USA > Virginia > Rockbridge County > Rockbridge County > A history of Rockbridge County, Virginia > Part 21
Note: The text from this book was generated using artificial intelligence so there may be some errors. The full pages can be found on Archive.org (link on the Part 1 page).
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Part 6 | Part 7 | Part 8 | Part 9 | Part 10 | Part 11 | Part 12 | Part 13 | Part 14 | Part 15 | Part 16 | Part 17 | Part 18 | Part 19 | Part 20 | Part 21 | Part 22 | Part 23 | Part 24 | Part 25 | Part 26 | Part 27 | Part 28 | Part 29 | Part 30 | Part 31 | Part 32 | Part 33 | Part 34 | Part 35 | Part 36 | Part 37 | Part 38 | Part 39 | Part 40 | Part 41 | Part 42 | Part 43 | Part 44 | Part 45 | Part 46 | Part 47 | Part 48 | Part 49 | Part 50 | Part 51 | Part 52 | Part 53 | Part 54 | Part 55 | Part 56 | Part 57 | Part 58 | Part 59 | Part 60 | Part 61 | Part 62
Well up the valley of Irish Creek is what is known as the tin mine. Herc is a deposit of tin ore, which has been traced some distance along the axis of the Blue Ridge. Machinery was put in place some time ago, but shipping facilities proved to be too inconvenient, and the mine has never yet come into practical operation. However, it has lately come under the control of some Boston capitalists. and may be rehabilitated. There are methods of handling the ore which were unknown at the first attempt to exploit the deposits. The lack of this knowledge was a great obstacle to success.
CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE
PRESBYTERIANISM IS ROCKERINE-NEW PROVIDENCE -TIMBER RIDGE-OTHER EARLY METTING HOUSE -THE METHODIST CHURCH-THE BAPTIST CHURCH-THE LESCUPAL CHURCH- RURAL CHURCHES
Ever since the Protestam Reformation took root m Scotland, the Presbyterian has been the national church of that country. The pioneers of Rockbridge were staunch upholders of this faith, and brought its creed with them The first regular Presbyterian sermon in AAugusta was preached in 1738 in the house of John Lewis near Staunton. The minister was James Anderson.
When American independence was declared, the Presbyterians and the sects allied to them in religious belief constituted the strongest religious force in the land. The New England section was overwhelmingly Congregationalist. The Dutch Reformed and the German Reformed churches were conspicuous in the Middle Colonies. Presbyterianism was heavily represented wherever the Ulster man had gone AAll these sects were at one in creed and differed only in methods of church government. It was mainly because of the democratic spirit per- vading this group of churches that the War for Independence was successful The Presbyterian minister was a leader of opinion His church would not ordain a man who could not teach, and from its clergy it exacted a high order of edu- cational attainment.
Before the Revolution, according to the Reverend Sammel Houston, the peo- ple of New Providence kept Sunday with great strictness. Howe adds that the gay amusements of Tuckahoe Virginia were here unknown There was little social intercourse outside of the churchyard. But the influence of camy life during the Revolution was very demoralizing, and the change for the worse thus at in motion was not counteracted by certain of the new families that settled in Rockbridge Yet there were no revivals in the Valley of Virginia until the fall of 1788, and they were not well thought of by the Ulster- Americans However, there was a schism among the Presbyterians in the colonial period The conservative wing was known as the "Old Side." and the progressive as the "New Side," or "New Lights" The Rockbridge congregations allied them- elver with the progressives These differed with the Old Side in approving the outdoor, unconventional, and revivalistic preaching of George Whitefield, who made a tour of the colonies in 1739-11 The breach is said to have been healed in 1758 set something of the rift remained
173
CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE
The perfervid, emotional campmeeting oratory of a century ago some- times caused that nervous derangement in the hearer which was known as the "jerks." Ann Henderson was seized with this manifestation in Timber Ridge meeting house, Sunday, August 4, 1805. Major Samuel Houston told her it would not do to dance during the preaching, and he took her outside. He was assisted by James Decker and resisted by Daniel Lyle. Houston was presented for disturbing public worship, but his course was upheld by the pastor and the congregation generally.
For sixteen years there was no settled minister in Rockbridge. although the immigrants were visited by Alexander McDowell and others. Three ministers, McDowell, Alexander Craighead, and William Dean, acquired land in the Borden grant or on the South River. Craighead lived on the Cowpasture a little below Millboro Springs, and Dean on Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania. In 1746 John Blair effected church organization at New Providence, Timber Ridge, Mon- mouth, and Falling Springs. But for seven years longer there was no resident minister at any of these places.
