USA > South Dakota > History of southeastern Dakota, its settlement and growth, geological and physical features--countries, cities, towns and villages--incidents of pioneer life--biographical sketches of the pioneers and business men, with a brief outline history of the territory in general > Part 21
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The Baptist Society has not as yet effected a permanent organ- ization. They expect to build an edifice in the spring of 1882. Services are held in the school house, under the ministrations of Rev. Mr. Coffman.
An Agricultural Society was organized in Davison County, in 1880. Grounds have been purchased containing a half-mile track. As yet no regular annual meeting of the Society has been held.
220
HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN DAKOTA.
Resurgam Lodge, U. D .. A. F. & A. M. Organized in July, 1881, under dispensation from the Grand Master. Charter Members :-- W. L. Warren, A. E. Hitchcock, F. Andros, Charles St. John, J. T. Bradley, Freeman Shultis, John Beattie, Mr. Knowles, Dr. Tremain, Mr. Rightson, George Clark, Mr. Blakely, Thomas Ors- well. First and present officers: W. L. Warren, W. M .; A. E. Hitchcock, S. W .: F. Andros, J. W .; Mr. Knowles, Secretary; Thomas Orswell, Treasurer. The membership is about twenty. Meetings are held in Odd Fellows' Hall.
Chauka Lodge No. 21, I. O. O. F., was instituted April 26, 1880. Charter members and first officers: J. M. Adams, N. G .; A. S. Cur- tis, V. G .; T. W. D. Orswell, Secretary; G. H. Rathman, Treas- urer; H. C. Green, A. W. Odell. H. Schwartz. Present officers: A. W. Odell, N. G .: A. S. Waterhouse, V. G .; T. E. Moses, P. S .; J. L. Bowman, R. S .; Dr. H. Halfhide, Treasurer.
Mitchell Star Lodge No. 18, I. O. G. T., was instituted in July, 1881. Charter members: E. S. Johnson, George Chatfield, Guy Wellman, George A. Clark, F. E. Moses, Mrs. G. Wellman, Mrs L. W. Adams, Miss Carrie Johnson, and others. At present the Lodge has no regular place of meeting. First officers: E. E. John- son, W. C .; Mrs. G. Wellman, V. C .: F. E. Moses. R. S .; G. A. Clark, Lodge Deputy. Present officers: E. S. Johnson, W. C .;. Miss Kittie Blaine. V. C .; James Williams, Secretary ; Carrie John- son, Treasurer. The Lodge now has about thirty members.
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY.
President-A. J. La Barre.
Councilmen-J. J. Devy, James Foster, P. T. McGovern, J. L. Davenport. Clerk-C. W. Taylor. Assessor-Harry Green, Treasurer-F. E. Moses. Marshal-G. A. Clark.
BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
Attorneys .- Mizener and Hager, Faust and Waterhouse, H. C. Preston, Johnson Brothers, G. E. Schwindt, W. L. Warren, W. Abbey. Kershaw, Flagg and Doolittle, Foster and Hitchcock, Windsor and Metcalf.
Blacksmithing- - Mills and Gillingham, Curtis and Lott. Banks -- Mitchell Exchange, Bank of Mitchell.
Barbers -- J. L. Cotton, George Smith.
Brick Yard-P. T. Kenyard.
Carpenters-H. H. Calhoun, Jacob Wright, La Barre Brothers.
Clothing-Fosdick, Tillottson and Company.
Coal und Lumber-Oshkosh Lumber Company, F. E. Moses.
Dentists-Dr. J. L. Roberts. Dr. George B. Dix.
221
HUTCHINSON COUNTY.
Druggists-Hammer and Hammer, L. O. Gale.
Furniture -- M. F. Dunham.
General Merchandise -- William Van Eps, P. T. McGovern, Weil Brothers. Grocers-Knowles and Pittwood, M. Farron and Company, Henry Koch, J. M. Adams.
Grain and Feed Stores-Letcher and Farrow, P. Hartman, Applegate and Wilson.
Hardware-Moore and Company, L. W. Adams, O. R. Betts.
Harness-E. Wedchase.
Hotels-Alex. Mitchell, J. L. Davenport, Sanborn House, Dakota House, Gleeson House, Milwaukee House, Bradley House.
