacob Lischys born there ; one on Sept. 20, 1716, the other on May 28, 1719. We do not know which of them is he." "History of the Ger. Ref. Church," p. 238.
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The Reformed Church in America.
fluence of the Moravians he visited their principal settle- ments in Germany, and came to America with the so-called " First Sea Congregation," landing in Philadel- phia, May 28, 1742. In December of the same year Count Zinzendorf commissioned him to labor among the Reformed people in Lancaster County, and in January, 1743, he was ordained by Bishop David Nitschmann. On
Bacob Bifchy's Reformirten Predigers 3mente
eclar ration
Seines Ginnes, an feine Reformirte Religions . Cenoffen in Penfylvanien.
Mof Begehren guter Freunde heraus gegeben.
Germenton/ gebrudt bey Ebriffopb Banr/ 1743.
the 17th of September, 1742, he was married to Mary, second daughter of John Stephen Benezet, merchant of Philadelphia.
Lischy was a revivalist in the fullest sense of the word. He was a natural orator and the people heard him gladly. That he was sufficiently intelligent is evident from his cor-
127
Founding of Churches.
respondence and publications. In 1743 he was serving at least ten different congregations in four different counties : Bern, Heidelberg and Blue Mountain, in Berks; Swatara and Quitopehilla, in Lebanon; Muddy Creek, Cocalico, Donegal and White Oak, in Lancaster; and Vincent, in Chester County. He organized (or reorganized) the Muddy Creek congregation May 19, 1743. In the following year he crossed the Susquehanna, and in May, 1745, organized
Gine Bainende
Sergenonnen ., Hus tem fiberaus wichtiger Evangelio on Sen Salichen SPropheten
Buerft in einer Predig am s Sontag nad Erinitatis Der Reformitten Gemeinde an der Eleinen Catores mundlich Bugerufen und hernach folches mit turten doch greudlichen Minmerd'ungen bon den fogenandten ed prifden rudern
ober ingenbørffern BeBrafftiget: Ling auf vielfältiges Begehren; au defto allgemeinerer arnung mm Erbauung Bum Drud übergeben Durch acob Sifdn V.D.M. Frebiger bet Reformieren Gemeinden uber ber Bufquabanna in Dennfelvanten
Germantown andruft ben Christoph Sur 174%
the York and Creutz Creek congregation, "in accordance with the decrees of the Synod of Berne." In later years his labors were ordinarily confined to the latter region, and in the minutes of Coetus he signs his name as " Pastor of the Churches beyond the Susquehanna."
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The Reformed Church in America.
Lischy's chief trouble was due to his peculiar ecclesias- tical position. At first he was earnestly devoted to the Moravian movement, and accompanied Zinzendorf on his journey to the Minnisinks; but when the Brethren con- solidated into a denomination he was gradually alienated. For a long time he wavered between two parties, and was at different times favored or rejected by both. He published three pamphlets,133 in the first of which he defended his position, and in the second and third sought to explain the reasons for his separation from the Mo- ravians.
Though the people were pleased with Lischy's preaching he was constantly employing words and phrases which were regarded as peculiarly Moravian, and there were some who were not pleased with his frequent visits to Bethlehem. He generally had no difficulty in convincing them that he was " echt Reformirt "; but his vacillation- not to say prevarication-is not to be excused. Several popular conventions were held to determine the status of the pastor. At one of these conventions, held in 1743, the convention issued a broadside which was printed by Saur. Notwithstanding its length we venture to trans- late it, preserving the original spelling of proper names, though there are several evident mistakes:
133 The titles of these publications, as given by Seidensticker, are as fol- lows :
I. Jacob Lischys Reformirten Predigers DECLARATION seines Sinnes, An seine Reformirten Religions-Genossen in Pennsylvanien. 1743. 8vo, 8 pp.
2. Jacob Lischys Reformirten Predigers zweyte Declaration seines Sinnes an seine Reformirte Religions-Genossen in Pennsylvanien. Auf Begehren guter Freunde herausgegeben. Germantown, C. Saur. 1748. 4to, pp. 20.