The log meeting houses at New Providence, Timber Ridge, and Falling Springs were accepted as houses of worship by the court of Augusta, May 20, 1748. And as the order-book informs us that the one at Timber Ridge was in place in February of the same year, it could scarcely have been built later than in the fall of 1747. The statement we have seen that it was built in 1742 is very doubtful. The log Timber Ridge church had high pulpit, split-log seats, and earth floor. The pioneer church in this county was always a log structure. It was usually succeeded by a stone building, and then by a brick.
There seems to be some fogginess as to how New Providence came by its name. Archibald Alexander said his grandfather worshipped at a Providence church near the site of Morristown, New Jersey. Some families of that con- gregation came to "New Virginia," built a New Providence, and when it had become inconveniently small, another New Providence was put up on Timber Ridge. On the other hand, the name Providence is said to have been adopted at the suggestion of John Houston, because of the harmonious spirit shown by the people in selecting a site. Yet the name New Providence is used in the call refused by Mr. Byram in 1748. Another call was at once presented to William Dean, but he died the same year. In 1753 the call extended to John Brown by 114 attendants at New Providence and Timber Ridge was accepted.
The first home of the New Providence congregation stood close to the Ing academy of Robert Alexander. The location was at length deemed unsatisfac- tory, and after some discord it was decided to move into the valley of Hays Creek. About 1789 some of the members took offense at the singing of the
174
A HISTORY OF ROCKPRIMAL. COUNTY, VIRGINIA
hymns by Isaac Watts, and built a stone meeting house on the old site, which became known as Old Providence. It lies a mile beyond the Rockbridge boundary
L'or a good will consideration, Joseph Kennedy conveyed three acres and 118 rods of ground to the trustees of New Providence meeting house. The deed is dated .August 21. 1754, and says the building is already under way. It was not then known that sand for the mortar could be found any nearer than South River. A supply was brought from that watercourse in sack-loads, each horse in the train carrying a girl as well as a sack. An armed escort was in at- tendance. A sycamore seed brought from the river took root in the sand-pile. and grow into a tree that is yet standing. Nails and glass came by packsaddle from Philadelphia, and were paid for with butter carried to market in the same way. But for want of means, the meeting house was not finished for about seventeen years, and swallows made nests inside. In 1771. Brice Hanna, who had contracted to complete the building, failed and went to parts unknown The brick structure which now serves the congregation dates from 1859, and is the fifth in the series. Its immediate predecessor, also of brick, was created in 1812.
John Brown was pastor forty-five years. His first ellers were John Houston. Samuel Houston, James Wilson, Andrew Steele, and John Robinson The salary promised Mr. Brown was 120 pounds, or $400. The most liberal giver at the start was Andrew Steele, who contributed $7.22. John Bowyer subscribed two pounds. The minimum was five shillings, or eighty-three cents. John Brown went to Kentucky and was very soon succeeded by Samuel Brown. The third pastorate was that of James Morrison, who was here from 1819 10 1857. E D Junkin, was pastor from 1800 to 1871, C. R. Vaughn from 1871 to 1881, and G. A. Wilson from 1890 to 1908. The wife of Samuel Brown was Mary Moore. whose second daughter wedded James Morrison, the next pastor The wife of 11. W. Mclaughlin, pastor since 1900, is a later descendant of Mary Moore Brown, whose grave in the extensive and well-kept churchyard is often inquired for by visitors.
.A Sunday school was organized at New Providence in 1830, the first super- tendent being James, a son of Samuel Brown The revival of June, 1834. can ed the membership to rise to 591. It was here that the Synod of Virginia was organized in 1788, and the centennial of this event was observed in October. 1888
Until suspended in 1917, on war considerations, there had for some twenty vore been an annual chrysanthemum exhibit at New Providence The money derived from a small admission fee and from suppers and other adjuncts was und in the expenses of the church. The fine floral displays became widely known, and drew crowds of people from within a radius of more than twenty miles A further attraction was the opportunity for social intercourse.
175
CHURCHIES OF ROCKBRIDGE
It is worthy of mention that the New Providence built at McAfee Station, Kentucky, in the dawn of Kentucky settlement, and the New Providence of Blount county, Tennessee, were in reality daughter churches of the New Providence of Rockbridge. Another New Providence arose in the west of North Carolina.
