USA > Rhode Island > Newport County > Newport > The story of the Jews of Newport; two and a half centuries of Judaism, 1658-1908 > Part 21
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In the Annals of the Redwood Library already referred to, we have a detailed biography of the same Joseph Jacob, where it is distinctly mentioned that Jacob was a Quaker. He was a member of the Society of Friends. Ezra Stiles also indicated Jacob's religious affiliation, by a "Q", appended next to his name. The same author speaking about Jos. Sylvester has nothing to say except, the mere mention of his name, and the facsimile of his signature. This is the only case of the sort in the book. In all other instances some biographical material is added. It may well be because of Sylvester's having been of the Jewish faith.
19 Abraham Hart and John Phillips were admitted as members of the library, Nov. 4th, 1747. Moses Lopez was admitted in 1749. Jacob Rodrigues Rivera was admitted in 1758
2ยบ Historical Sketch of the Redwood Library and Anthenaeum in Newport, Rhode Island by David King, Boston 1860, p. 10-11.
Also note 3, P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 449.
348
NOTES
21 R. I. Historical Magazine, Vol. VI, p. 45 ff.
22 Ibid.
23 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. VI, p. 67.
24 Superior Court Records of Newport.
Book B, p. 40, 79, 585; Book D, p. 163, 180; Book F, p. 58, 82 . Book E, p. 46, 252, 386, 401, 414, 472.
25 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. II, p. 82; Superior Court Records ot Newport, Book A, p. 393; Book B, p. 654, 672; Book C, p. 209, 264, 269, 317.
Moses Levi is not to be confused with Moses Levy. According to the court records they are not identical.
26 See next chapter.
27 Superior Court Records, Book A, p. 229, 234, 242, 253; Book C, p. 227, 361, 372, 406; Book D, p. 164, 188.
28 Early American Jews: Lee M. Friedman.
Index to the Advertisements in the Newport Mercury in the files of the Newport Historical Society, Newport, R. I.
30 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. VI, p. 124.
31 Rhode Island Historical Magazine, Vol. IV, p. 150.
32 Jewish Pioneers in America : Anita Iibman Lebeson, p. 86.
33 Rhode Island, Three Centuries of Democracy, Vol. I, p. 114.
34 Compare list of Masons and their occupations in P. A. J. H. S .. Vol. XXVII, and Vol. XIX.
35 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 61.
36 Ibid. p. 38.
37 Original Ledger and Record in the Vaults of the Newport Historical Society. This industry seems not to be known by writers on the commerce of Rhode Island of this period.
38 Colonial Records of Rhode Island: Bartlett, Vol. V, p. 375.
39 Ibid.
40 R. I. Historical Magazine, Vol. V, p. 295.
41 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 38. Cf. Commerce of Rhode Island, (published by the Massachusetts Historical Society), Vol. I.
42 Boston Weekly Gazette, August 18, 1747. Colonial Records of Rhode Island: Bartlett, Index.
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THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
43 Rhode Island in Colonial Wars: Howard M. Chapin, (published by the Rhode Island Historical Society), p. 87.
44 Ibid. p. 102.
45 Colonial Records of Rhode Island : Bartlett, Vol. V, p. 307.
46 Ibid.
CHAPTER IV
FROM INQUISITION TO FREEDOM
1 History of Rhode Island and Newport in the Past: The Reverend Edwards Peterson, p. 181.
2 Obadia 20.
3 A History of the Jewish People; Max L. Margolis and Alexander Marx, p. 303.
4 Ibid.
5 The word Marrano is incorrectly derived from the New Testament phrase, "maran atha", which means our Lord has come. (See Jewish Encyclopedia article on Maranos.) Compare the use of this phrase in Longfellow's poem, "The Jewish Cemetery at Newport".
6 Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. VI, p. 589. The entire article in the Encyclopedia deals with the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal and is the basis for most of the statements on this subject in the chapter.
6 Shebet Yehudah, p. 96 ff. as quoted in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. VIII, p. 319.
8 Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. VIII, p. 181 ff.
