USA > South Carolina > Williamsburg County > History of Williamsburg; something about the people of Williamsburg County, South Carolina, from the first settlement by Europeans about 1705 until 1923. > Part 28
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The scarcity of salt reached considerable proportions early in the summer of 1861. It was not very long before Williamsburg planters learned that they could evaporate the water of the Atlantic and secure the salt just as easily as they could boil out the cane juice into syrup and sugar. Soon the Mcclellanville coast was lined with squads of salt making slaves from the plantations of Williamsburg.
Williamsburg slaves wore, as a general rule, clothing made by themselves from the cotton and wool grown on their own plantations. These homespun goods had to be colored. Before the War, dyestuffs had been imported. When they could not be secured from the outside, the District had to filter from its own vegetation all the color- ing matter used. About this time, the newspapers were full of recipes for making dyes. On July 23, 1861, the correspondent of the Courier from Graham's Turnout in Williamsburg submitted the following: "When a small boy, I recollect to have gathered bushels of the sumac
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berry on the mountains in this state for the purpose of having wool died black for the woof of our home made gears. There can be almost any quantity gathered in this section almost without any charge. Anyone wish- ing to try dyeing wool will find it one of the hand- somest black dyes known to me."
The supply of imported fabrics that Southern gentle- women wore began to fail after the blockade was made ef- fective. All plantations kept making and were well sup- plied with homespun, a substantial clean looking service- able kind of cloth. This had been the clothing of slaves. Early in 1861, two belles of Portsmouth, Virginia, ap- peared at a high social affair, clad in homespun dresses. Everybody said they were beautiful. Southern news- papers commented on their winsomeness in such simple raiment. Southern girls began to wear homespun dresses and glory in them. About that time, Miss Carrie Belle Sinclair, of Savannah, Georgia, composed a song which was sung all over the South. Soldiers went into battle with its words in their mouths and its spirit in their souls. Every young woman in Williamsburg knew it and hummed it as she stitched and knitted and prayed for her gray clad soldier in the field.
Somebody said "Give me to write the songs of a nation and I care not who makes its laws." But who writes the songs of a nation must be of that nation. It is interest- ing to note in connection with the authorship of this song that James Sinclair settled on the Santee in Wil- liamsburg in 1725. It may be that something else shows more of the soul of the Southern girl of the sixties than "The Homespun Dress," but it is improbable. Here are the words to
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THE HOMESPUN DRESS. Oh, yes I am a Southern girl, And glory in the name; I boast of it with greater pride Than glittering wealth or fame. I envy not the Northern girl Her robes of beauty rare,
Though diamonds deck her snowy neck And pearls bestud her hair.
Hurrah, Hurrah ! For the sunny South, so dear ! Three cheers for the homespun dress
The Southern ladies wear.
Now Northern goods are out of date ; And since Old Abe's blockade We Southern girls can be content With goods that's Southern made. We send our sweethearts to the war, But girls, ne'er you mind- Your soldier love will not forget The girl he left behind.
The Southern land's a glorious land, And has a glorious cause; Then cheer, three cheers for Southern rights, And for the Southern boys ! We scorn to wear a bit of silk, A bit of Northern lace, But make our homespun dresses up And wear them with a grace.
And now, young man, a word to you, If you would win the fair, Go to the field where honor calls, And win your lady there. Remember that our brightest smiles Are for the true and brave, And that our tears are all for those Who fill the soldier's grave.
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About this time, the sale and exportation of cotton was one of the most important questions before the Confed- eracy. The newspapers were filled with arguments on both sides of the question. The factors of Charleston said to the planters of this and other states and printed it in capital letters that they should "send none of their cotton to America until the blockade is expressly removed from all the ports of the Southern States." According to in- formation, one bank in Charleston had more than a mil- lion dollars balance in the Bank of England, and many other banks in Charleston and other cities in the South had large balances in banks in England and France. They said the South could finance the War without selling a bale of cotton. Cotton men believed they could compel the nations of the earth to recognize the Southern Confed- eracy and thus prove their statement that "Cotton is King." "When the hum of the spinning wheel mingles with the roar of the cannon, we will have two armies work- ing out a complete and eternal independence of the South." "If cotton compels a recognition of the Southern Confederacy, cotton will indeed be king."
