USA > Vermont > Rutland County > History of Rutland County, Vermont, with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers > Part 22
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Carbonate of lime. 97.73
Alumina and iron .59
Salica and mica. 1.68
100.00
By the same : - Greenish marble, from the same quarry :-
Carbonate of lime 85.45
Silica and mica 14.55
100.00
By the same : - Statuary marble, Brandon :
Carbonate of lime. 99.51
Carbonate of magnesia trace
Silica, etc. 1.29
Water and loss .20
100.00
The following analysis was made for the proprietors of the Sudbury Marble Company by Dr. A. A. Hayes, of Boston :---
Carbonate of lime. .
99.70
Carbonate of magnesia and peroxide of iron 1 -30
100.00
The coloring which is seen in most of the marbles of the county is due to carbonaceous matter derived from crinoids, corals and mollusks.
1 It appears from the above analysis that the marble of Rutland county is an unusally pure lime- stone.
190
HISTORY OF RUTLAND COUNTY.
Carbonate of lime when free from impurities consists of carbonic acid 44.00,. lime 56.00 = 100.00.
When pure carbonate of lime is roasted or burned in a kiln the carbonic acid is set free, effecting a loss of 44.00 per cent. in weight, leaving 56.00 of quick lime, (calcium).
Comparative Strength .- The following table of the compressive strength of marble from quarries of Rutland county is taken from Vol. X of the Tenth Census U. S. :-
Compressive Strength per
Locality.
Square Inch.
By whom Tested.
West Rutland
11.000 to 12.500
United States Government.
Pittsford .
11.250 to 18.750
H. A. Cutting.
Sutherland Falls
10.243 to 11.250.
F. E. Kidder.
do.
12.250 to 20.000
United States Government.
Foreign marble for comparison :-
Carrara, Italy
9.723 to 12.600
Common Italian
11.250 to 13.062.
Q. A. Gillmore.
White Italian.
21.778.
Rennie.
In the working of the first marble quarries of the country, powder was the- principal agent used for detaching blocks from the ledges, although the "plug and feather " was used where loose beds were found. The use of powder was soon found to be very destructive in its effects, not only to the masses detached, but also to the ledge itself, which would be badly shivered and cut up with powder stains, making it impossible to quarry sound blocks of any desired size or shape. Therefore it became necessary to dispense with the use of powder in quarrying, its use being restricted to uncovering or removing the surface rock, during the first stages of developing new quarries. As a substitute for powder the system of cutting " channels " around masses of marble and rais- ing such masses from their beds with the " plug and feather," was adopted. These channels were cut by hand, and although it was a slow and expensive method, it effected a great saving of stock and enabled proprietors of quarries to produce blocks of large size and good shape, without injury to the block or quarry. Hand channeling continued down to 1863, when a machine was in- vented and constructed by George J. Wardwell, of Rutland, driven by steam, for cutting channels, which successfully performed the work of twenty-five men per day. This machine was a single machine, cutting a single channel only. It was soon followed by a double machine, which cut two channels at the same time, and would do the work of fifty men per day, as an average. Some few machines in charge of good " runners " under favorable circumstances, such as cutting long and deep channels, have for months averaged the work of sixty- five men per day ; and on one or two occasions have done the work of 100 men in one day. Next to follow this double machine was a machine that would cut not only vertical but inclined channels at any angle from the vertical to fifty degrees.
Since the introduction of these channeling machines the marble industry of
191
MARBLE AND SLATE IN RUTLAND COUNTY.
Rutland county has increased fourfold. The machines are in general use throughout the country on all quarries that produce dimension stone, except- ing granite, and are known as the "Wardwell Channeling Machines." They are manufactured in Rutland by the Steam Stone-Cutter Company, organized in 1865.
Development of Machinery .- The following statements, without being com- plete, will show the use and improvement of machinery for quarrying and work- ing marble with authorities and dates : -
I. The mallet, chisel and drill were used in stone-work from the earliest times, the two latter, in Egypt, of bronze.
2. Hand saws without teeth, fed by hand with sand and water, were used 350 years before Christ .- Pliny : Translated by Philemon Holland. London, 1601, Folio, Tom. II, 571.
3. Saw-mills for sawing stone driven by water-power were in use on the little river Roer in Germany in the fourth century of the Christian era. - Beck- man referring to the Mosella of Ausuonius. Vol. II, 370. Prof. John Beck- man's History of Inventions. Translated from the German by William John- ston ; two volumes : London, 1797.