9 Ibid. p. 182.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. II, p. 104.
13 Ibid. p. 105.
14 Ibid. Vol. XXVII, p. 153.
15 Ibid. Vol. II, p. 105.
16 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 529.
350
NOTES
17 The History of the State of Rhode Island : Thomas Bicknell, Vol. II, p. 626. There the author states that the women who came from Spain and Portugal had much more difficulty in adjusting themselves than the others. He says, Abroad "where persecution was so strong their children had two sets of names. Remember, that these women to disarm suspicion and to save their lives and the lives of their children seemingly told their beads in public, though their hearts formed not the Ave Maria and the Pater Noster, but the Shemang. Remember that these women were so much slaves of habit and fear that even here, far from their bloodthirsty oppressors they still fingered their beads as they repeated their Hebrew prayers, though their one desire was to throw off all memory of their days of persecution".
18 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. II, p. 47.
19 Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. X, p. 432.
20 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. II, p. 105.
21 Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. X, p. 432.
22 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXI, p. 15.
23 The Mill Street Synagogue, etc. : Pool, p. 72.
24 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXIX, p. 35.
25 Ibid. Vol. X, p. 142 (quoted there in a Synopsis of the Jews of Surinam by Joseph Corcos).
26 Ibid. Vol. XXIX, p. 35.
27 Ibid. p. 25.
28 Ibid.
29 See note 56 in chapter "Dawn".
30 The Touro Family in Newport: Morris A. Gutstein, p. 4 ff.
31 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. IV, p. 201, 209.
32 Ibid. Vol. II, p. 46.
33 Ibid. Vol. IV, p. 190.
34 Ibid. p. 213. Captain N. Taylor Phillips is an attorney in New York City. He has held a number of high offices in the muncipal and state government. At present he is the president of the Spanish- Portuguese Congregation Shearith Israel of New York. He con- tributed a number of scholarly articles to the Publications of The American Jewish Historical Society, dealing especially with the genealogies of the early Sephardic Jews in America, and their Synagogue life. He is a lineal descendant of the purchasers of the Newport Synagogue lot, a legal owner of the title of the Synagogue, in part, with other descendants.
35 See note 24 chapter "Progress".
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THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
36 See article in Jewish Encyclopedia.
37 Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. VI, p. 240.
38 Ibid. Vol. X, p. 114 ff.
39 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 11, note 2. List of Jewish Masons, in P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 416. The Settlement of the Jews in North America : Charles P. Daly. The Hebrews in America: Markens.
CHAPTER V
THE SYNAGOGUE
1 Yer. Targ. Ex. XVIII:20; Pesik. 129b; DeVita Moses; Philo III:27; Contra Apion: Josephus II:17. (Quoted in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI).
2 Judaism : George Foot Moore, Vol. I, p. 283.
3 Ibid. p. 285.
4 Jer. Hagigah 76c. (Quoted by Moore, ibid. p. 317).
5 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 11, note 2.
6 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. VI, p. 124.
7 Ibid. Vol. XXVII, p. 407.
8 Ibid. (The source probably has reference to Mr. Jacob Isaacs and Zachary Polak, both of whom seem to have been men of learning. They may be identical with the Isaacs and Polak, who were licensed as Shochet and Bodek respectively by the Reverend David Mendez Machado in 1730. See P. A. J. H. S., Vol. II, p. 48).
9 The Mill Street Synagogue, etc. : D. de Sola Pool, p. 22 f.
10 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 181.
11 Records of the Probate Court of Newport, R. I., Vol. II, p. 98 ff. (It may be noted here that Rivera refers to the Congregation in the word "Society". This use of the word "Society" also occurs earlier in the Cemetery Deed, which is taken also to refer to the Congregation that existed in Newport at the time the Cemetery was purchased in 1677).
12 Ibid. p. 230-233.
13 The deed is dated June 13th, 1759. In March of that year the
352
NOTES
Newport Congregation addressed a letter to the New York Cong- regation asking them for assistance to build the Synagogue and stating that they had already obtained a lot by purchase. Hence it shows that the lot was obtained before the deed was dated.