3. Eine Warnende Wächterstimme an alle Gott und Jesum liebende Seelen. Hergenommen aus dem überaus wichtigen Evangelio von den falschen Pro- phaten. Germantown, C. Saur. 1749. 8v0, 48 pp.
These titles are somewhat abridged.
129
Heidelberg Convention.
" ANNOUNCEMENT.
" We, the undersigned, deacons and elders of Reformed congregations in Pennsylvania herewith inform our dear brethren that on the 29th of the month of August we met in large numbers in Heydelberg township, in order thoroughly to inform ourselves concerning all the scandals
Bekant machung.
W IR Vorfteher und Aelteften der Reformirten Gemeinen in Pennfl .. vanien. Thun hiemit allen unfern lieben Mitbrudern zu wiffen, dafs wir uns den 29 Auguft monaht, in der Townfhip Heydelberg, in groffer anzahl verfammlet befurden, umb uns uber aller der Latterung und Lugen, welche gegen unfern geliebten Prediger Jacob Liffchy, überall to wohl fchriftlich als mundlich ausgebreitet worden, gründlich zu informiren. Wir haben aber zu unferer Freude und Troft vernommen und befunden, dafs er nicht allein ein richtig ordinirter Prediger ift (laut feines Ordination Scheins, den wir ge- fehen und gelefen) fondern dafs er fich das Heyl unferer Seelen, und die wohl- fart aller gemeinden, von hertzen angelegen feyn láffet. Wie wir dann zu un- fern grofften vernugen, es durch feine Evangelifche Predigten, fchon eine raume zeit erfehen und erkant, und durch feine Declaration aufs neue verfichert wor-, den find : Wir haben ihn den gemelten Herrn Jacob Lifschy auf unfern Kir- chen und Aelteften Rath einmuhtiglich aufs neue, zu allen unfern Gemeinen vocirt, und werden uns in künftige an keine Lugen reden, noch fchriften, die gegen ihn heraus kommen möchten, mehr kehren, Wir bitten unfern Gott und Herrn, dafs er denfelben unfern getreuen lieben Prediger, in dem lautern Sinn, in der Genade Jefu Chrifti, in der Liebe und dem Eiffer in des Herrn Werck erhalten wolle, damit alle unfere Gemeinden, durch deffelben getreue dientte, auf den Grund der Apoftelen und Propheten, da Jefus Chriftus der Eckttein itt, wahrhaftig gegrundet und erbauet werden mogen in unferm allerheyligften glauben ; Als die wir, fo viel uns der Herr gnade geben wird, ihme getreulich an die hand gehen und mithelffen werden. Zu uhrkund deffen, haben wir un- fere Nanmen eigenhandig unterfchrieben, und zur benachrichtigung aller unferer Mit Bruder offentlich bekant machen wollen.
Gegeben auf unfern Kirchen u. Aelteften Rath in Heydelberg den 29 Augulti, 1143.
Jobannes Schneider, Aeltefter in Bern. Friederich Gerhart, Aelt. in Heydelberg. Jacob Bruener, Aelt an der Cocalico., Frants Seib, Aele in Dunigall.
Anthony Rueger, Aelt. am blauen Bergen.