4. Long toothless saws, as long as twenty-three feet, were used by Misson, inspector of the Pyrenees quarries, for sawing out blocks of marble, before A. D. 1700 .- M. Filibien (ob. 1687), quoted by Chambers's Cyclopedia, 2d edi- tion, London, 1738.
5. Two or more saws stretched in a frame forming a gang, were figured in Leonardo da Vinci (ob. 1519) .- Clarence Cook in " Scribner's Monthly," vol. XVII, p. 337.
6. Saws carried by water-power re-invented by William Colles, Kilkenney, Ireland, in 1730.
7. Polishing and boring done at the same place as above and by the same power.
8. Sawing and polishing by water-power, established at Ashford, Derby- shire, Eng., 1748.
9. Automatic feeder distributing sand and water, Philo Tomlinson, Mar- blehead, Conn., 1800.
IO. Arrangement for raising and lowering saws, E. W. Judd, Middlebury, Vt., 1822.
II. Planing mill, Charles C. Boynton, West Stockbridge, Mass., 1836.
12. Use of steam for sawing blocks in quarry as above.
13. Channeling machine, George J. Wardwell, Rutland, Vt., 1863.
14. Diamond drill used in England and France near 1850.
15. Rock drill, - Burleigh, 1866.
16. Diamond saws used at East Canaan, Conn., 1886.
17. Automatic sand feed, washing, elevating the sand and distributing the same, W. T. Ripley, Rutland, Vt., 1884.
192
HISTORY OF RUTLAND COUNTY.
List of Marble Quarries in Rutland County, Chronologically Arranged.
NAME OF QUARRY. LOCALITY.
BY WHOM OPENED.
DATE.
Sheldon's
Pittsford.
Jeremiah Sheldon 1795
Hudson's
Pittsford
Eli IIndson. 1799
Lamb's
Pittsford
. Charles Lamb 1806
Andrew's.
Tinmouth
Enos Clark. 1807
Brockway's
Whipple Hollow, Rutland. Ezra Meach. 1807
Clark's. Tinmouth
. Gen. Jonas Clark 1821
Spencer & Cowen's
Pittsford
Ezra Spencer & Moses Cowen .1830
Standard Marble Co
.West Rutland. Wm. I. Barnes & Francis Slason. 1830
Humphry's North part of Rutland, near Moses & Willard Humphry & Ed- Sutherland Falls.
gar L. Ormsbee 1836
Clifford's
Pittsford
Edward Clifford. 1840
Boston or Selden's Quarry. Brandor
Jas. Davis, Jas. Davis, jr., Thos. J. Bagley & Ilock Hill. 1840
Sheldon's No. I
West Rutland.
Sheldon & Morgan. 1844
Pittsford Quarry Co.
Pittsford
Edward and Nathan Clifford. 1845
Rutland Marble Co.
West Rutland
William J. Barnes 1845
Gilson & Woodfin's
West Rutland
Joseph Adams and Ira C. Allen 845
Kelley's Wallingford.
Joseph F. Lippitt. 1848
Albert Manley & Ilock Hill 1847
1847
Miller's
South Tinmonth
Rowell Caswell
1849
Sherman's.
West Rutland.
Smith Sherman & Moses Jack-
man
1850
Wheaton
Pittsford
Augustus Barrows 1850
Sutherland Falls, old opening Sutherland Falls
North River.
1852
Hall
Wallingford.
Gen. Robinson Hall
1855
Adair
South Wallingford.
J. Adair & Bro.
1857
Flint Brothers Rutland Valley
William F. Barnes 1865
Sheldons & Sons', (3d) West Rutland
Sheldon and Slason 1865
Sutherland Falls (new).
Sutherland Falls
Sutherland Falls Co 1866
American Marble Co.
West Rutland.
Horace and Norman Clark 1866
Morgan.
West Rutland.
David Morgan 1866
Dean
Brandon
Dean Quarry Co
1866
Albion.
Rutland Valley.
William J. Barnes
1866
Columbian
Rutland (north)
Columbian
1867
Centre Rutland Co.
Centre Rutland.
B. P. Baker 1880
Smith's.
Pittsford
J. W. Smith 1880
Goodell's
Brandon
S. L. Goodell. 1881
Esperanza.