One of the saddest things of all this time was the fear- ful preaching of nearly all Southern ministers. They held up constantly and continuously before the soldiers and their mothers dreadful pictures of Death and Hell and pleaded with them to prepare to meet an awful God in a Day of Wrath. Not only did these probably well intentioned divines preach these orgiastic frenzies, but they also revelled in distributing among the young im- pressionable heroic men in the Southern Armies all man- ner of so called tracts wherein fanatical apostles of gloom had written their worst. The subjects of some of these tracts were: How Long Have You Been Sick; The Muf- fled Drum; The Crimean Hero; A Soldier's Legacy; The Soldier's Victory; How Do You Bear Your Troubles; Prepare to Meet Thy God.
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These preachers evidently meant well. But the mental agony they induced on the field and about the firesides in the land no poet's pen can ever picture and no orator's tongue can ever tell. When one now reads in the soldiers' diaries and mothers' memoirs the fearful religious at- mosphere pervading camp ground and castle in all this beautiful land, he wonders how Southern men ever mus- tered sufficient morale to move into battle. It is the most wonderful thing in all this war that valiant men came out of such impenetrable gloom. God may have forgiven these deadening "white vested Colonels of the Cross :" He may not.
The parents of many Williamsburg sons who went to war made the captains of the companies in which their sons enlisted promise that they would stay with these companies until the war ended. It was no little thing in a mother to turn over her favorite nor a father his first born to the god of war. These parents had confi- dence in these captains and these captains fulfilled their mission. So when the Tenth South Carolina Regiment in 1861 found it necessary to elect a major, all of the captains of the regiment declined the promotion, choosing to remain with their companies, and recommended that Lieutenant A. J. Shaw be made major, which was done.
There were more of Williamsburg's men in the Tenth Regiment of Infantry than in any other Confederate organization. There were three Williamsburg companies in it, and many Williamsburg men in other companies. Colonel A. M. Manigault, of Charleston, commanded the Regiment at the beginning, but these officers of the field and staff were from Wiliamsburg: Lieutenant Colonel James F. Pressley, Major A. J. Shaw, quartermaster, and Captain T. N. Britton, commissary.
The Tenth Infantry from July 23, 1861, to the end of the year, was stationed at Camp Marion, just below White's Bridge, two miles west of Georgetown. Here General
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Marion had a camp during the War of the Revolution, and on this ground Colonel Horry whipped the Tories and the brave young Marion, the General's nephew, fell. While here, the Tenth was drilled and disciplined for war. Besides the officers, Lieutenants W. B. McKee, L. B. Stark, M. S. Elliott, J. L. Taylor, J. C. Neill, and A. Doty, of the Citadel, assisted as drill masters and helped instruct the men in the art of war. Surgeon T. S. Heming- way, of Wiliamsburg, a recent graduate of the Citadel, was instructor in the management of big guns and heavy field artillery.
A newspaper correspondent thus wrote from the camp: "The Tenth Regiment is fortunate in having Colonel Mani- gault to command it. Firm and resolute, he is at the same time kind and gentle. On the field his voice rings like a trumpet. He is a most courteous gentleman and genial companion. He bore himself with distinguished gallantry through the Mexican campaign and is the very man to lead the brave boys of the Tenth to victory.
"Lieutenant Colonel Pressley and Major Shaw are ac- complished officers, Pressley a graduate of our Citadel and Shaw a soldier by constitutional inclination. Com- missary, Captain Britton, has a difficult position which he fills most acceptably. The soldiers attend religious services, seeming to esteem it a pleasure and not a task to worship God. In the evenings, the encampment rings with sacred songs."