14 Griffin's Land is mentioned in the cemetery deed of 1677.
15 See note 13.
16 Book of Land Evidence, Vol. XV, p. 376.
17 The value of the money according to the old tenor, as may be derived from a contemporary note by Stiles, was 8 pounds for 1 dollar. Accordingly the purchasing price of the lot for the cemetery was $187.50, which is not such an enormous sum. Cf. The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, 225-6
18 The Mill Street Synagogue, etc. : D. de Sola Pool, p. 25.
19 Among the contributors to the Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia in 1782 were many Newport Jews. Jacob Rodrigues Rivera of Newport was also a trustee of the Jewish Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia in 1773.
20 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 408.
21 Ibid. p. 178-9.
22 Ibid. p. 178.
23 Ibid. p. 179.
24 Ibid. p. 179, 180.
25 Ibid. p. 181.
26 The Early Religious Leaders of Newport: Newport Historical Society, p. 109.
27 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 408.
28,Ibid.
29 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 54.
30 Jewish Enmyclopedia, Vol. XI, p. 632.
31 Gentlemen's Magazine and Historical Chronicle, Vol. XLVIII, Year 1778, p. 200.
32 Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North America in the Year 1759 and 1760: Rev. Andrew Burnbay, p. 121.
33 Minutes of the Congregation Shearith Israel of New York City, 1728-1764, published in P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXI, p. 81.
34 Dedication Booklet of the C. J. I. Community Center, printed in Newport 1925, by the Congregation Jeshuat Israel. (This
353
THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
pamphlet, which contains articles contributed mostly by Eugene Schreier, has a number of inaccurate general statements. However one would not very likely err in a specific fact, such as the number of bricks in the building; and one would hardly choose to state such arbitrarily.
35 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 181 ff.
36 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 6 note.
37 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 183.
38 Ibid.
39 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 6, note.
The impression is usually gathered that the Synagogue in Newport is the oldest in the United States. This is not quite so. It is the oldest synagogue that is still in existence and in use. There was at least one other synagogue in North America that antedated the one in Newport by more than 30 years. This was the synagogue of the Congregation Shearith Israel of New York, which was organ- ized in 1655, and built a synagogue on Mill Street in that City in 1730. This synagogue stood for almost a century. It was rebuilt in 1817, and services were continued in it until 1833, when the new synagogue of that Congregation was built on Crosby Street. (See The Mill Street Synagogue referred to above in many places).
40 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 6 note.
41 Ibid.
42 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 55. (Mr. Mason saw the oven in 1884 when he wrote the book. His descriptions are mostly from personal observation. The oven has since been de- molished; but the matzo table, on which the dough for the un- leavened bread was prepared, is still preserved. A picture of it is reproduced elsewhere in this volume).
43 In many places, as for instance in the Orient, the custom still exists to build the Mikvah either within the synagogue precincts or very close to it.
44 1765 (5525 is the Year of the Creation of the World according to the traditional Jewish Chronology).
45 The Reverend J. J. Lyons, who was in Newport in the seventies of the last century to gather material for the history of the Jews of America, copied all the inscriptions on the various ornaments in the synagogue. Relative to the center candelabrum Mr. Lyons states that it has no inscription, a statement accepted by all writers on the
354
NOTES
subject. However, from a close observation I was able to find the inscription on this candelabrum which I give in the text.
It may be interesting to note here that, due to the fact that the donor of this candelabrum was not generally known, a beautiful legend grew up concerning it. According to this legend, this cande- labrum once belonged to some Church in Spain, over which presided a priest who was of a Marrano family. Before his death, this priest bequeathed this candelabrum to the Jews to whom it originally belonged. It ultimately found its way to these shores and now adorns the historic synagogue. Whatever credence we give to this legend, the non-Jewish origin of this center candelabrum seems to be apparent from its ornamentation. The four figures of a human head gives it a distinctly non-Jewish appearance, in as much as it is hardly likely that traditional Jews would violate the tradition pro- hibiting the making of sculptured figures especially in a synagogue. This may have given rise to the legend.
46 1760 (See note 42). 47 1770.
48 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 408.
49 1765.
50 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 11.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid. p. 6 note.