Whipple Hollow, Rutland. W. H. Johnson & John B. Reyn-
olds 1882
True Blue
Whipple Hollow, Rutland. True Blue Co.
1884
Valido Whipple Hollow, Rutland. W. H. Johnson and John B. Reyn- olds.
1884
SLATE.
The second in importance of the economic minerals of the county are the Clay Slates. It was known that slate existed in this county long before it was quarried. After the first quarry was opened it was used for hearths, head-stones for cemeteries, and school slates. The first quarry was worked for eight years before any roofing slate was manufactured, and it was one year before the first roof was covered with Vermont slate, as before described. Although the slate
.
Manley's Sudbury
Selden's
Brandon
193
MARBLE AND SLATE IN RUTLAND COUNTY.
industry does not date back so far as that of marble, its development has been more rapid, and at the present time it ranks second only to marble in the mineral resources of the State. Following is a brief statement of the various quarries and firms engaged in the industry in Rutland county.
The first quarrying of slate in Rutland county was done by Colonel Alanson Allen, of Fairhaven, in 1839, in a place called " Scotch Hill." In 1845 Colonel Allen engaged extensively in the manufacture of school slates, and in 1847 began the manufacture of roofing slates; this latter proving the most advantageous, he abandoned the school slate industry in 1848.1 Next to Colonel Allen in this industry was F. W. Whitlock, of Castleton, who opened a quarry in that town in 1848; it was situated about forty rods north of the north line of Poultney, in the vicinity of a quarry afterward opened, and was called by the name of " Eagle Quarry." Daniel and S. E. Hooker opened the first quarry in the town of Poultney in 1851, on the farm of Daniel Hooker ; this quarry later on fell into the hands of Hugh G. Hughes. In 1851 John Humphrey and other Welshmen began operating in the opening of quarries. Humphrey opened the Eagle quarry in Hydeville and E. D. Jones opened a quarry in the same vicinity. In 1853 the Eagle Slate Company was incorpo- rated and began the manufacture of roofing slate under the superintendence of Dr. Middleton Goldsmith. In 1869 this company erected a mill for the saw- ing and planing of slate into slabs, and in 1871 added a marble and marbleiz- ing shop and began manufacturing mantels, billiard table-beds, table-tops, hearths, black-boards, tile, flagging, door-steps and various other articles, thus making the starting point of the slate mills and of a business which is to-day the staple trade and industry of this part of Rutland county. This company ceased operations in 1873.
In 1853 W. L. Farnam & Son opened a quarry, and Griffith Hughes opened one known as the " Evergreen Quarry " in 1860, on the farms of L. C. Spauld- ing and W. L. Farnam, and the Manville farm. The following named Welsh- men began opening quarries in or about the year 1860: G. R. Jones, W. E. Williams, Lloyd & Co., Lloyd Co. & Williams, Jones & Co. ; some of these quarries are working to this day. In 1864 Owen Williams opened the " Gib- son Quarry," and in 1871 the "Schenectady Quarry " was opened ; also, Cy- rus E. Horton opened the quarry called by his own name, " Horton Quarry." In 1866 W. R. Williams opened the quarry called " Green Mountain Quarry," on the farm of Aaron Lewis. In 1867 G. I. Davis opened the quarry called the " Olive Branch." In the same vicinity E. J. Williams opened a quarry in 1872 and Williams Brothers had their slate mill built about the same time.
In 1871 many. enterprising Welshmen commenced operating in opening
1 The first roof covered with Vermont slate was done by Colonel Alanson Allen in 1848 under the following conditions : He was to wait one year for his pay, and if in the mean time the roof should break down from the weight of slate, he was to receive no pay, but should pay all damages. The farmer was disappointed and the roof is good to-day. 13
194
HISTORY OF RUTLAND COUNTY.