Lirery -- Walworth and Morrow, Darling and Vanalstine, Silas Steward.
Land Agents-Distad and Devy, Windsor and Metcalf, Mizener and Hager, Washburn and Currey, Davenport and Beckett, Johnson Brothers, Warren and Schwindt, Foster and Hitchcock, L. O. Gale, J. J. Devy, J. C. Tatman.
Meat Markets-Rowley and Indra. Applegate and Wilson, Jacob Frantz.
Millinery-Miss Matie Williams, Mrs. Silas Steward, Lillie M. Almy.
Newspapers-Mitchell Republican, Rec Stanberry as Editor and Proprietor; Mitchell Capital, S. W. Rathbun as Editor and Proprietor.
Physicians-W. E. Crane, F. Andros, J. C. Tatman, W. W. Nutting, M. Halfhide.
Postmaster-J. W. Walsh; G. B. Walker, assistant.
Painters-C. W. Smith, Martin and Adams.
Stationery -- Walker and Walsh.
Saloons-R. C. Wills & Co., J. H. Green, Ole Arneson, John H. Sullivan, Wooden Drake.
Shoemaking-S. P. Leslie.
HUTCHINSON COUNTY.
Hutchinson County was one of the several counties which was organized by the first Legislative Assembly. It lies in the Da- kota or James River Valley, the first county north of Yankton. Its surface is gently rolling prairie land. The soil of this county is similar to that of all the counties lying in the valley, and is a deep, dark loam. It is well supplied with small lakes and creeks which emp- ty into the James River, which runs through the county. There are a number of good water powers on the James River. in this county. Olivet, the County Seat, is located upon the banks of the river, where there is excellent water-power. Providence, Milltown, Martell, Wolf Center, Freeman, Oak Hollow, Wittenberg, Meno, Friedenhal, Maxwell and Sharon, are other settlements in this county.
222
HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN DAKOTA.
YANKTON COUNTY.
A history of Yankton and Yankton County is necessarily very largely a history of Dakota-particularly of Southeastern Dakota -for Yankton has so long been the "hub" around which Territorial affairs have revolved, that it is impossible to think of this pioneer settlement in a limited way. Yankton County was organized by act of the Legislative Assembly in 1862. The first meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was held June 2d, of that year. As a matter of historical importance, and for con- venience of reference, we append at the outset the following list of
COUNTY OFFICERS
of Yankton County, from the date of its org anization to the present time:
FIRST OFFICERS.
Justus Townsend, Henry Bradley, Otis B. Wheeler, Commissioners.
William Bordeno, Register of Deeds.
J. R. Hanson, Probate Judge.
There is no record of any other officers for that year. The above, however, were sufficient for all the demands of public business at that early day. Of these first officers, two. Justus Townsend and Otis B. Wheeler, have left the Territory; William Bordeno died in Yankton in 1876, and J. R. Hanson and Henry Bradley are still residents of Yankton.
1863 To 1865.
Otis B. Wheeler. N. W. Berge, D. C. Higley, Commissioners.
William Miner, Register of Deeds.
Charles F. Rossteuscher, Sheriff. James M. Stone, Probate Judge.
Samuel Grant, J. S. Presho, Justices of the Peace.
Geo. N. Propper. County Attorney.
James M. Stone, County Surveyor.
James E. Witherspoon, Coroner.
A. D. Fisher, J. B. Greenway, Constables.
In 1863 no general county ticket was chosen. Charles F. Picotte and Ole Sampson were elected to fill vacancies in the Board of Com- missioners, created by the removal from the Territory of Otis B. Wheeler and D. C. Higley.
1865 TO 1867.
Charles F. Picotte, W. E. Root, Ole Sampson, Commissioners.
C. A. Rossteuscher, Register of Deeds.
*Franklin Bronson, Sheriff.
Henry Brooks, Probate Judge and ex-oficio County Treasurer. Geo. N. Propper, County Surveyor.
223
YANKTON COUNTY.
*Appointed by the Board, January 5th, 1865, to fill the vacancy created by the failure to qualify of W. H. Werdebaugh, Sheriff elect. Mr. Bronson resigned June 5th, 1865, and S. C. ,Fargo was appointed to fill the vacancy.