The log Timber Ridge meeting house stood some distance north of the present church. The spot is on rising ground, about 100 yards east of the nine- mile post on the turnpike, and near a log schoolhouse no longer in use. Nearby is an early graveyard, now almost indistinguishable. The logs of the pioneer church were built into the dwelling house of M. H. Crist, which was standing until after 1906. The stone church was built in 1756 by the efforts of about fifty families. There was a puncheon floor, high-backed pews with very narrow seats, and stone stairways to the gallery. The clerk stood at a desk in front of the pulpit and led the singing, the lines being given out in couplets or by verses. As in other houses of worship of the pioneer day, there was a sounding- board above the pulpit, which was placed much higher than in the present custom. With considerable enlargement and modernizing, the old stone church is still a part of the one now in use.
The Hanover Presbytery met at Timber Ridge in 1784 and licensed John Blair, pastor of the first organized Presbyterian church in Richmond. Two years later was held the first session of Lexington Presbytery, attended by twelve min- isters. The first elders of this church were Archibald Alexander. John David- son, Daniel Lyle, William McClung, Alexander McClure, and John McKay. The first pastor was John Brown, who resigned in 1767. William Graham was pastor from 1776 to 1785, Daniel Blair from 1802 to 1814, Henry Ruffner from 1819 to 1831. The later pastorates number fourteen.
Hall's Meeting House in the "Forks of the James" stood an hour's walk west of Lexington. A deed for the ground was given in 1754. William Dean was called in 1748, but there was no regular pastor until William Graham came in 1776. During this long interval there was occasional preaching by John Craig, John Brown, and others. Graham also preached at John McKee's, where Doctor Archibald Alexander gave his first exhortation in 1790. The meeting house is supposed to have been built about 1748, and is said to have been a large building in a beautiful grove. The second was of stone, appeared in 1789, and was given the name of New Monmouth. It was torn down in 1902, at which time the locust frame and walnut facings were still sound. The present New Monmouth, in the valley of Kerr's Creek, is the successor of a brick structure completed in 1853.
Doctor John Leyburn has left us an account of the blue limestone Mon- mouth, which in his boyhood stood in a dense grove of oak. A steep outside stairway led to the gallery. Above the large pulpit was a sounding-board. The pews were very high, and therefore unpopular with the young people. To accen-
170
A HISTORY OF ROCKTRUNG COUNTY, VIRGINIA
luate this peculiarity, the aisles were so low that only the Leads and shoulders of standing people could be seen Some came from Lexington, either afoot or mounted, and carried dinner baskets. They entered the meeting house two abreast Outside, the people stood in groups or sat on stones or rude benches The dinner baskets were deposited in the session house. Mothers who could not leave their babies at home remained outside and listened. At communion time, in spring and fall, religion was a very prominent theme of conversation.
In 1788 the Presbyterians of Lexington secured one-fourth of William Graham's time, thirty-six members subscribing $71.75. The first meetings were m a grove on Bast Washington Street. In 1702 a tent was used A meeting house, begun 1797, was not completed until 1802, and was enlarged in 1819, when the membership was ninety-four. The Forty-Third General Association of the Southern Presbyterian Church was held in Lexington, May 21. 1903
Falling Springs, in the valley of Pongue's Run, one of the best farming districts in Rockbridge, is a reminder of the olden time. The brick church lies on the border of an extensive burial ground, in which the lettering on some of the headstones is quite ancient. No historical sketch of this organization has come to our hand.
Ben Salem, southeast from Lexington, arose in 1834, or according to another account. not until 1846. The present church was built in 1884.
The organization at Bethesda was effected at Wilson's Spring in 1821 with fourteen members. The first church was dedicated in 1843, the second and present one in 1876. The first regular pastor was \\' W. Trimble, who served from 1853 to 1865. There were 209 members when W. W. McElwee closed his long pastorate in 1001. The MeElwee Memorial Chapel on Oak Hill was dedi- cated in 1905.
Oxford is not within the Borden Tract, as is sometimes affirmed. The Henry Borden who is associated with its history was a stonemason living on Collier's Creek. There seems to be no evidence that he was related to Benjamin Borden, the patentee An "eight-cornered" meeting house is said to have been built as early as 1763. A limestone structure followed in 1811, and the present brick church was completed in 1867. The first minister was James Power, who declined a call and returned to Pennsylvania in 1773 Samuel Houston, Daniel Blain, and Andrew Davidson preached here from 1794 to 1843, Mr Davidson's long term beginning 1803. Altogether, this church has had twenty pastorales. There are no continuous records prior to 1843.
A church at Collierstown was built in 1837 and was followed by a brick buildnig completed in 1856.