53 Ezra Stiles and the Jews: Kohut, p. 61. At the dedication, the Reverend Isaac Touro pointed out to Stiles an old scroll which Mr. Touro described as very old and from Amsterdam. This may well refer to the scroll brought to Newport in 1658. If this scroll had been the donation of the Amsterdam Congregation of that period, (the synagogue of which we reproduce elsewhere in this volume) the prayers offered on Yom Kippur eve (note 59) would certainly have contained a mention of it, as they do in the case of all other donors and benefactors.
54 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 11.
55 Ibid.
56 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 408.
57 See note 33.
58 Records of the Probate Court of Newport, R. I., Vol. II, p. 98.
59 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 407-409.
355
THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
60 Historic Silver of the Colonies and Its Makers: Francis Hill Biglow, p. 427 ff.
61 The original of this Painting was painted in 1675 by Sr, H. Avilla in London. An account of it is found in "El Libro De Los Recuerdes", being the records and accounts of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of London, from 1663 to 1681, translated from the original Spanish and Portuguese by Lionel D. Barnett, Oxford University Press, 1931.
62 1769.
63 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 11.
64 The Jewish Synagogue in Newport : Emma Lazarus (1867).
CHAPTER VI A GLIMPSE AT JEWISH LIFE
1 In 1771, there were in Newport, 1 Church of England Church; 2 Congregational Churches; 4 Baptist Meeting Houses; 1 Moravian Church; 1 Quaker Meeting House, besides the Synagogue. See R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. I, p. 122.
2 R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. IV, p. 84.
3 Meat was certified as Kosher in the synagogue; Matzos were baked in the Synagogue, beside the other functions of the synagogue which are described in the book.
4 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 6 note.
5 G. H. R. Scrap Book No. 969, p. 157, in the Newport Historical Society vaults.
6 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XX, p. 89; Graves at Newport: H. T. Tuckerman in Harpers Monthly, Vol. XXXIX, p. 372.
7 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 55.
8 The Settlement of the Jews in North America: Daly p. 77.
9 Ibid. p. 77 ; R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. IV, p. 162; G. H. R. Scrap Book No. 969, p. 157; The Jewish Cemetery at Newport: Mendes in R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. VI, p. 82 ff.
10 Harpers ; G. H. R. Scrap Book No. 969, p. 169.
11 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 6 note.
12 Ibid.
356
NOTES
13 Ibid. p. 11 note.
14 Ibid. p. 11.
15 Newport Vital Records.
R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. I, p. 122.
17 Census of 1774 taken by order of the General Assembly.
18 Stiles, Vol. I, p. 11 note; List of Masons in P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII and XXX.
19 List of Masons.
20 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 407.
21 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 61.
22 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 620, 214.
23 Census, Court Records and Tombstones.
24 The name most popular before Revolution. Does not occur in Census because probably did not submit to counting because of religious scruples.
25 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 374. Stiles notes how Rabbi Carregal corrected the reading of the Reverend Isaac Touro of the word in Leviticus 25:29, which is to be pronounced "Gaulto", a Sephardic pronunciation of the word.
26 Newport Vital Records. In this record of the Churches in Newport, recorded by Dr. Ezra Stiles, the names of Isaac and Abner Touro occur as the pastors of the "Jews Synagogue". It cannot possibly be that Stiles should have written Isaac and Abner Touro instead of Isaac de Abraham Touro as the Reverend Isaac Touro used to sign his name, for Stiles was too good a Bible scholar to make an error in a Biblical name. Perhaps Abner was a brother of Isaac? Or has the diary been misread?
27 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 5.
28 Ibid. p. 422.
The Life of Ezra Stiles: Abiel Holmes, p. 122 ff.
30 Leon Huhner in his pamphlet on the Jews of Newport is mistaken in his statement that the Reverend Isaac Touro preached from the pulpit of the Synagogue. Cf. The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 378 ff.
31 See Index to Stiles in Vol. III, in reference to Isaac Touro.
32 R. I. Hist. Mag. Vol. I, p. 43.
33 The Literary Diary of Stiles, Vol. I, p. 393.
357
THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
34 See chapter "The Synagogue".
35 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 408.
36 Ibid.
37 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 32.