The records show that in 1865, C. F. Picotte, B. M. Smith and W. E. Root were County Commissioners; Wm. Bordeno, Sheriff, J. S. Foster, Coroner, and Henry Brooks, Treasurer.
1867 TO 1869.
B. M. Smith, Felix LeBlanc, H. C. Ash, Commissioners.
J. S. Foster, Register of Deeds.
Charles Van Eps, Sheriff.
A. G. Fuller, Probate Judge and ex-officio County Treasurer.
James A. Hand. County Attorney.
M. K. Armstrong, County Surveyor.
A. G. Fuller, Superintendent of Public Schools.
J. W. Evans, Coroner. John Stange, Justice of the Peace.
Henry Fisher, William Van Osdel, Constables.
In 1868, Bly Wood, G. W. Kingsbury and Warren Osborne were County Commissioners, and M. Fisher, Probate Judge and ex-officio County Treasurer. Mr. Fisher died during his term of office, and T. W. Brisbine was appointed to the position.
1869 TO 1871.
Geo. W. Kingsbury, Warren Osborne, Milton Morey, Commissioners.
Geo. Black, Sheriff.
J. S. Foster, Register of Dee Is.
T. W. Brisbine, Probate Judge and ex-oficio County Treasurer.
M. Hoyt, Superintendent of Schools.
G. C. Moody, County Attorney.
Richard Dawson, Coroner.
In 1870, Joel A. Potter was elected a County Commissioner in place of Geo. W. Kingsbury, whose term expired, but he failed to qualify. and Newton Edmunds was appointed in his place. The Commissioners for that year were Chas. Eiseman, Clark West and Newton Edmunds.
In the official roster of that year the names of David De Vol and Richard Dawson appear as Coroners.
1871 ro 1873.
Chas. Eiseman, Clark West, S. D. Presba, * Commissioners.
Erick Iverson, Register of Deeds.
Stephen Flick, Probate Judge and ex-officio County Treasurer.
Henry Fisher, Sheriff.
O. B. Orton, County Attorney.
Joseph Ward, Superintendent of Schools.
224
HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN DAKOTA.
R. Dawson, Coroner.
Lewis Oliver, Charles Shepardson, Justices of the Peace.
L. Lawrence, T. Welby, Constables.
*Resigned January, 10th, 1871, and Newton Edmunds was ap- pointed to fill the vacancy.
The Sheriff, Henry Fisher, died during his term of office, and L. W. Case was appointed by the Commissioners to fill the unexpired term.
At the election in the fall of 1871, J. J. Thompson was elected Commissioner in place of Clark West, and Geo. B. Hoffman in the place of Newton Edmunds, and the Board for the succeeding year was Eiseman, Thompson and Hoffman.
1873 TO 1875.
Charles Eiseman, John J. Thompson, Geo. B. Hoffman, Commissioners.
Erick Iverson, Register of Deeds.
Stephen Flick, Probate Judge and ex-officio County Treasurer.
L. W. Case, Sheriff.
P. K. Faulk, County Attorney.
WV. B. Valentine, Assessor.
Joseph Ward, Superintendent of Schools.
J. W. Wheeler, Coroner.
C. C. P. Meyer, Surveyor.
- In 1873, J. A. Potter was elected Commissioner in place of G. B. Hoffman, and the following were elected to fill vacancies: Asses- sor, J. H. Haskell; Superintendent of Schools, F. M. Ziebach; Cor- oner, W. F. Eldridge; Justices of the Peace, E. T. White, C. S. West. J. L. Foskett. F. M. Ziebach did not qualify as Superin- tendent of Schools, and W. F. Eldridge was appointed to fill the va- cancy. S. A. Bentley, Joseph Chladek, Justices of the Peace.
1875 то 1877.
Charles Eiseman, J. A. Potter, Daniel Wilcox, Commissioners.
Erick Iverson, Register of Deeds.
F. Schnauber, Probate Judge and ex-officio County Treasurer.
M. A. Baker, Sheriff.
J. R. Gamble, County Attorney.
Nathan Ford, Superintendent of Schools.
D. F. Etter. Coroner.
M. T. Wooley, County Surveyor.
T. W. Brisbine, J. A. Hand, Peter Huber. E. C. Walton, Justices of the Peace.
Theo. Mumme, G. M. Tarbox, M. Hoffrichter, P. C. Conway, Constables. 1877 To 1879.