quarries on the farm of Asa Rogers, on the vein called the "Sea-Green." Among these may be named Messrs. Rogers, Seeley, Culver, E. C. Richard- son and Griffith and Nathaniel. In 1875 Messrs. John Davis and Lewis Rob- erts opened a quarry on John Lemena's farm ; also Messrs. Cooke and Whit- lock opened each a quarry in 1872. In the same year Merritt W. Bardwell and Evan Jones opened a quarry on the Sea-Green vein on the farm of David Farrar, about one mile east of Granville, which is at present in possession of W. J. Evans. About the same time H. W. Hughes opened a quarry on the same vein, just over the brook from Bardwell & Jones's quarry. Also in that year W. Pierce, Francis & Co. opened their quarry now known by the name of " Warren Slate Company," on Williams's farm half way between Granville and West Pawlet. Following this the "J " Company opened what now goes by the name of the Brownell Slate and Flagging Company's quarries. In the same vicinity, on Bullock's farm, the Brownell Company opened several quarries on their own land adjoining afterward. J. Griffith and W. Roberts opened the "Tabor Quarry " and W. Jones and Robert Jones opened the quarry now owned by H. Hughes called the " Vermont Slate Company." The same year Griffith Lloyd and Owen Evans opened a quarry on the Sea-Green vein at West Pawlet, now in possession of H. W. Hughes. After this O. Evans opened another quarry and a man named McFadden another, which are at present in possession of Rising & Nelson and called the "Top-of-Hill Quarries," West Pawlet. There are other small quarries opened in this vicinity by Howell Dil- lingham. Other quarries worthy of mention on the Sea- Green vein are those opened by John O. Parry and W. Jones, called the " Starvation Quarry," now in possession of H. W. Williams. Messrs. Jones & Ellis, Evans, Roberts, Nor- ton Brothers, H. D. G. Joslin, Kinne, Hunt & Co. and Robert J. Jones have each opened a quarry on the Williams and Hollister farms, in the vicinity be- tween West Pawlet and Granville ; also, N. Welch and J. Warren have each a quarry on the Sea-Green vein. In 1883 H. Evans opened a quarry on the Sea-Green vein between Granville and Wells, which is now worked by Messrs. Temple & Heffernan.
Scotch Hill Slate Quarry and Mill, situated 12 miles from Fairhaven, Griffith Owen & Co., proprietors. This quarry was opened about 1850 and produces flagging, roofing and mill stock. Their steam mill is furnished with four planers, four circular saws, one band saw, one rubbing-bed and one jointer. The mill and quarry give employment to thirty men.
Cookville Slate Company (formerly Western Vermont Quarry). - Quarry opened by William and John R. Williams and John Humphrey, in 1850. Quarry stopped work last spring - 1885. The above property is now owned by Clifford & Litchfield, who have a mill at Hydeville with four circular saws, one band saw, three planers, one rubbing-bed, one jointer. They manufacture fire-frames and mantels, and make stair work a specialty.
195
MARBLE AND SLATE IN RUTLAND COUNTY.
Eureka Slate Company (Wyman Roberts, proprietor). - The first quarry was opened by A. W. Hyde in 1852. Three quarries are now worked, pro- ducing principally roofing slates for exportation, the bulk of which are shipped to Australia. There is a sixty-five horse-power Westinghouse engine at the quarry which operates four hoisting works and five circular saws. The saws are used for sawing through broad slabs of slate instead of breaking, thereby effecting a great saving of stock, and enabling them to produce uniformly slates of larger size. The slate stock consists of purple, green and sea-green. It is claimed that the works are capable of turning out 850 squares of slate per day. Sixty-five men are employed.
Lake Shore Slate Company (formerly known as "West Castleton Railroad and Slate Company"), West Castleton .- Quarry opened about 1852 ; S. L. Haz- zard, proprietor. This quarry produces principally mill stock. The company also have a mill driven by an overshot wheel twenty-four feet in diameter. The mill contains seven circular saws, one band saw, one jig saw, five planers, two rubbing-beds, one jointer.
Fairhaven Marble and Marbleized Slate Company (known early as the Ca- pen Quarry). - Quarries opened in 1852. Their quarry property embraces twenty acres of the 160 acres known as the Capen farm, on which four quar- ries have been opened and are now being worked, the largest being that of the above company. They are running two mills consisting of the following ma- chinery : seven planers, nine circular saws, one band saw, two rubbing-beds, one jointer, one lathe. These mills give employment to 100 men ; quarry, twenty-five men.
New Empire Slate Company. - Opened by Owen Williams in 1864. This company work their stock into roofing slate, producing 2,000 squares per year. Color of slate, purple. Eight men are employed.
Harvey Slate Quarry (West Castleton), Griffith, Owen & Co., proprietors, Fairhaven. - Old quarry opened 1865 ; not worked. New quarry opened in 1885. Produce mill stock.