38 Stiles probably meant Exodus. Ibid. p. 377.
39 Ibid. p. 36.
40 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XIX, p. 107; Vol. XXVII, p. 8. 41 Stiles.
42 Tagebuch : Johann Doehla in German found in the New York Public Library, translated by Erich O'D. Taylor in Ms.
43 See note 25, and the transliteration of the many Hebrew words that occur in the text.
44 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 453.
45 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 377. .
46 Ibid. p. 403.
47 Ibid. p. 293.
48 Ibid.
49 The word "Life" is translated into Hebrew "Chai" and is spelled with the letters that have the numerical value of 18. In Hebrew the letters of the alphabet are used to denote numbers as well.
50 Stiles I, p. 377.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Copies of the Sermon are available in the Rhode Island Historical Society in Providence, R. I. ; Mass. Hist. Soc., Boston, Mass., New York Public Library, American Jewish Historical Society and in the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
54 The sermon was translated into English by Abraham Lopez.
55 Stiles, Vol. I, p. 256.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid. p. 377.
59 Ibid.
60 Psalms, 100:4, 5.
61 Stiles, Vol. I, p. 392.
358
NOTES
62 Jeremiah, 46:27-8.
63 Stiles, Vol. I, p. 392.
64 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 348. (Stiles writes about a visitor on July 25th, 1772, who was a MOHEL and he remarks "In America got a Living by it; but not so in Europe where he had no Fees, but accounted it an honor" (Vol. I, p. 254-6). He also gives there a very interesting description of a ceremony of circumcision. It was carried out in the Synagogue, and at times in the houses as well).
65 Ibid.
66 History of Leicester, Mass : Washburn, p. 122 ff.
67 Shipping books in vaults of Newport Hist. Soc.
68 Recollections of Early Newport: Channing, p. 199-202.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. VI, p. 45 ff.
72 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XX, p. 144, article on R. I. and Consanguineous Marriage by Benjamin H. Hartogensis.
Ibid. Vol. XXVII, p. 171.
74 Letter in Newport Historical Society.
75 P. A. J. H. S., II, p. 104.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid. Vol. IV.
78 See Index Volume of P. A. J. H. S.
79 Ibid.
80 Commerce of R. I., Vol. I, p. 196.
81 Advertisement in Newport Mercury, Index in Newport Hist. Soc.
82 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 212 ff.
83 Diary of Frederick Mackenzie, p. 179, quoted in Newport Historical Society Bulletin No. 93, p. 8.
84 R. I. Hist. Mag., Vol. II, p. 42-43.
85 Note 42.
86 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 256.
87 Ibid.
88 Ibid.
359
THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
89 Ibid. p. 17.
90 Ibid. p. 19.
91 Ibid.
92 Ibid. p. 607.
93 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 97 ff.
94 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXIX, p. 32.
95 Ibid. Vol. XXVII, p. 250.
96 See note 2 next chapter.
97 Ibid. I have in my possession letters written from Cadiz to Aaron Lopez and Jacob Rivera asking for aid.
98 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, 461-2.
99 Ibid. p. 182.
100 P. A. J. H. S., XXVII, p. 248.
101 Ibid. p. 350.
102 See Will, Records of the Probate Court, Newport, R. I., Vol. II, p. 98 ff.
103 Shipping Book of Aaron Lopez, 1771-73.
104 Letter 1767 in Newport Historical Society.
105 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 185.
106 Original letter in Vaults of Newport Hist. Soc.
107 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 55.
108 The Jewish Cemetery at Newport: Mendes, p. 81 ff. 109 Ibid.
CHAPTER VII
VISITORS
1 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. II, p. 77.
2 Note by the editor of the Diary of Stiles.
3 Minutes of the Congregation Shearith Israel 1760-1786 in P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXI, p. 91.
4 Stiles, Vol. II, p. 77 ; Vol. I, p. 299.
5 Apta, Poland was the seat of an eminent Chassidic Rabbi known as the Aptor Rov. According to the title of this visitor given by Stiles it might refer to this dignitary. However this is doubtful.
360
NOTES
It might have been just one of the Rabbis who lived in that city.