W. B. Valentine, M. P. Ohhman, Daniel Wilcox, Commissioners. Ephriam Miner, Register of Deeds.
225
YANKTON COUNTY.
Fred Schnauber, Treasurer.
P. K. Fanlk, County Attorney.
Herman Ellerman, Assessor.
M. A. Baker, Sheriff.
James A. Hand, Probate Judge.
Joseph Peir, G. W. Roberts, E. T. White, H. Raynor, Justices of the Peace. T. Mumme, A. L. Ilinman, A. Wood, E. R. Holland, Constables.
1879 TO 1881.
Ole Sampson, W. B. Valentine, William Blatt, Commissioners.
E. Miner, Register of Deeds.
F. Schnauber, County Treasurer.
M. A. Baker, Sherrff.
Herman Ellerman, Assessor.
L. Congleton, Probate Judge.
D. F. Etter, Coroner.
G. W. Roberts, E. T. White, Andrew Stranne, S. W. Howe, Justices of the Peace.
James A. Hardin, Gus. Swanson, Peter Franz, T. Gunderson, Commissioners PRESENT OFFICERS.
Ole Sampson, E. E. Hudson, W. B. Valentine, Commissioners.
Peter Royem, Register of Deeds.
Joseph Peir, Treasurer.
M. A. Baker, Sheriff.
John Aaseth, Assessor.
L. Congleton, Probate Judge.
E. D. Palmer, Surveyor.
T. S. Dixon, Superintendent of Schools.
G. W. Roberts, L. Fletcher, Justices of the Peace.
Yankton County is one of the southern tier, and is bounded on the north by Hutchinson and Turner, on the east by Clay and Turner, on the south by Nebraska, from which it is separated by the Missouri River, and on the west by Bon Homme. It extends twenty-four miles east and west, and about the same distance north and south. Its general features are the same as the other counties bordering on the Missouri River. It has a strip of bot- tom lands extending along the river. varying in width from a few rods to several miles, the remainder being rolling prairie. well adapted to pasturage or tillage.
The soil is a rich sandy loam, very fertile, and produces well any kind of grain or vegetables, usually grown in this latitude.
The climate is healthful and pleasant, the winters being gener- ally not so long as in the same latitude in New England, and usu- ally quite mild until near January, about which time occasionally severe storms occur, and which last for a few days only, succeeded
226
HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN DAKOTA.
by several weeks of fair weather. The springs generally commence early in March, the Missouri River breaking up soon after the middle of this month, and by the first of April, farmers have gen- erally finished sowing their wheat and oats. The summer weather is not hot and sultry, owing to the pleasant breezes which invari- ably spring up in prairie countries, some time in the forenoon and continue through the day. The evenings are generally cool and pleasant. The rainy season of Dakota usually comes in the month of June, but showers are frequent during the spring and summer. It is a fixed fact however, that there is much less cloudy weather at Yankton, than in Central New York. The climate is usually healthy, fevers and lung diseases not being frequent among those who have long breathed the pure air of Dakota.
The greatest portion of the timber of Yankton County is to be founa along the Missouri River, in the southern part of the county, but considerable timber is also to be found in ravines, running out from the Missouri and James Rivers.
The Missouri River washes the entire southern boundary, while the James River runs diagonally across the county from northwest to southeast. The James River has numerous creeks emptying into it, the most important of which is Beaver Creek, six miles north of Yankton. Springs are common along the bluffs, which border on the bottom lands along the rivers, many of which are the sources of streams of considerable size. Good wells of excel- lent water are generally easily found on the bottoms, by digging from ten to twenty feet, and on the uplands, from fifteen to thirty feet. Plenty of stone for building purposes can be found on the table lands. Wells are from thirty to fifty feet deep in the city of Yankton. The building stone of Yankton is one of its peculiar features. It is a species of soft lime-stone, called "chalk-stone," because, when first quarried, it is as soft as chalk, and can be used for marking, like chalk. It can be readily sawed into shape for building, or hewn with an ax. When exposed to the weather, it becomes harder, and makes a perfectly solid wall, much cheaper than brick; and when properly put up and ornamented, makes a beautiful house, resembling granite. This stone is found in inex- haustible quantities within half a mile of the city of Yankton. A large grist mill and several elegant residences have been constructed of this material.