No military event occurred in Virginia in 1861 after the battle of Manassas in which South Carolina troops were engaged. About November 1, 1861, the Union forces took Port Royal from the Confederates. Williamsburg was there in Company G, Fifteenth Infantry, Captain J. B. Chandler. In the battle at Hilton Head, Andrew J. Eaddy, H. H. Kinder, and Henry Bowden, of Williams- burg, were seriously wounded and incapacitated for fur- ther military service.
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From this time, the Union forces began closing in on the coast of South Carolina and keeping up continuous warfare. The defeat of the Confederate forces at Port Royal brought great grief to South Carolina and the blockade of the entire coast made war very real to all the people of the State. Williamsburg spent a serious Christmas 1861.
COL. JAMES MCCUTCHEN, C. S. A.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1862.
The first months of the year 1862 Williamsburg actually organized its military forces and disciplined its civilian population for the grim business of war. On February 1, 1862, the following companies from Williamsburg were in training camps: I. Company G, Fifteenth Infantry, Captain James McCutchen, enlisted for the period of the war; 2. Wee Nee Volunteers, Captain J. G. Pressley, in Colonel Hagood's First South Carolina Infantry, for one year from April 12, 1861; 3. Company E, Tenth Infantry, Captain J. F. Carraway, for twelve months from
July 19, 1861; 4. Company H, Tenth Infantry, Captain J. R. Nettles, for twelve months from July 19, 1861; 5. Captain John Watson and his cavalry company in the Pee Dee Legion, for twelve months from January 1, 1862; 6. Captain S. D. M. Byrd and his company in Major Manigault's Battalion; 7. Captain William B. Gordon and his company known as the Ripley Guards stationed at the Santee Bridge doing local duty and enlisted for twelve months; S. The Wee Nee Riflemen under Captain Samuel W. Maurice, Third Regiment, at Camp Harlee, Georgetown. There were in these companies about eight hundred men. There were then in companies formed in the surrounding districts more than three hundred men from Williamsburg. Of these eleven hundred men from Williamsburg then under arms, the one hundred men in Captain James McCutchen's company were the only ones from this district who had enlisted for the duration of the war.
The Wee Nee Volunteers commanded by Captain John G. Pressley became Company C of the Twenty-Fifth Regi- ment under Colonel Charles H. Simonton. Captain Press- ley was then elected Lieutenant Colonel of this Regiment
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and commanded it in nearly all of its battle service. Col- onel Simonton was commanding a brigade or on detached service in the Judge Advocate's Department for the greater part of the War. Captain Thomas J. China suc- ceeded Captain Pressley in command of the Wee Nee Volunteers, and later, after Captain China had been killed, Captain Calhoun Logan commanded it.
James F. Pressley organized Company E, Tenth In- fantry, but when the Tenth Infantry was formed, Captain Pressley was elected Lieutenant Colonel of this Regiment and Captain James F. Carraway succeeded him in com- mand of the Company. When this Tenth Infantry com- manded by Colonel A. M. Manigault was organized for the duration of the War, Captain Carraway of Company E resigned and Captain T. N. Miller succeeded him. Cap- tain Miller died at Tupelo, Mississippi, in 1862, and Cap- tain G. P. Anderson succeeded him. This Regiment in 1862 had in it for the duration of the War also from Williamsburg Captain J. R. Nettles' Company H. When Captain Watson's Company, Williamsburg Light Dra- goons, became Company I, Fourth Cavalry, it was under the command of Captain S. J. Snowden. This year Cap- tain Byrd was promoted, becoming Major of Byrd's Bat- talion in the Twenty-Sixth Regiment of Infantry. Cap- tain C. S. Land succeeded him in command of the Com- pany.
"In September of this year, there was a great demand for soldiers to defend our seacoast and companies com- posed of old men and broken down Confederate soldiers residing in our Congressional District were called into service. After two months at Fort Finger on the Pee Dee River, Colonel E. B. C. Cash's Regiment was ordered to report at Georgetown and thither we went. At an election for officers for the Williamsburg and George- town Company, the following men were chosen: S. D. McGill, captain; A. F. Gardner, first lieutenant; W. G.
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Cantley, second lieutenant; W. J. Grayson, third lieu- tenant.