The wills recorded in this county throw some light on the philanthropic and monary spirit among the carly people. John Mathews, Sr. left $10.00 in
NEW PROVIDENCE CHURCH In the cemetery adjoining is buried Mary Moore, the "Captive of Abb's Valley"
١ ١
-
-
177
CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE
1757 to the poor of the parish of Augusta. Hugh Weir in 1821 left $150.00 to the American Board of Foreign Missions to educate a Hindoo boy, who was to bear his name after baptism. Cynthia Cloyd in 1830 gave to foreign missions and other church work $500.00 in moncy and five shares of stock in the Bank of the Valley.
A church census taken in Lexington a few years since gave the following re- sult : Presbyterians, 899; Methodists, 713; Baptists, 350; Episcopalians, 198; Roman Catholics, forty-two; Associate Reformed Presbyterians, twenty-eight ; Lutherans, twenty-three ; Mormons, eighteen ; Jews, sixteen ; other denominations, ten ; no preference, thirty ; total, 2,327. Perhaps the tally for the Presbyterians and the Methodists at the county scat fairly indicates their proportions for the county in general. With respect to the Baptists and Episcopalians, it would appear to exceed the proportion. At all events, a vast majority of the church members of this county are of the four communions above named.
Methodism began as a society within the Church of England, and for the upbuilding of a higher type of religious character than was commonly found in the England of the eighteenth century. When the war of the Revolution came on, the Methodists of America were as yet almost insignificant in point of number. Their leaders took the unwise course of urging them not to uphold American independence, and in this way a reproach little deserved was cast upon the society. American Methodism took its stand as an independent church in 1784. To its flexible itinerant system and its adaptability to frontier conditions are duc its wonderful progress.
The first Methodists to preach in the Valley of Virginia were John Haggerty and Richard Owen, who came about 1770. They do not seem to have penetrated as far as Rockbridge, and we have no definite mention of a Methodist preacher of any sort until 1793, when William Craven, a stonemason and also a local preacher, came from Rockingham to build the stone academy on Mulberry Hill. But in the Gazette for 1873 we are told that John Burgess and his large family were the first Methodists in Lexington. They came in 1823, and the first Methodist sermon at the county scat was preached in the Burgess home. A plain frame church soon appeared, and Presbyterians and others assisted in building it. About this time John Sheltman and his bevy of rosy-checked daughters came from Rockingham. The first meeting house proving too small, a brick building- later occupied by colored Methodists-was built in the south side of the town. A larger one was then put up on Jefferson Street. The cornerstone of the pres- ent church was laid August 21, 1890. The congregation in Lexington was at first a part of a circuit. It is the mother church of Methodism in Rockbridge. Previous to the war of 1861, the Methodist Church was in some disfavor in this county because of its anti-slavery leaning. The formation of the Methodist
178
A HISTORY OF ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA
Episcopal Church South was little felt in Rockbridge for some time, and there is still a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Buffalo District. Otherwise, the white Methodists of Rockbridge are of the Southern branch. In 1855 we hear of the Rockbridge Bible Society, which met in the Methodist Church of Lexington.
The oldest Baptist church in the Augusta Association is Neriah, about five miles from Lexington. It dates from 1816. The Baptist church of Lexingto 1 was organized May 9, 1841, by a council of three ministers-Cornelius Tyree. \\' ?!- liam Margrave, and James Remley-and sixteen constituent members, nine of wlicm were of the Jordan connection. Colonel John Jordan may be regarded as the founder of this church, and he was one of its first deacons. Cornelius Tyrce, the first pastor, was followed by seventeen others. The first Sunday scho ,! superintendent was Professor George E. Dabney, who became a member in 1843. The first member to be received into fellowship was Milton, a negro, and so far as known, he was the first person ever baptized in Lexington by a local Bapust pastor. Ile was a deacon for the colored membership, and seems to Have been the Milton Smith who was the first pastor of the colored congregation after its separation from the white in 1867. Until 1866 the pastor of the 1.ex- ingten church divided his time with other congregations. The house of worship buit en Ne'son Street has been continuously in use, though with some enlarge- ment. Since this bock was undertaken, a new, modern, and commochious house of worship has been in course of erection on Main Street. Since 1876 the congregation las been a member of the Augusta Association. In 1867 the colored members, excepting one woman, were granted letters of dismission to organize a church of their own, which took effect September 22. 1867, as the Lexington African Baptist Church. The congregation has prospered. Its large building cost $25,000, and in 1918 an organ was installed at an expense of $2,000.