Eherhart Rimm, Vorfteh. u. Helferan. Maidencreel: Phil. Breitenfteiu, Aelt. in Wintzen'en d. SkuylkitE. Chriftian Fuhrmann, Aelt. in Weiseichen-lande:
and falsehoods which have been circulated in writing and orally concerning our dear pastor, Jacob Lisschy. To our joy and comfort we have, however, learned and con- cluded, that he is not only a properly ordained minister
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(according to his certificate of ordination which we have seen and read), but that he is heartily concerned for the salvation of our souls and the welfare of all the congrega- tions. As for some time we have been to our great satis- faction assured of this fact by his Evangelical sermons, and are further convinced thereof by his declaration, we have, at this our council of churches and elders, unani- mously renewed our call to him, the aforesaid Mr. Jacob Lisschy, to be the pastor of all our congregations, and we shall hereafter take no notice of lying speeches nor of publications that may appear against him. We pray our Lord and Master that He may preserve our dear and faithful minister in purity of purpose, in the grace of Jesus Christ, in love and in zeal in the work of the Lord, so that all our congregations may, through his faithful service, be truly grounded and built up in our most holy faith on the foundations of the prophets and apostles, of which Jesus Christ is the corner-stone. And we, in so far as the Lord shall grant us grace, will faithfully sup- port and assist him. In testimony thereof we have per- sonally subscribed our names, and desire to publish the same for the information of all our brethren.
" Given at our council of churches and elders in Heydel- berg, August 29, 1743.
"Johannes Schneider, elder in Bern; Anthony Rueger, elder at the Blue Mountains; Friedrich Gerhart, elder in Heydelberg ; Eberhart Rimm, deacon and helper at Maid- encreek ; Jacob Bruener, elder at the Cocalico ; Phil. Brei- tenstein, elder in Wintzen, on the Schuylkill ; Frantz Seib, elder in Dunigall ; Ludwig Born, elder beyond the Schwa- tarah ; Christian Fuhrmann, eld. at Whiteoak.
" For the sake of brevity but one elder from each con- gregation has signed the above in the name of all.
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A Warning.
"We furthermore announce that we as deacons and elders, together with many other discreet members of the reformed church, have unanimously resolved : That in order to maintain peace in our congregation, a judicious man be appointed in every township in which the afore- said Mr. Jacob Lischy has been accepted as pastor, to whom everything that can be truthfully testified against him (Lischy) must be reported. If any one should, there- fore, hereafter discover in him personally anything that contradicts our Reformed religion and doctrine, he is hereby notified to report the same for thorough investiga- tion either to Stephen Brecht, in Bern; Frederick Böckel, in Heydelberg; Anthony Rüger, at the Blue Mountains ; Eberhart Rimm, at the Maiden Creek ; Michael Amweg, at the Cocalico; Conrad Reffior, in Wintzen township ; John Etter, in Donnigall; Peter Kohl, in Whiteoak Land; Baltzer Ort, on Quintobesil; Ludwig Born, over the Schwatara; or to Conrad Werns, near Ephrata. If any one ventures to slander this faithful preacher in writing or word, and to speak against him without having brought charges against him at the aforesaid places, we shall rec- ognize and regard that person as a liar, deceiver and disturber of the peace; and we shall number him among the people who smite their neighbor with their tongue, and according to our Catechism are not to be accepted as Christians. We all, therefore, in Christian love, recom- mend unto such as are inclined to judge and depreciate their neighbor to remember the following passage : 'I say unto you, that every idle word that man shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment.' Matth. 12, v. 36, 37 ; Rom. 14, v. 12.
"God willing, the sermon on Acts 20, 28, preached at the Council of churches and elders, will be published as soon
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The Reformed Church in America.
as possible. Whoever desires to possess it should inform the subscribers."
About a year later a similar meeting was held at Muddy Creek. On this occasion Lischy produced a poetic compo- sition which he called a hymn, though it was evidently never intended to be sung. It was in fact an acknowledg- ment of his adherence to the cause of the Brethren. The " hymn " consists of 16 stanzas which Harbaugh gives in full.134 The first stanza reads in the original :
" Was soll der Knecht Gottes Zwinglius, Und der ehrwürdige Calvinus, Doch wohl zu uns sagen wenn sie herkämen Und ihres Volks Sache so recht vernähmen? Wer weiss es wohl ?"
Though the whole composition is too long for our pres- ent purpose, we cannot resist the temptation of reproducing in English a few of the most characteristic stanzas : 135
"JACOB LISCHY'S HYMN.
"What would God's servant Zwinglius, And eke the reverend Calvinus, Say to their people if they could come To learn the evils of Christendom? Ah ! who can tell?