"Williamsburg was assigned as a guard around the colors of the regiment obtained by Major J. B. Chandler, a native of and interested in our County. At the organi- zation of Company D, the following non-commissioned officers were appointed by its captain: W. D. Fulton, first sergeant; W. J. Lee, second sergeant; S. J. Strong, third sergeant; Jesse Carter, fourth sergeant; T. S. Stuart, fifth sergeant; J. M. Gordon, first corporal ; R. F. Scott, second corporal; E. H. McConnell, third corporal ; W. J. Stone, fourth corporal. The latter being quickly detailed in blacksmith shop, J. D. Harper was appointed in his place.
"At first, there were one hundred twenty-six men on roll, but a few were detailed from the company, as their ser- vices were required in other duties, occasioning a change among the non-commissioned officers. When the com- pany was disbanded in February, 1863, at Kingstree, there were one hundred three men on duty and there they were paid off by the Captain for their services under him, in- cluding their commutation money, amounting to $6,935.41 in the aggregate.
"These have been preserved and below is the list of members of Company D, Second Regiment of Reserves : S. D. McGill, Jesse Carter, R. S. Tisdale, A. F. Gardner, T. S. Stuart, J. D. Harper, S. A. Scott, E. Baxley, D. Baker, W. Burrows, S. Cribb, L. Cribb, I. Coker, A. Car- raway, L. J. Dennis, P. O. Eaddy, W. D. Fulton, J. Hath- away, J. G. Hanna, A. M. Jayroe, I. D. Byrd, W. H. Brown, I. R. Bradshaw, J. R. Crosby, I. Cribb, S. Cooper, W. J. Cameron, A. DuBose, R. I. Eaddy, R. W. Fulton, I. D. Ham, C. Hanna, J. H. Johnson, P. P. June, B. Lambert, S. R. Mitchum, W. G. Cantley, R. F. Scott, E. G. Cantley (Harper's substitute) ; W. J. Grayson, E. H. McConnell, J. Bradshaw, W. Altman, L. Brown,
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I. M. Buckles, R. R. Blakely, C. Cribb, A. Cribb, W. M. Campbell, Z. T. Ham, W. Epps, G. Freeman, R. Gam- ble, J. E. Howard, J. F. Hanna, W. J. Baxley, I. K. Bar- field, R. W. Burns, B. G. Blake, T. Cribb, John Cribb, S. Coltrain, W. B. Davis, D. Epps, I. W. Forbes, N. Graham, T. J. Hughes, S. D. Hanna, W. Jefferson, B. Kirby, J. C. Lesesne, E. J. C. Matthews, A. M. Matthews, W. A. Myers, Tim Prosser, J. E. Richburg, E. E. Stone, T. S. Thompson, R. Cribb, H. Lambert, W. J. J. Lifrage, John Matthews, D. McClam, L. E. Powell, R. Rodgers, Thomas Stone, R. G. Thompson, W. McClam, Isaac Pos- ton, D. R. Russ, B. F. Singletary, W. G. Thompson, W. J. Wilder, W. P. Kennedy, A. J. Lambert, R. J. Morris, J. T. McCants, R. Pipkins, E. Pope, J. W. Scott, W. J. Stone, R. Williams, B. F. Westbury." (McGill's Remi- niscences of Williamsburg.)
The second man from Williamsburg killed in the War was Benjamin Faneuil Scott, Sergeant of Company K, Sixth Infantry. He rushed on the field at Williamsburg, Virginia, on May 5, 1862, received from the first volley a wound in his thigh, was taken by the enemy sweeping the field and died in their hands. His cousin, Alonzo W. Flagler, saw him fall, but could give no further in- formation of him. He was the eldest son of John Ervin and Mary Gordon Scott. His mother hoped as long as she lived that he might return.