227
YANKTON
YANKTON.
Much that might be here written, concerning Yankton, the Cap- ital of Dakota, and the County Seat of Yankton County, has already been consigned to the tender mercies of the infallible com- positor, and appears in preceding portions of this work. When Yankton became the Capital, and under what circumstances, are elsewhere shown, as also, necessarily, in the development of the series of facts. which have gone to make up the settlement of Southeastern Dakota, many other circumstances attending the early period of Yankton's being and surroundings.
Yankton had its inception in a steamboat landing and a small trading-house, in 1857. The first real settlement began in 1859, as soon as the Indians were removed. George D. Fiske. Francis Chappel, Enos Stutsman, D. T. Bramble and Gen. Todd were among the first white occupants of the site of Yankton. Mrs. H. C. Ash was the first white woman who came to Yankton to reside. Mr. Ash was proprietor of the first hotel in Yankton.
The city is located in township 93, ranges 55 and 56, and con- tains in the neighborhood of 5,000 inhabitants. It is in reality- what is often said of less favored localities, merely, perhaps, because it has a pleasant ring-"beautifully situated" on the north bank of the Missouri River, in the midst of a prairie country, on a level plateau above the bottom lands, and out of floods, yet surrounded by gently sloping hills. The location surpasses any on the river; its environment is enviable; around it on three sides are fertile upland prairies of the county to which it gives its name, while southward, across the river in Nebraska, stretches the broad valley of the Missouri, heavily timbered, and back of this again. the roll- ing prairie of Cedar County. which is tributary to Yankton.
About 1.200 acres of land have been platted and recorded. The streets, running east and west, are 80 feet wide, those running north and south are broad avenues of 100 and 130 feet. Third, Capitol and Broadway streets are devoted largely to business, and two and three story brick buildings predominate.
For eight years Yankton. although the Capital of the Territory, did not thrive rapidly. The frontier was kept in a constant state of excitement in consequence of the Indian wars. Dakota was also suffering from the effects of a severe drouth, which lasted several months and discouraged many of the settlers. But the cloud that
22S
HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN DAKOTA.
had hung over the Northwest for a number of years, at length passed away, and the sunlight of prosperity shone upon Dakota, and her Capital City began to improve.
The town, therefore, may not be said to have actually begun its growth until as late as 1865. It has, within the past fifteen or six- teen years, attained a position of commanding influence in the Northwest, while its relation to the Upper Missouri trade, to pre- sent and future railway traffic, the agricultural and chief commer- cial and material interests of the Territory, give it great prospect- ive importance. Yankton cannot fail to become an important railroad center. Its location and surroundings are. in themselves, a permanent fortune.
In September, 1862, the Sioux Indian war, entailing the gravest alarm, and retarding the settlement of the entire Southeastern Da- kota, Yankton became a place of refuge for the frightened pioneers and their families. The publication of the paper at Yankton was suspended. A stockade was constructed around the printing office, where Broadway now intersects Third Street, and F. M. Ziebach, of the Dakotaian, was made Commander in Chief of all the armies of " Fort Yankton," while G. W. Kingsbury, his partner, served as an humble private in the ranks. Sixty Yanktonians constitut- ed the guard for three or four weeks, and the Indians gave them a wide berth. In course of time the Indians became settled on the reservations, and desisted from meddling with the progress of events. Old troubles were forgotten, and settlers began to take up the rich lands adjoining Yankton. Up to 1875. the settlements were mainly confined to the southeast and north west corners of the Territory, and probably fifty thousand people came into Dakota. The Black Hills excitement brought thousands and advertised the Territory. About this time the large wheat farms of the North- ern Pacific belt began to attract universal attention, and there was a steady flow of immigration to the northeast, southeast and south- west. The valleys of the Red, Big Sioux, Vermillion and James Rivers, were the favorite resorts, together with the pine-clad hills of the mineral regions.
In the meantime, Yankton grew apace. Abont the month of June, 1871.