" Methinks they would weep with heartfelt grief, To see their people without relief ; For the world is full of sin and sorrow, That even Sodoma and Gomorrah Were hardly worse.
"'Reformed is the name we bear,' 'tis said ; That means corrected and rightly led ; But the poor souls have gone astray, And none of them all can find the way : Kyrie eleīs !
134 Harbaugh's "Lives of the Fathers," I., p. 356.
135 This version was published by the translator in "American Church His- tory " series, vol. 8, p. 276.
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Death of Lischy.
"In the decrees of the Synod of Berne 'Tis fairly written, that all may learn, That Christ is the center of Christian teaching, And that His blest passion of all our preaching Must be the theme.
"Now morals alone are preached to men, Though Jesus is mentioned now and then : In Lenten seasons, when preachers choose, They growl a little against the Jews, How bad they were.
"But we, by wisdom divine elected, And as His people by grace directed, The passion of Jesus exalting higher, Will join for aye with the heavenly choir, To praise the Lamb."
In later years Lischy was fully identified with the Re- formed Church. In this relation we may have occasion to refer to him again. He was fin- ally deposed for moral delin- quency, and died in York County in 1781.
The " Congregation of God in the Spirit" was so exalted in its purposes that we might be in- clined to regret its lack of per- manent success. The reasons of its failure, however, are not difficult to determine. In the first place the personal influence of Count Zinzendorf was too pro- ZINZENDORF ARMS. nounced. That he was thoroughly sincere could not be doubted ; but his forms of speech appeared new and pe- culiar. The mystics were the first to withdraw, while those of the Reformed and Lutherans who attended the conferences became fully conformed to the Moravian type of piety and devotion. To reach a similar result with the
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The Reformed Church in America.
great multitude to whom such conditions were entirely strange, would have demanded long and patient training, and this was evidently impossible. So far as the Reformed Church is concerned it may be added that from the begin- ning Zinzendorf expressed himself in unmistakable lan- guage in opposition to the high Calvinism of the Church of Holland, as he conceived it to be represented by Boehm and his coadjutors. The result may easily be surmised. Boehm set his face like a flint against the union movement, and the result was a controversy which was hardly credi- table to either of the parties involved.
The conflict began in Philadelphia. Here the Luther- ans and Reformed worshipped jointly in a building which they had rented on Arch, above Fifth Street. It had orig- inally been a barn, but had been fitted up with a pulpit and seats. 136 Zinzendorf, who now preferred to be known by one of his minor titles as Herr Ludwig von Thürnstein, or more briefly as "Bruder Ludwig," preached for the first time to the Lutherans, January 21, 1742. Before preaching there he wrote to Boehm, inquiring whether, as he occupied the same pulpit, he had any authority to prevent his preaching there, at the same time giving him a pretty sharp thrust on the subject of doctrine. Boehm's reply was very laconic, merely stating that the Reformed had " nothing to enjoin on the Lutherans on their own time," but " protesting if any one should say that permission was given from the Reformed side, or from us, to preach at the time and place belonging to the Reformed." The Lutherans might do as they pleased, but he would "have no part in what might grow out of it." 137 Some of the Lutherans called Zinzen-
136 Reichel's "Memorials of the Moravian Church," I., p. 178. This was probably the earliest Union Church in Pennsylvania.
137 For this correspondence, and for an account of the whole imbroglio, see Harbaugh's " Lives of the Fathers," I., pp. 279-283.
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Controversial Tracts.
dorf to the pastorate of their church, and the result was a conflict which it is not our place to describe.
In the same year, 1742, Boehm published his Getreuer Warnungs Brief, which was in fact a severe attack on Zinzendorf and the Moravians. It evoked a reply from G. Neisser, of Bethlehem, in which Boehm's strictures were just as sharply answered. From internal evidence the latter book is supposed to have been written by the Count himself. In 1745 Boehm published his Abermak- lige Treue Warnung, which was a publication of very similar character.138
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