On the Chickahominy River at Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Gaines Mill, Savage Station, and at Malvern Hill, the fol- lowing were killed : R. M. Footman, J. J. Gamble, A. M. Gamble, W. S. McFaddin, G. S. Croft, F. F. Parsons. These were wounded : J. S. Mccullough, H. C. Floyd, J. H. Ful- more, W. S. Allen, R. M. Barron, D. Keels, J. A. McCrea, J. T. Elwell, A. F. Elwell, J. M. Gardner, John Green and S. B. Gordon.
At Second Manassas, these were killed: W. J. Mat- thews, R. Franklin Cox; wounded, W. J. Ferrell, G. S.
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B. Huggins, and G. G. McElveen. Killed at Boonsboro, September 14, 1862: S. T. Chandler, John Hudson, William McCallister, J. McDonald, and George W. Spring. Killed at Maryland Heights, Lieutenant W. E. Keels. Wounded at Maryland Heights, Washington Venters. Wounded at Fort Sumter, November 2, 1862, E. Johnson. Wounded at Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862: G. S. Eaddy, H. D. Gamble, Lieutenant G. W. Bar- ron, W. L. Graham, J. M. Graham, John Thompson, W. J. Wilson, Captain James McCutchen, and W. S. Eaddy. At Sharpsburg, September 17, 1862, were killed: W. W. Cunningham, Hugh Johnson, and Daniel Conyers Ne- smith ; wounded, Alonzo W. Flagler. Wounded at Cor- inth, May 26, 1862, William G. Gamble, W. J. Britton.
At Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862, killed: C. W. Cockfield, J. H. Cockfield, S. F. R. Godwin, T. J. Harrison, Reuben W. Kirby, Thomas Jordan, James M. Matthews, G. W. Matthews, James McMulken, W. J. Munn, Captain J. R. Nettles, Joseph B. Russ, R. Turbeville, and T. E. Wil- liamson; wounded: W. J. Clarkson, John L. Nesmith, Francis L. McCants, C. B. Goude, Thomas Hathaway, W. J. Pipkin, Hampton Lee, John McKnight, Alexander Par- ker, G. W. Huggins, N. Gray, D. E. Coward, C. W. Daniels, G. R. Matthews, W. P. Scott, H. W. Blakely, and Benja- min Beatty.
Death may be a beautiful thing when a young man rejoicing in his strength rushes out to meet a valiant enemy and falls in the forefront of the battle line. There it is swift death or sweet victory, but where a young man wastes away with some loathsome disease in some pesti- lential hospital, when his strong comrades are outside responding to the clear call to fame, and the bugle notes with failing strength fall on his ears-this is death with all its sting.
From Williamsburg there had died of disease in 1861 the following: John B. Abrams, Washington Carraway,
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J. W. Coker, B. F. Ferrell, L. W. Fenters, T. B. Fleming, E. A. Flowers, J. B. Flowers, Thomas M. Fulton, T. J. Gaskins, J. F. Gurgames, J. W. Hanna, John Haselden, George Jones, Henry Long, J. J. Matthews, R. W. J. McIntosh, Thomas Port, J. F. Welch, J. J. Whitehead.
The following died of disease from Williamsburg in 1862: D. W. Baxley, H. C. Baxley, J. W. Baxley, Thomas Boon, J. F. Bridgman, B. F. Britton, J. S. Brockinton, Lieutenant S. B. Brown, W. P. Budden, S. B. Burkett, E. E. Cain, S. T. Chandler, A. B. Carter, G. W. Carter, John H. Carter, J. W. Cook, S. Dye, J. C. Fenters, J. J. Fenters, D. F. Fenters, Andrew P. Flagler, L. B. Floyd, William B. Ferdon, J. B. Freeman, J. B. Godwin, L. Haines, W. B. Hardick, F. M. Howard, C. Houston, L. Jones, Amos Jones, Louis Jones, T. Jordan, C. W. Lee, W. C. Lee, P. D. Lee, John Marshall, J. C. P. Martin, W. S. McConnell, Robert McKnight, T. M. Miller, J. F. More- ton, T. N. Moreton, William B. Nesmith, W. J. Pipkin, Lieutenant E. B. Scott, E. M. Scurry, W. S. Wallace, Benjamin Ward, and William Wilson.