Griffith & Nathaniel. - Are working four quarries two and one-half miles southeast of Poultney village. The product of their quarries is worked princi- pally into roofing slate. They give employment to from sixty to one hundred men. The firm is composed of William Griffith and William Nathaniel.
William E. Lloyd (successors to Lloyd, Owens & Co.) - Are working five quarries two miles north of Poultney village. First quarry was opened in 1866 Their stock is worked into roofing slate, producing from 6,000 to 9,000 squares, and employ from forty to fifty men.
Evergreen Slate Quarry. - Opened in 1867 ; H. Ainsworth & Cole, pro- prietors. The quarry is situated three and one-half miles north of Poultney village, and two and one-half miles from Fairhaven. This is the largest quarry that has been opened in the slate district. Its width or thickness across strata
196
HISTORY OF RUTLAND COUNTY.
is 200 feet, length 600 feet ; 180 feet of this thickness is green in color and twenty feet is purple. The product of the quarry is worked into billiard and mantle stock principally. Pieces not large enough for billiard or mantle stock are worked into tile and roofing slate, the latter bringing $1.00 more per square than sea-green.1 They have an eighty horse-power Westinghouse engine, which operates three hoisting-machines and power for their mill of five planers, six circular saws, one band saw, two rubbing-beds, one jointer, one No. 9 Knowles pump, for keeping the quarry free of water. Their shipping point is one and a half miles from the mill, on the Rutland and Washington Railroad. Fifty men are employed about the mill and quarry. The capacity of the mill is about 25,000 feet per month without any night work. Nearly two-thirds of their stock goes into billiard-table tops, a New York firm having contracted to take all they can produce for five years.
Billings Marble and Slate Company, L. H. Billings, manager, Hydeville .- The quarry property at Blissville, operated for the past twenty-one years by the " Blue Slate Company," has recently been purchased by the Billings Mar- ble & Slate Company and James H. Wiswell, of Hydeville, and is to be worked hereafter by them under the name of the "Trojan Slate Company." They also own the Billings old quarry. This company have a mill at Hydeville with five circular saws, one band saw, three planers, one rubbing-bed, one grinder.
Premium Purple Slate Company (Poultney) .- Robert Morris, treasurer. Quarry opened in 1875. Produces roofing slate.
Boyce Quarry (Poultney) .- Situated about two miles north of the village. Worked by Robert Williams. Produces roofing slate and employs ten men.
Fones, Roberts & Edwards (Poultney), successors to Jones, Roberts & Parry .- Quarry opened in 1877. Present firm dates from 1882. Employ fourteen men. Product of quarry, mill stock and roofing slate.
Temple & Heffernan (Wells) .- Quarry opened in 1882. Produce roofing slate and employ ten men.
Auld & Conger (Poultney) .- Quarry opened by Thomas Edwards in 1882. They use steam-hoisting works, and employ twenty-five men, producing roof- ing slate.
Hazzard Slate Company (Fairhaven) .- This company opened their quarry at Scotch Hill in 1882. They have a mill at Fairhaven with the following plant : Six circular saws, one band saw, five planers, one rubbing-bed, one jointer. Produce of quarry used as mill stock. They employ forty men and manufacture mantel stock, currier's slabs, urinals, grave covers, vault work and greenhouse shelves, slate steps and platforms a specialty, trimmings for brick buildings, registers, frames, roofing slate, etc., etc.
Lake Bomoseen Slate Company (West Castleton), John Dalenta, superin- tendent .- Opened their quarry in 1884, and in 1885 built a steam mill at the
1 They make about one hundred and seventy-five squares of roofing slate per month.
197
MARBLE AND SLATE IN RUTLAND COUNTY.
quarry, which runs three saws, two planers, one rubbing-bed, and one jointer. The product of the quarry is used principally as mill stock.
Fones & Parry (Poultney) .- Opened quarry in 1884. Product used for roofing. Employ five men.
Lloyd & Jones .- Are working two quarries, one was opened in 1870, and the other in 1885. The quarries are situated about two miles north of Poult- ney village. They produce roofing slate and employ twelve men.
Bolger Brothers .- Have a mill at Hydesville with three circular saws, one band saw, two planers, one rubbing-bed. They also work a quarry at Poult- ney between Hanger's and the Blue Slate Quarry. The firm comprises Will- iam, Martin, Thomas and James Bolger.