6 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 299.
7 Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics; edited by James Hastings, Vol. XII, p. 858.
8 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles.
9 George Alexander Kohut in his splendid essay on Ezra Stiles and the Jews is surprised at this observation. Kohut claims that it is not likely that a Rabbi should shave his head, and therefore he concludes that Stiles probably was mistaken about it. Rabbi Carregal might have been bald headed, and because of his covered head, Stiles mistook it for shaved. The fact, however, must be that Stiles was not mistaken in such a specific observation. As a matter of fact, the custom prevailed amongst many of the old orthodox Rabbis of shaving their heads completely, while not touching the beard and the earlocks.
10 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 362-3.
11 Ezra Stiles and the Jews: Kohut, p. 88.
12 Stiles, Vol. I, p. 357.
13 Appendix in Ezra Stiles and the Jews by Kohut.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 357.
17 Ibid. p. 374.
18 Ibid.
19 There are a number of references to Jews from the West Indies who went to Holland to pursue their Hebrew studies. Rabbi Carregal occupied the position of Rabbi in one of the syna- gogues in place of the Minister who went to Holland to continue his studies. That students from Poland should go to Holland is indeed surprising in view of the fact that Poland at the time was the seat of great Academies of Learning.
20 Rashi died 1105 not 1180.
21 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 423.
22 Ibid. p. 423.
23 Ibid. p. 443.
24 Ibid. p. 591. Cf. P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXI, p. 32.
25 Ibid.
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THE STORY OF THE JEWS OF NEWPORT
26 Ibid. p. 591.
27 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 413.
28 Minutes of Congregation Shearith Israel 1760-1787 in P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXI, p. 139.
29 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 184.
30 Ibid. Vol. XXI, p. 131.
31 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. IV, p. 209, where the author states by mistake that the Reverend Gershom Mendes Seixas was born in Newport.
32 The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, Vol. I, p. 66, 68.
CHAPTER VIII
THE JEW IN THE COMMUNITY
1 Tagebuch of Johann Doehla, Ms. New York Public Library. Translated by Erich O'D. Taylor in Ms.
2 The Settlement of the Jews in North America : Daly, p. 77.
3 Ibid. p. 78.
4 Commerce in the Colonies: Edward Eggleston, referred to in "The Century Magazine, Vol. VI, N. S., p. 25, quoted in P. A. J. H. S., Vol. VI, p. 62.
5 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 454.
6 Ibid. Vol. I, p. 122.
7 The Settlement of the Jews in North America: Daly, p. 79.
8 The Jews Come to America: Masserman and Baker, p. 68.
9 Commerce of Rhode Island, Vol. I, p. 67, Mass. Historical Society Collection 7th Series, Vol. IX.
10 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 53.
11 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 482.
12 Ibid. Vol. I, p. 96-7.
13 Itineraries and Correspondence of Ezra Stiles (edited by Dexter) 1755-1794.
14 Superior Court Records, March term 1762.
15 Itineraries and Correspondence: Ezra Stiles 1755-1794.
362
NOTES
16 History of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Arnold, Vol. II, p. 494-5.
17 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. VI, p. 71.
18 Early American Jews : Lee M. Friedman, p. 3.
19 Commerce in Rhode Island, Vol. I, p. 100. Moses Lopez also signed this agreement, besides those who signed in 1761. See note 9.
20 Lopez Shipping Book in manuscript in the vaults of the Newport Historical Society.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Quoted in "Rhode Island, Three Centuries of Democracy : Caroll, p. 200.
27 Ibid.
28 Census of 1774, taken by order of the General Assembly.
29 See Commerce in Rhode Island 1726-1800 (2 volumes). Census of 1774 and 1790. Cf. Will of Jacob R. Rivera, where he speaks of a black servant Quaco.
30 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 210.
31 Reminiscences of Newport: Mason, p. 37.
32 P. A. J. H. S., Vol. XXVII, p. 210, 211.
33 Portraits of Jews by Gilbert Stuart and Others: Hannah R. London, p. 47.
34 Rhode Island Historical Society Magazine, Vol. VI, p. 163.
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