The Wee Nee Volunteers were stationed at Camp Glover on James Island and participated in the battle of Seces- sionville on June 16, 1862. This Company left James Island on December 14, 1862 and were transported by railroad to Wilmington, North Carolina. From Wilming- ton the Company was ordered to Kinston. On reaching Magnolia it was ordered to return to Wilmington, where it remained in barracks until December 31, on which day it left for Charleston, South Carolina, and was again stationed at Camp Glover. The officers of the Company at this time were Captain Thomas J. China, First Lieuten- ant Calhoun Logan, Second Lieutenant Henry Montgom- ery, Jr., Third Lieutenant B. P. Brockinton. Captain China was sick from July 13 until the end of the year, during which time the Company was commanded by Lieutenant Logan. The inspecting officer on James Island reported
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on the Company as follows : discipline, good; instruction, very good; military appearance, very fine; arms, good with exception of a few; accoutrements, good; clothing, very good.
The Tenth Infantry commanded by Colonel A. M. Mani- gault left South Island on March 31, 1862, for the West, where it was brigaded with three Alabama regiments and commanded by Brigadier General Trapier until December 1, 1862, when Colonel Manigault succeeded him. This Regiment had three Williamsburg companies in it and the other companies of the organization contained many Williamsburg men. On May 2 this Regiment formed the advance guard of Beauregard's army and checked the enemy at what was the first battle of Corinth. In August, General Beauregard was sent to Charleston and General Bragg commanded the Confederate forces in the vicinity of Chattanooga. The Tenth Regiment formed the advance guard of General Bragg's army at Munfordville and Perry- ville. After Perryville, Bragg returned to Knoxville to rest and recuperate his army. Then he recrossed the mountains and was attacked by General Rosecrans at Murfreesboro, or Stone's River, on December 31, 1862. In this battle the Tenth Regiment showed great valor and a large number of its men were killed or wounded. As a mark of especial distinction, this Regiment was allowed to retain the guns that it had captured and to have the names of the men of the Regiment who fell inscribed on them.
However much the Tenth Infantry suffered from battle during 1862, its losses from disease far exceeded its killed and wounded. It is difficult for one to understand the losses from disease that occurred during the summer and fall. Enterogastritis seems to have afflicted nearly all of the men and the physicians alternately prescribed blue mass and opium pills which had but little control of the condition. The men ate whatever they fancied and drank
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the first water they found. Thirty-five years later this country was considered as polluted with malignant dis- ease germs when so many of the soldiers stationed at Chickamauga during the Spanish American War died of the same kind of diseases that had taken off so many of the Confederates.
William J. Clarkson, who was a merchant near Lenud's Ferry, enlisted in Captain Weston's Company of the Tenth Regiment when it was organized on July 19, 1861. Mr. Clarkson was the great grandson of Colonel William Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- dence and a representative in the first Congress under the United States Constitution. Colonel William Floyd was the great grandson of Richard Floyd and his wife, Sus- annah, who in 1650 came from Brecknockshire in Wales to Massachusetts and afterwards settled on Long Island. Thus, it will be seen that William J. Clarkson, of the Tenth Regiment, had a long line of worthy American blood. He was educated and may be regarded as one of the highest type of private soldiers in the Confederate Army. Mr. Clarkson kept a diary from the time he left South Island with the Tenth Regiment on March 31, 1862 until he was severely wounded in the head and tempo- rarily deprived of his sight at Murfreesboro on Decem- ber 31, 1862. This diary is a remarkable piece of work. From it one may see something of the soul of the soldier of the Tenth Regiment during that period. These quotations are taken from this diary.
"March 31, 1862. Up very early-got breakfast-struck tents-then left for Mount Pleasant. Marched fifteen miles-this is a pretty place to camp-saw some pretty young ladies-two or three visited our camp that night.
"April 6, 1862. Went to Catholic Church this morning -the afternoon to the Methodist Episcopal Church-had inspection. The Colonel spoke to the Regiment in regard to some of its late conduct.
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