THE DAKOTA SOUTHERN RAILROAD COMPANY
was chartered. The first Board of Directors of this Company, which proved to be the entering wedge which was to open up pos-
229
YANKTON.
sibilities even grander than were dreamed of at the time, was com- posed of the following gentlemen: J. M. Stone, W. W. Brook- ings, J. R. Hanson, N. Edmunds, D. T. Bramble, George Whet- more and W. A. Burleigh. J. M. Stone was the President, J. R. Hanson, Secretary of the Board. In September, 1871, Burleigh, Stone, Brookings and Whetmore visited Chicago for the purpose of conferring with parties representing sufficient capital to carry on the enterprise, and were so successful as to be enabled to enter into a contract with responsible gentlemen for the construction of the road.
At the election in October, 1871, Stone, Brookings, Burleigh, Whetmore, Weston and Bramble were elected Directors; W. W. Brookings was chosen President, Weston, Superintendent, and Hanson, Secretary.
In December, 1872, C. G. Wicker, J. H. Wicker, J. S. Meck- ling, W. W. Brookings, J. M. Stone and J. A. Burbank were elected Directors: C. G. Wicker. President; W. W. Brookings, Vice Presi- dent; J. S. Meckling, Superintendent; J. R. Hanson, Secretary. These last officers continned as such for several years. During 1877 and 1878, W. W. Brookings was Solicitor for the road.
The Sioux City & Pembina Railroad Company was organized in Sioux City. and was consolidated with the Dakota Southern Road in the latter part of 1878, or the first of 1879, under the name of the Sioux City & Dakota Railroad Company. The two roads, thus consolidated, were sold to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- road Company, in 1881.
Judge W. W. Brookings, of Sioux Falls, is still a member of the Board of Directors, and the only one now left in Dakota, having been a Director of the original Company-the Dakota Southern- from its organization to the consolidation with the Sioux City & Pembina, resulting into the absorption of that Road by the Mil- waukee Company-and having served as President, Vice-President, Solicitor and Attorney. The first locomotive that ever entered Dakota was named the " Judge Brookings." It is now the " Brook- ings No. 327" of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Railroad Company. It is but due the veracity of history, to state that the conception of the organization and building of the first railroad in Dakota, was Judge W. W. Brookings', and this was the com- mencement of the Dakota Southern. Judge Brookings also sug- gested the name of the Road, and to the liberality of Yankton
230
HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN DAKOTA.
County is dne the building of the Road, although, in order to get it. J. M. Stone and Judge Brookings had to mortgage all their pri- vate property. Inquiries directed to those best in position to know, develop the fact that to Judge W. W. Brookings, more than to any other one man, Dakota owes the beginning of her railroad sys- tem, which has already grown to so great proportions, and the con- tinuance of whose growth seems limitless. While paying this de- served tribute to one of Dakota's most active and enterprising citi- zens, it affords pleasure to the editor of this work-who is equally well pleased to acknowledge the many obligations under which he rests to the distinguished gentleman, for material facts furnished by him in furtherance of the arduous labor attached to a history of this kind-to append the following pertinent remarks concerning Judge Brookings, by a well known journalist, in the Centennial year:
" Judge W. W. Brookings, one of the dozen first white men who ever came to the Territory for settlement, ex-Associate Justice, Speaker of the House and President of the Territorial Senate, half a dozen times a member of both branches of its Legislature, and always a leading and inspiring man in every movement for the ad- vance of the social, intellectual and material interests of Dakota, is a man to be honored and remembered. Of genial social temper, liberal views, clear and quick perceptions, good judgments, gener- ous impulses and great working power, he has been able to do more for the Territory than any man within its borders. Judge Brook- ings is a man of very generous intellectual culture, passed his col- lege days atold Bowdoin and has not forgotten his Ama Mater. He never forgets anything. He is alike versatile in knowledge and its uses. He is the railroad genius of the Territory, inspired the build- ing of a road to Yankton several years before it would have come of its own volition, and is now its Vice-President. His fertile brain is full of embryo railroads, and it won't be long till some of them are sprung into realities. I like this man for his social ways, his working powers and publie spirit, and shall be glad to know more of him."
The impetus given by railroad enterprise, to the embryo city of Yankton, was destined to last, and its growth, while it has not been of a spasmodic character, has, nevertheless, been in the main entirely satisfactory. Of late, the city has taken unto itself a new and highly gratifying "boom," and it has become more and more
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