"There was a Church of England party in Ulster, and it had an influential fol- lowing in Augusta. Thomas Lewis, the founder of the Augusta settlement, was a church man. A house of worship at Staunten was completed in 1763, and in it was le'd in 1781 a session of the Virginia Legislature. In 1757 there was a "chapel of care" in the Forks of James, and Sampson Mathews drew a stipend as reader. In that year his services were discontinued, because of the number of people who Had fled the locahty in consequence of Indian alarms. We have no information where this chapel stood, but it must have been in the far south of the county or even within the Botetourt line. Possibly it was the "Fork meet- ing house" to which a road from Edm ndenn's mill was ordered in 1753. În 1804 John Cowman and Molly, his wife, deeded one and three-fourths acres on Walker's Crock to the trustees of the Epicopal and Presbyterian congregations. cach to have equal ude and benefit. There seems already to have been a house on
179
CHURCHES OF ROCKBRIDGE
the lot. The property was sold in 1828 to James McChesney. The first Epis- copal church in Lexington was built a litle prior to 1845, and has been supersed- ed by the handsome Lee Memorial church in a corner of the University campus.
In Lexington District, outside the limits of the county seat, are Poplar Hill and Liberty Hall Presbyterian churches, both of very recent organization. In Buffalo District are the Presbyterian and Methodist churches of Collierstown, both of brick. The former was organized in 1843, the latter about 1850. Another early Methodist church is the North Buffalo. At Rapp's Mill is a union church used chiefly by the Methodists. The first building here was erected about 1830. Oakdale Baptist church was not organized until about 1916. At Hamil- ton's schoolhouse there has been preaching about a century. The building was given by Robert Hamilton for the free use of all denominations. The carpenter work was done by the father of Governor Letcher. In Kerr's Creek District are Kerr's Creek and Chestnut Grove Presbyterian churches, the first organized 1845, the second, 1910. Ebenezer is a house of worship of the Associate Re- formed Presbyterian Church, and Bethany, of the Lutherans. The Methodists and Baptists have each a church in the district, but there has been no organization of the Church of the Brethren for more than 30 years. In Natural Bridge Dis- trict are 13 church buildings. At Glasgow and Glenwood are Presbyterian churches. Broad Creek is Associate Reformed Presbyterian. The Episcopal- ians have St. Johns, Trinity, and High Bridge, the first at Glasgow, the second at Natural Bridge Station. The Baptists have churches at Glasgow and Natural Bridge, and at Glasgow and Buffalo Forge are two others for the colored peo- ple. The Methodist churches are Elliott's Mill, Wesley Chapel, Mount Zion, and Beth Ileron, the last named being at Natural Bridge Station. At Gilmore's Mill is a union church. We have no report for the other districts of the county.
A modern custom that is well nigh universal is to inter the dead in public and churchi cemeteries. The private burial grounds have fallen into disuse and sometimes into great neglect. A resident of Kerr's Creek tells us he knows nearly 40 of these in that district alone.
XXIII
TEMPERANCE SOCIETILS AND OTHER FRATERNITIES
THE LIQUOR HADIT-TEMPERANCE REFORM IN ROCKBRIDGE-SECRET ORDERS
It is conceded that in the days of our grandparents the drinking habit was very general, and yet it is maintained that actual drunkenness rarely occurred. This c'aim is a fallacy. It flies in the face of fact and will not stand a serious investigation. The illusion on which it is based is well set forth in this couplet :
'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view, And robes the mountains in their azure huc.
No one but the hidebound apologist for the liquor traffic any longer holds that alcohol is a food in any truc sense of the word. It is a drug, and a drug is a poison when used outside of medical limitations. Any drug is out of place when the body is in health. Alcohol is invariable in its nature, and among all peoples its effect is substantially the same. Whether the effect is slow or rapid is a matter of temperament and modes of living. That men persist in making an exception in favor of alcohol, and are not willing to class it with such habit- forming drugs as opium, cocaine, and the loco weed, is because its indiscrimi- nate use has been strongly intrenched in social custom.
The nations of the Baltic stock have ever shown a proneness to the use of intoxicants. The people of Ulster, as a branch of this stock, have been no excep- tion. Their inclination to distill whiskey as well as to use it in liberal amount. has caused that beverage to displace rum as the leading American intoxicant. The drinking habit appears to have been well-nigh universal among the immi- grants from Ulster, just as it was among the people of English origin cast of the Blue Ridge. Alexander Craighead, a minister who owned land in the Borden Tract, had his punch bowl. When James Morrison came to preach at New Providence in 1819, all but one of the eight ellers of his church had their stills.
Need help finding more records? Try our genealogical records directory which has more than 1 million sources to help you more easily locate the available records.