Hydeville Slate Company .- Have a mill at Hydeville with four circular saws, one band saw, four planers, one jointer, one rubbing-bed, one lathe.
John R. Hughes & Company (Fairhaven), lessees .- Employ four men, producing mill stock.
R. Hanger Slate Works (Hydeville) .- Work a quarry at Blissville, near the Blue Slate Quarry. Product of quarry is manufactured into billiard-table beds, black-boards, turned columns, and slate work of all descriptions. Employ twenty to thirty men.
Hydeville Marbleized Slate Works .- P. H. Dowe and James Delhanty, proprietors.
S. Allen Slate Works (Fairhaven) .- Marbleizers. Mill of eight circular saws, one band saw, three planers, one rubbing-bed, one jointer, one lathe.
Stewart Slate Mantel Company (Fairhaven) .- Marbleizers.
William Fox (Fairhaven) .- Slate marbleizer.
Coleman, Westcott & Burns (Fairhaven) .- Marbleizers. Mill, three circular saws, one band saw, two planers, one jointer.
List of quarries in Rutland county in working order in 1885 :-
Harvey Slate Quarry, West Castleton .. mill stock Scotch Hill Slate Co., Scotch Hill.
Hazzard Slate Co.,
Fairhaven Marbleized Slate Co., Fair- haven
Vermont Union Slate Co., Fairhaven ..
Snowden Slate Co., Fairhaven,
mill stock & roofing.
B. Lewis & Co., Fairhaven mill stock
Edward Owen & Co.,
66
Pierce Roberts,
S. Roberts & Co.,
Owen, Jones & Son, 66
James Whistle, Hydeville ..
Billings Marble & Slate Co.,
Blue Slate Co., Castleton 46
Royal Purple Slate Co.,
Castleton Slate Co.,
W. E. Williams, agent, slate pencils
H. Ainsworth & Cole, Castleton ..... mill stock Wm. E. Lloyd, successor to Lloyd, Owen & Co., Poultney roofing
Moses T. Thomas, Farmersville .. mill stock
Eureka Slate Co., roofing
Richard Hughes & Co., .. mill stock
Roach & Brothers,
Jones & Morris,) 66
. . .. roofing
Unevian Slate Co.,; Poultney mill stock
Poultney Slate Works,
New Empire Slate Co., roofing
D. Culver & Co.,
Thomas Edwards & Co., Wells and Poult-
ney
Auld & Conger, Wells and Poultney ..
Griffith & Nathaniel, “
E. Knapp, Green Mountain.
W. J. Griffith & Co., Wells and Poultney ..
Seth Roberts & Co.,
198
HISTORY OF RUTLAND COUNTY.
Roach Quarry, Wells and Poultney. . roofing
McGrath & Rogers, Wells and Poultney ..
Temple and Heffernan, Wells
W. J. Evans (three quarries), Wells
44
Jones and Griffith, West Pawlet.
M. Welch,
Lake Bomoseen Slate Co., West Cas- tleton mill stock
J. Warren,
Norton Brothers (two quarries), Pawlet ..
H. D. G. Goslin,
Pawlet
W. W. Martin, 44
Premium Purple Slate Co.,
.roofing
Jones and Ellis,
The Boyce Quarry,
Robert J. Jones,
66
Vermont Slate Co.,
H. J. Williams,
Roberts and Jones (Tabor Quarry), Paw- Jet .
The Brownell Slate and Flagging Co., (four quarries), Pawlet
Warren Slate Co. (two quarries), Pawlet ..
H. Dillingham, West Pawlet 44
A few other quarries are in process of opening, but not yet developed, which promise future profit.
Analysis of slate in Rutland county, Vt., and Washington county, N. Y., by Professor J. Francis Williams, of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. :-
SEA GREEN.
UNFADING GREEN.
PURPLE.
RED SLATE OF GRAN- VILLE, N. Y.
Silica.
65.02
64.71
62.37
73.93
Protoxide of iron
5.44
5-44
4.21
1.74
Peroxide of iron
2.99
7.23
7.66
10.17
Alumina
16.02
7.84
13 40
5.16
Manganese Oxide
0.31
0.30
0.20
0. 10
*C'alcium Carbonate
1.38
3.00
2.50
1.25
Calcium Sulphate
1.31
1.55
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